ARCHEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF OHIO Showing the Distrihutioii of the Various Classes of Prehistoric Remains in the State WITH A MAP OF THE PRINCIPAL INDIAN TRAILS AND TOWNS By WILLIMI C. MILLS PubUshed by THE OHIO STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL; SOCIETY COLU-MBIiSl PUBLISHED FOR THL SOCIETY BY FRED J. HEER 1914 E 7S* o 3 M? Copy" 6" LIMITED TO 500 BOUIND COPIES I PREFACE. The territory embraced witliin the State of Ohio probably contains a greater muuber of prehistoric r<'mjiins tiian any other equal ai-ca in tlio ilissiMsipjn valley. Tlic numher of these earth- works lias licen \'arionsly estimated. Sniuc wi'iteis have esti- mated the number of tnmuli at 1(},U()0 and tlic unctosures, etc., at 1,000 to ],oOO, making the total umnber of earthworks more than 11,000, As a matter of fact these estimates were based upon wliat was known of such comities as Scioto, Knss, Pirkaway, Butler, Hamilton, Warren, "Washington ami Licking, all of wiiich were gj-eat centers of prehistoric activity. If all tlie counties in the state were dotted over with the earthworks of prehistory man, as are the counties mentioned, the estimate would 1)0 inadequate. But we Hnd tlie entire northwest part of the state luisuited in jn'e- history times for occupancy by a preliistoric people, as the greater portion was low and swampy and at certain seasons of the year covered with water. Again the southeast part of the state was entirely too rough and hilly and the valleys of the streams small, so that agriculture was carried on with great s siiowiiig nistrilnition of Earthworks, by Counties V List (jf Linmlies, .Vrciieologically Descriliecl V I-ist of iiliisirations VI liifljan Trails and Towns in Uhio VII Ma[i Showing Location of Indian Trails and Towns in Ohio IX Maj) Showing Distribution of Earthworks in Ohio XI LIST OF MAPS SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHWORKS, BY COUNTIES. LIST OF COUNTIES, ARCHEOLOGICALLY DESCRIBED. PI. Adams county. . . . Allen county Ashland county . . Ashtaliuia connly Athens county . . . . . Auglaize county . . , Belmont county . . , Brown county Butler county . . . . Carroll county . . . . Chanii)aign county . Clark county Clermont connty . , Clinton county . , . , Coliinibiana county Coshocton county . . Crawford county . . Cuyahoga comity , Darke county Defiance county . . , Delaware county . , Erie comity FairfieM county , . . Fayette county , , . . Franklin county . . . Fulton eounlv , . , . Gallia county Geauga county . . . . Greene county . . . . Guernsey county . . Ilainillon county . . Hancock county . . Hardin county . . . . Harrison county . . Henry county , . . . Hig'hland county . . Hocking comity , . . Holmes cotmty . , . fhiron county Jackson [■oiuity , . . Jefferson county , . . Knox county Lake county . . . . . Lawrence county . . ATK. I 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO II 12 !3 14 LS :6 1/ rS 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 2S 29 30 .V .p 33 34 35 36 37 3'^ 3<3 40 41 42 43 44 PLATE. Licking comity 45 Logan county 46 Lorain county 47 Lucas county 48 Madison county 49 Mahoning comity 50 Marion county 51 Medina connty 52 Meigs county 53 Mercer comUy 54 Miami county 55 Monroe county 56 Montgonici-y county 57 Morgan county 58 Morrow county 59 Muskingum county 60 Noble county 61 ( )ttawa county 62 Paulding county 63 Perry county 64 Pickaway county 65 Pike county 66 Portage county 67 Prclilc county 68 !\nn:im county 69 Richland county 70 Ross county 71 Sandusky county 72 Scioto county 73 Seneca county 74 Shelby connty 75 Stark county 76 Summit county 77 Tnunhiill county 78 Tuscarawas county 79 Union county 80 Van Wert county 8t Vinton county 82 Warren county 83 Washington county , 84 Wayne county 85 Williams comity 86 W'ood county 87 AVyandot county 88 PAGE. A '. .nis county i Allen county 2 Ashland county 3 Ashtabula county 4 Athens county 5 Auglaize county 6 Behnoiit county 7 Brown county S Butler county 9 Carroll county 10 Chanipagin county 11 Clark county 12 Clermont county 13 Clinton county 14 Columbiana county 15 Coshocton county 16 Crawford county 17 Cuyahoga county 18 Darke county 19 Deliance county 20 Delaware county 21 Erie county 22 Fairfield counly 23 Fayette county 24 Franklin county 25 Fulton county 26 Gallia county 27 (jeauga county 28 ( Ireene county 29 Guernsey county 30 Hamilton county 31 Hancock county 32 Hardin county ^^ Harrison county 34 Henry counly 35 Highland county 36 Hocking county 37 I lolmes county 38 Huron county 39 Jackson county 40 Jefferson county 41 Knox county 42 Lake county 43 I-awrcnce county . 44 PAGE. Licking county 45 Logan county 46 Lorain county 47 Lucas county 48 Madison county 49 Mahoning county 50 Marion couiity 51 Medina county 52 Meigs county 53 Mercer county 54 Miami county 55 Monroe county 56 Montgomery county 57 Morgan county 58 Morrow county 59 Muskingum county 60 Noble county 61 Ottawa county 62 Paulding county 63 Perry county 64 Pickaway county 65 Pike county 66 Portage counly 67 Preble county 68 Putnam county 69 Richland connty 70 Ross county 71 Sandusky county 72 Sciott) county 73 Seneca count)' 74 Shelby county 75 Stark county 76 Summit county yy Trumbull county 78 Tuscan ly 79 L'nion coamy 80 \'an Wert county 81 ^'i^to^ county 82 W'arren county '...'..... 83 ■ Washington county '.i- 84 \\'a\'ne county 85 \^'ilh'ams coimly 86 Wood county 87 Wvandot county 88 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. I'ACK, Thi; Seqienl Mmiml Fronlispiece View Sketch of Serjient Moiiml i Transversi^ Sivlions nf the ("irenl Serpent Mouml i Ancient Work iit Aslitabuhi Cu 4 Ancient Work in Athens County 5 I )iie of the Barnesvillc Track Rocks _ 7 Stune Graves in a Mound near Alienleen 8 Stone Cjravc near Aljenleen - 8 Arched Stone Grave near Kipley 8 Ancient \\'orks in Bntler Co 9 Huiler Coiiniv Tort g Ancient Work. Clennonl Co 13 "The Gridiron". Clemiont Co 13 The Johnson Mound. Wallionciing, Ohio 16 Ancient Work, Cnyahoga Co [8 The "Inilejiendeuce Slab", Cuj'ahoga Co iS Earfhworks near Worthington. I'ranklin Co. - a^ Ancient Work. Green Co 2ij Fortified Hi!l. 1 [amiiton Co 31 Walls and (ialeway. Miami Co . , 31 Fort Hill. Highland Co 36 Endo.sure, Hocking Co 37 E:irth\vorks at .\'orwalk . . , 39 Hoone kock .ShcUcr, Jackson Co , 411 Cieneral View of I'etroglyphs near Leo, Jackson Co _ . , 40 i'lan of Cemetery Mound. Ml. \'criion 4^ Section of Cemetery Moiiud, Ml, Vernon 42 Earthworks at Newark 45 Works in I,orain Co 47 Works in ! .orain Co 47 Works Near Toledo 48 Miami County Knclosure ^5 Ancient Works. Montgomery Co. , 57 Enclosure three miles below Dayton 57 Stone Fort at (ilenford. Perry Co 64 View from Interior of Glenford Fort 64 The Cross, Picl^away Co 65 Stone Mound. Snake Den Group, Pickaway Co. 65 Ancient Work. Pike Co 66 Squier & Davis' View of The Graded Way 66 The Hopeton Works, Ross Co 71 A The Adena Mound. Ross Co 71 A The Shriver (iroup, Ross Co 71B Spruce Hill Fort, Ross Co - 71 i The Hopewell Works, Ross Co 71 1 The Cedar Banks Works. Ross Co ." 71 j .Ancient Works. Scioto Co 73 The Portsmouth W'orks 73 The Serpent Mound. Warren Co S3 Map of Fort .Ancient X3 A Glimpses of Fort Ancient — Great tiateway from ihe North Section of South Wall. Old Fort West Wall, North Fort Near Entrance East Wall from Field Outside Section of East Wail, Nortli Fort West Wall, North Fort Fntrancc lo Fort from Inside, Looking West Entrance lo Fort from the East ' Entq nee to Fort from the West. Looking East ^3!: Fart' .'orks at Marietta 84 VI INDIAN TRAILS AND TOWNS IN OHIO. The iiiiiiiii'tancc of the aboriginal trails of Ohio to the settle- ment and (lc\-('lo])nicnt nf the state, liardly can be overestimated, in many instances tliey determined the loeation of the early wliite settlements as well as the first forts and military roads, many of them later becoming peionanent higliways. They ranged in width from a nu've trail threading the wildei-ness to jiaths of a few feet wide in tlie more open eonntry and generally followed liie high gronnd Ijetween the water courses or hills and ridges adjaeent to the streams. It was along these trails that the aboriginal Ohio peoples traveled fmm one part of the state to another, whether engaged in warfare, the chase, trade and barter, or migration. Later they served, togetlier with navigable streams, as the only means of en- tranee for the white traders and settlers who pushed their way into tlie f-nuiitr>- west and nni-th >>]' the Oliio i-iver. Tims the trails in great mea^nre determined tlie conrse of improved higiiways and in tliis way strongly influenced the location of conmnniities and towns. T]-ail No. 1. The "Great Trail" so-called, was the most im- portant of tlie east and west trails in Ohio. It was the western extension of the great highway between tbe Indian country around Delaware and Chesapeake hays, running westward to the forks of the Ohio, where later Fort Pitt and Pitts])urg were to be. thence westward through Ohio to Sandusky Bay and around the west end of Lake Erie to a junction with the trails leading to the com.itry around Lake St. Clair. The principal Indian towns on the Great Trail in Ohio were the Tuscarawas and Beaver towns where it crossed the Tuscarawas river; Mohican .Tohn's to^\■n, further west; and the Sandusky towns around Sandusky hay and ]-iver. At a later period, the Great Trail was the high- way eonnecting Foi-t Pitt, at the forks of the Ohio ; Fort Laurens, located at the crossing of the ti-ai! and the Tuscarawas river: Fort Sandusky on Sandusky bay. and Fnrt Detroit, at Deti'oit. Trail No. 2. Of striking im|)ortaiice was the Scioto tniii I'un- ning north and south through the state, between Sandusky hay and the mouth of the Scioto river. Ascending the Sandusky river, crossing the portage and descending the Scioto to its juncture with the Ohio, tlu' Scioto trail crossed the latter river and joined the famous "Warriors' Path," leading far into the southland. Together these trails constituted one of the greatest war paths of the westei'u country. The principal townis were the Sandusky towns near the bay; the Pipe's towns. Half King's town, Wyandot to-vm, in the vicinity of the upper rapids of the Sandusky river; Mingo and Delaware towns in Delaware county: Old Salt l^ick town and Mingo town in Franklin county; Maguck and the Chil- li{'otlie towns in Pickaway and Ross; tlui-rican Tom's town and Wanduchale's town further south and (.'hillicotiie on the Ohio, or Lower Shawnee town, at the mouth of the Scioto. The northern portion of this trail was identical with the route of Trail No. 6. Trail No. 3. Tins trail connected the Indian country about the forks of the Muskingum with the Shawnee settlements on the Scioto and thence west and north to the impoiiant Miami towns on the Miamis and the aj>per cuui'se of the Mauniee river. At the Muskingum forks it connected with important trails running east and north. The principal touiis were Concliake, White Woman's, Wakatonhka. Frencli Margeret's, Maguck, Cornstalk's, ITpper Ohilliciithe and Pickawillany. Tiail No. 4, fretpiently known as the Shore Trail, followed the southern shore of Lake Erie, fi'oni ^^■here lOrie, Penn., uow stands we.stward along Sandusky bay and then joined the trail north to the site of Deti-oit. I*ettquotting (own and the towns around Sandusky hay were touched by this trail. Trail No. .5, known as the Cuyahoga- Muskingum Trail, ex- tended fi'om the mouth of tl-e Cuyahoga i-i\'er on the north and following the Cuyahoga river and crossing the i)ortage in Summit county, descended tlie Tu.scarawas and Muskingum to its inoutli. The ]n'incipal towns on this li'ail were Saguin's Post, t)ttawa town and -Mingo town on the Cuyahoga; Tuscarawas and Beaver towns ' on the Great Trail: Conchake and White Eyes towns near the forks of tbc Muskingum ;md the se^■eraI Delawai'c to^vns to the south. Trail No. 6 was one of the most Important fur routes between the Lakes and the Virginia country, Tt entered Ohio opposite the month of the Great Kanawha river, passed through the salt region of Jackson comity to a Juncture with trail Xo. 2 at Maguck, from whi(rh point north the two trails were practically merged. With its southern extension through the mountains this trail formed one of the greatest highways between the southern and the central Ohio counties. Trail No. 7. known as the old Mahoning trail entered Ohio where the Mahoning river crosses the state line. Eastward it joined the Great Trail to the forks of the Ohio. Its westward course led through Porta ■ and Smm i counties to Sandusky Bay. The ]>rinci]ial town ere Sa uick and Mahoning to^vns on the Mahrming. Trail No. 8 connected ""' il No. 3 with the Mamnee river, at the mouth of tlie Augl . 'c. us forming a land-water route to Lake Krie. The old town o Wapogkonetta and Little Turtle's and Blue .Tacket's to' i were on this trail. VII I Trail No. 9 (.'xtt'iidefl from Will's town on the ilusliiiignin to Crow's town on the Ohio near the present f-ity of Hteulieiiville. This trail, as well as trails 1 and 2 wore extensively used liy the first wliites Avho pushed theii- way into the country north and west of the Ohio. Trail No. 10 connects Chillieothc on the Ohio with Trail No. 3 midway In-twcen ilad river and Plekawillany. It follows in a general way the \^atershed hetween Paint creek and the Little Miami river. Ti-ail No. 11 entered Ohio from the sonih, criissins tlie river west of tile site of Cincinnati. It follDwed the course oT the Miami river northward and joined Trail No. 3 at Pickawillany. Trail No. 12 was a branch from the Great Trail, leaving that trail at Painted Post in Cohmil)inua county and extt'udiug south- ward to a jiincturo with Trail No, .■> near Conchake. The principal towns were Three Ijeg.s" town, New Comer's town and White Eyes t0A\11. Ti-ail No. 13 extended from Maguck southeast to the Mus- kingum riviT thi'U<-e southward, crossing the Ohio river in Wash- ington county. This was a well kuown war trail fnini the Shawnee settlements on the Scioto to the Indian setth-ineiits in south- western Pennsylvania. Trail No. 14 extended from a juncture with Trail No. 11 noi-thward through the western tier of comities to the headwaters of the AVahash. Its course led near the present towns of Eaton and Hamilton. Trail Xit. lo ennnccted the towns at the inmith of the Scioto with Trail No. 3 near French Margaret's town in Fairfield county. It i)asK('d thrnugli the gi'cat salt region of Kalt creek and .Tacksou county and doubtless played an important part in the aboriginal salt industry. The jivincijial towns were French Margaret's towm, Standing Stone town and Lower Shawnee town. Trail No. Ki was a connecting link Ix-tween Trails 5 and 6. It^ course followed the Ohio river and the i)rincipal towns were AA''anduchaIe's town and Kiskiminetas. Trail No. Ifi was a connectinti link between Trails ii and r>. Its conr.'^e followed that of the Ohio river, usually some distanee inland and the jn-incipal towns were AYanduchale's and Kiski- minetas. A Iiranch led southward through Jackson county. West Virginia. The Indian towns shown on the map, in connection with the trails, sliouhl not be confused with the village sites of the county maps, which are detennined solely by the matei'ial evidences scattered through the soil, while the former are based entirely u])on historic evidence. Hriefly the State nia]! aims to show in a c))niposile mannci'. as nearly as possible the location of the more important aboriginal trails and Indian towns, regardless of chronology, of which there is historic recoi-d. While extending down info historic times, the trails and many of the towns doubt- h^ss reached far back into flie pre-liistory period of the teri'ifory now wifhin the State of Ohio and sei've as a connecting link be- tween the two ei'as. The Muskinsuni Trail, Tuscarawas Co. 'riio .Miiakiiianm Trail. View l.'iki'n uii llii; summil nf W;ill;ice RttliiL-, iii'Jii" Slock|ii'ia. Ohio, wlii-TK [he Imiiaiis I:iy walchliig l!ig Botti'111 hlucklioiisi.' aiTiiss ihi; Mnskingiim river llie day preccnilinK t)ie nigliC iiT t!ic iiiassacre. Via MAP SHOWING INDIAN TRAILS AND TOWNS IN OHIO. IX WILLIAMS. MAP or OHIO SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHWORKS. XI The Great Serpent, ADAMS COUNTY. The great "Serpent Mound" of Adams County is in many respects the most remarkable of Ohio's prehistoric monuments, and ranks among the greatest of the world's so-called effigy mounds. It is located in northern Bratton township and occupies an eminence which temiinates in a sheer precipice towering nearly 100 feet above the bed of Brush Creek. The Serpent proper is 1,254 feet in length, measm-ing along the convolutions, with a maximum height of nearly 5 feet. There are three principal con- volutions of the body, giving a very realistic undulating effect, while the tail is coiled twice aroimd. The head is somewhat con- ventional, being triangular in shape, with the anterior side of the triangle concaved to form the mouth. Before the mouth is an oval figure 120 feet long and 60 feet wide which the sei-pent ap- parently is about to swallow. The Serpent Mound was fii'st described by Squier and Davis, the pioneers of American Archeology, in 1848. In 1885, through the efforts of Prof. Frederick W. Putnam, of Harvard Univer- sity, steps were taken which secured perpetual preservation of this great earthwork. Through liis initiative, a subscription fund was raised by certain public spirited women of Massachusetts, and the land containing tlie Serpent was purchased and deeded to the trustees of the Peabody museum of Harvard University. That institution in 1900 deeded the Serpent Mound Park to the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, for perpetiaal pi'cser- vation as a public park. A tablet bearing the history of the Ser- pent since it came to the notice of white men, was erected in the park in 1902. Professor Putnam, to whom more than to any other man is due the credit for the preservation of the Serpent, made extensive excavations of the site which were fully described by him in the Century Magazine for April, 1890. Probably the most comprehensive and complete history of the Serpent Mound yet published is that of Hon. B. 0. Eandall, sec- retary of the Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, entitled "The Serpent Moimd," in which the great work and its possible relation to primitive serpent worship are discussed. A large model of the Serpent and Park is on exliibitiou in the So- ciety's museum, and shows on a reduced scale the exact- appear- ance of this great work. The stream flowing at the foot of the cliff, the trees and grass, roadways, fences and other details, are shown in their natural colors and proportionate dimensions. Adams county is rich in mounds and earthworks of the ab- original peoples of Ohio, pai'ticularly along Brush creek and its tributaries and along the Ohio river. Several pictographs, mostly in the form of human footprints cut in the exposed rock surfaces, are to be seen along the Ohio river, near the mouth of Stout's run, in Green township. The following table shows, by townships, the number and kinds of earthworks in the county : ADAMS COUNTY. Townships. ■a a 1 in u I- P in O 1 if} 1 1 u V > u O g -*-■ (3. u -l-l Wiiir^h^^'iter 6 II 6 5 I I I I 5 3 I I I Scott Rratton I Wayne 2 II 2 I 3 I Oliver 2 3 I 4 t Meigs Tiffin 4 3 3 5 5 4 2 I TefFersfin Snrip'P's 5 I 5 Jvlouroe I 2 2 Totals ss T3 10 31 2; I 2 117 ^Ftf* SOD-.- =^D ARK SOIL " YeLLOW'CLAY Transverse Sections of th? Great Serpent. o ^ - ^U-^-r-4~- PIKE H F G M U ALLEN COUNTY. Wliile of considerable importance as an Indian country in early historic times, Allen eoimty was not topographically suited to eontinuoris aboriginal occupation, and consequently few eai-th- works live found within its territory. A condition necessai'v tn aU-the-yeai'-around habitation in aboriginal times was natural di-ainage. The fact that much of northwestera Ohio, previous to the settlement of the country by whites was at certain seasons rather inclined to be swampy, accounts for tlie comparatively few prehistoric remains in that territory. The "Mound Builder" naturally plied the art from which he takes his name, most as- siduously in those sections of tlie state where conditions most fa- vored permanent and continuous habitation. Occasional burials and old camp and village sites and a few mounds, are found in Allen county. An important aboriginal trail traversed the western part of the county, following the course of the Auglaize river, connecting with trails from the lower Scioto on the south and with the Maumee river at the mouth of the Aug- laize, AliEN COnNTY. Townships. in •o O !8 w5 V be > 4 x m ■n 6 •a 1 Bath 2 2 2 1 2 Amanda Totah 3 2 3 2 10 CO U N T Y C Ll N T Y ALLEN COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles ASHLAND COUNTY. Ashland county is remarkable among the northern counties of the state for the comparatively large number of earthen en- closures it contains. Most of these cu'^losures are quite small, and are both the circular and elliptical, and the rectangular type. Green township in particular is rich in these enclosm-es, while Mohican township also contains a number. The abundance of earthworks in southern Ashland county possibly may be due in part to the fact that the Gi'eat Trail passed through this section, crossing the headwaters of the Mohican river and the numerous streams tributary thereto. Numerous burials, old village sites, etc., together with the many stone implements found show that southern Ashland county was a scene of consider- able activity in aboriginal times. ASHLAND COUNTY. Townships. en c 1 1 a 01 > ■n ■c 3 in ■n % 3 o I I I 3 2 3 5 2 I 1 9 2 3 I I I 3 7 8 2 I I Lake 3 I I 26 26 4 7 I 64 COUNTY L O RAIN COUNTY I {' ASHLAND COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles K N o *■ ASHTABULA COUNTY. Ashtabula, the extreme uoi-theastcrn county of the state, was traversed by the old al.)origmal trail which skirted the southern shore of Lake Erie. Throughout the northern pai-t of the county, are found evidences of the great importance of this trail as a passageway from east to west, south of the great lakes. Man}' im- plements of stone and other matei-ials have been picked up along the course of this old highway and numerous burials have been noted. The principal earthworks are in Conneaut, Wayne and Wind- sor townships. Several mounds are located along the Ashtabula and Grand rivers and their tributaries. An aboriginal cemetery of considerable impoi'tance existed on the jiresent site of Con- neaut. A8HTABm..\ COUNTY. Townships. in •a a o in t 3 1 1/3 V bo 'i-i in u ■c V 4-1 V U U3 4-1 o H I 3 I 4 1 I I 2 I Sheffield I 1 I 2 3 Totals 12 5 2 5 I 2'i ANCIENT WORK ■3t:/M.£ S'oo ^esr ASHTABULA COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three mites ATHENS COUNTY. Ai-eheologieallv unique is the district known as "the plains" of Athens county. It consists of an area of upwards of 5 miles square, lyinf? south and west of the Hocking river and north of the city of Athens. Its surface, quite level, is dotted with moimds and enclosures so abundant that from almost any one of them it is possible to see another. The elevation of "the plains" is only slightly above that of the river, wliile on all sides of it the country rises rapidly to considerable heights. This level and pi-otected area evidently appealed strongly to the aboriginal liking, as evi- denced by the remains of their industry. Ames township, on the headwaters of Fedei-al Creek, and Alexander township, in the southern part of the county, abound in mounds. ATHENS COUNTY. Townships. 4 o i txo > a 1 I 3 i6 I 3 i8 2 1 t i6 York 5 Bern . . . . 1 6 I I Totals 63 12 2 77 ANCIENT WORK Athens Co. Ohio '' E R R y CO. ATHENS COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles impft Co U N T Y AUGLAIZE COUNTY. In common with otlier counties occupying the level plains of northwestern Ohio, Auglaize county has lew prehistoric earth- worlcs. Doubtless these level counties were extensively frequented (luring certain seasons of the year by aboriginal hunters but the country further south and east was preferx'ed for fixed abodes. Several Indian villages however, were found in Auglaize county when white men first entered its territoi-y. The old trail passing northward to the Maumee ri^'e^, traversed the western part of the county. Along tliis trail, in St. Marys and Noble town- ships and facing on the St. Marys river, were three enclosui-ea of the crescent type. Old village and burial sites are fomid near Wapakoneta and along the Auglaize river. ATTGLAIZE COTTNTY. in O Townships. D •n O 4-f 5? l/l ■3 n T 3 c r_^ 3 o W r' ra E- I I Noble 2 I 2 1 I 3 2 4 9 B^^l AUGLAIZE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles BELMONT COUNTY. J3olinont county is important archeologieally as pi'ttscntin}; fine examples of the so-called petroglyj)lis, or Indian I'Ock pic- tures. TliesG petroglyplis are fonnd in several counties of the state, ijrineipally those bordering the Ohio river, where they gen- erally appear cut into the comparatively smooth surfaces of the exposed sandstone of the coal measures Ijordering the river. A number of these rock pictures, however, are located independently of streams, as in Belmont and Jackson counties. The Barnesville Track Rocks, as the Belmont county petro- glyplis ha\e been styled, are situated ncai- the city of Barnes- ville, in Warren township. They are cut or pecked into the coarse sandstone grit, the tools used in most cases having been of stone or flint and the outlines alone sufficing to fonn the desired figure. The Barnesville petroglyphs consist mostly of outlines of the lunnan footprint, of the footprints of various birds and animals, of tlic lumian face, of serpents, etc. Along the river in eastern Belmont county are located niuner- ous mounds, burials and village sites, while in the western portion of the county are otlier mounds, village sites and earthworks. I BELMONT COUNTY. i ai Townships, oi cH ■c t It •c f "(5 S > ^ 6 ^ ^ 2 I 2 2 I 2 3 3 I 2 I 3 1 I I I I 3 2 York Totals , 12 I 4 13 T I 32 WOTOW W^^'- fe 0^° ?3* d, ""-'Z^k^: '^ p % ,.A"'(§ ,W1)K -9 SOMTM hi (If H«TURt One of the "BamesviDc Track Rocks," H A R R I SON C O U fj TV BELMONT COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 8 BKOWN COUNTY. Tliis Ohio river county presents an interesting arcliieolosieul study. A feature is the great number of burials of the stone grave type, which occur probably more frequently along the Ohio river in this county than in any other section of the state. The stone grave metliod of bui'ial is not considered indicative of a different or distinct culture, but merely as a local custom, due, no doulit, to the fact that the conveniently Hat stones were abuiKlantly available. Numerous earthworks occur in so utli eastern Brown county. Along White Oak Creek in the central southern portion; on west Fork of Brush Creels: in Eagle township and m Perry township. A groups of eight small mounds is located on the Perry-Sterling township line. BBOWN COUNTY. Townships, a Q w u ■- a u .■a > u ■hi V B U o a o in in o 12 2 3 3 4 Scott I aark I 2 4 I I I I Pleasant I Byrd 2 1 2 II 4 4 I I I I 3 Totals 41 H 5 II 2 6 79 . 11 ir .ji.LM- Ul ^l Millliul Hi' E^lVill, IH^lI AIh-mU'LH. Stone Grave neat Aberdeen. Arched Stone Grave near Ripley, BUTLER COUNTY. Butler is one of the richest counties, arehjeologieally speak- ing, ill Ohio, particularly in number of mounds. It eoutains 221 moimds, besides 30 other earthworks and aboriginal sites. The rich valley of the Miami river, passing through this county, offered an ideal place of abode for tlie aboriginal in- habitants, and in many places, notably in St. Clair, Ross and Fair- field townships, thMr mounds and other works are so thickly lo- cated that for long distances it is possible to see from the site of one to that of otheiB. The valleys of Indian Creek, Four-mile Creek and otbei" tributary streams likewise are thickly dotted with mounds. There are impoi-tant enclosures in Fairfield, Union and Ross townships. Several of these are combinations of the circle 01- crescent and the square, ^lsnally with attendant mounds. These earthworks are regarded variously as of military and sacred significance. Many of the irregular enclosures surmount- ing elevated points of vantage doubtless were in the nature of fortifications and places of defense. The circular and square enclosures, or combinations of the two, usually more geometrical in proportions and construction, have inspired various theories as to their uses. Many of the Butler county earthworks have been described by Squier and Davis in their "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" and by MeLain in his "Mound Builders." BUTLER COUNTY. Townships. (A a g m m > u u 1 u U Oxford i6 8 7 15 17 '5 35 6 7 lO 53 i; 17 B Milford 3 2 Reilly 2 3 1 I I 4 7 4 I I 221 24 ! 4 I 251 cawa l-Sj-^z; ••IHH^ ■1' 6 Ml. SOUTM-*v««T <" BWtltTCH. O. Aacient Works in Butler County. Butler (County) Fort — Three Miles Below Hamillon. MONTGOMERY BUTLER COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 10 CARROLL COUNTY. Although on the line of the Great Trail and traversed fvoni northeast to southwest by a branch trail leading from the Great Trail to the forks of the Muskingiun, Carroll county appears never to have been t!ie seat of any extensive permanent aboriginal occupation. This may be due in part to the absence of important streams or extensive valleys, in a country otherwise attractive, although rather rugged in topography. The only mound so far located, is in the northeastern part of Washington township, with a village site and cemetery in Center township, a village and liurial site in Perry township and a burial in Lee township. A comparatively large niunber of stone and flint implements have been picked up in the vicinity of old traUs, and along Big Sandy creek in the northern portion, showing that aboriginal travel along these old thoroughfares was of considei-- able importance. OARKOLL COUNTY. Townships. 1 1 > 4 ■c •n u e: u u U H I * 1 1 Center I 1 I Totals . . I 2 2 I 6 10 C O U N T Y COLUMBIANA HARRISON COUNTY CARROLL COUNTY Scale, one fnch equals three miles 11 CHAMP AiaN COUNTY. The importance of Cliampaign county to the aboriginal in- habitants of Ohio perhaps is not fully reflected in the visible struc- tures left behind them. White traders and settlers, when they pushed their way into the Mad River valley, found that favorable region one of great activity insofar as the red man was concerned. The mde fertile valleys and the gently rising slopes both to the east and the west, made the county an inviting place of abode. And the fact that this was not wholly unappi-eciated is shown by the very frequent exhumation of skeletons from the gravel banks thi'oughout the county. There are six known mounds in Champaign, four enclosures, a cemetery, village site, and a number of burials. One of the eartliworks located near Catawba Station in Union township, is rather anomalous in character. It consists of three small circular enclosures, together with parallel embankments of earth. Two other enclosures are near Mechanicsburg and the remaining one is a crescent enclosure, opening upon the ri^'er, in Slad River town- ship. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY. m u in ■"^ W] Townships. en m ■^ u in ID 1 > I O I I I I I I I r Salem I Urbaiia 3 I 1 3 I I Goshen 6 A I 6 I i8 11 U N T Y } CHAMPAIGN COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 12 CLARK COUNTY. Clark county, in topography is much like Champaign, except that the Mad Kiver becomes a more important stream and that the Little Miami river here has its source, with important tribu- tary streams. These, together with several branches of the Mad river, make of the county an exceptionally well watered and at- tractive region for aboriginal occupation. The coimty has many mounds, radiating from a central point at Springfield, while several major earthworks are found. The more important of these are in Mad River township, with others in Springfield and Hannony townships. GLARE COUNTY. 10 4J UJ aj Townships, r/i tn ■V D Cfl u o > '3 03 s 6 1 Pike 3 I 4 8 2 6 6 Bethel 2 2 I 2 I 2 5 I 3 2 3 Totals 47 7 4 II 2 71 12 CLARK COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 13 ^ CLERMONT COTTNTT. The favorite districts of Clermont county, from tlie aborigi- nal point of view, were tlie valleys of tlie East Eork of Little Miami, Stonelick creek and Twelve Mile creek. By far the most important of these is the first named, which crosses the comity from west to east in a long loop sweeping to the southward. Perhaps the most interesting of the enclosures of the county is that situated near the juncture of the East Fork with the lAttle Miami. This work, which was fii-st described by Squier and Davis in 1848, consists primarily of a square and an irregular circle, the two conjoined. From the circle extend parallel walls to a imion with a small circle, from which in turn run low walls termi- nating in a fan-like proce^. About 20 miles up the East Eork there existed another in- teresting earthwork, which resembled a girdiron in form. There are numerous mounds, village sites and burials in the county. CI£RMONT COUNTY. 1 1 Townships, ■n i- V *-« 11 u 'J ■a o 1 3 > en ■c 1 f rf>^}i(*n ' 4 4 5 i6 3 I 1 4 1 2 2 I I 2 2 5 2 2 2 t 2 I I Ohio . . - I 1 Tate I I 1 47 11 3 8 70 r— The "Gridiron." Clermont County, Ohio. INTON ( CO. 13 CLERMONT COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three n^Mes 14 CLINTON COUNTY. The northwestern third of Clinton county is liberally supplied with burial mounds, the section being well watered and very fa- vorable to hiunan existence under aboriginal conditions. The valleys of Dutch creek, Todd's Fork and Lyttle creek are par- ticiilarly rich in prehistoric earthworks. Many fine specimens of priraitii'e stone and flint implements have been collected in this section of the county. The important aboriginal trail, running fi'om the mouth of the Scioto to a junction with trails on the upper Miami, is believed to have passed over the high land in the eastern part of this county. CLINTON COUNTY. 1 Townships. V] XI a 3 O s 3 s 1 m V *-• y5 1 > in 3 to lO 5 3 3 4 I 1 I Liberty 5 46 3 I 4 2 2 I I I I I Clark I I Totals 93 10 I 8 112 14 ^ JI 7^V*~T^^^^tSbfc=<^&^J:>e5K» COUNTY 1 1 ^^X-^rW^ ..'^^y^i" ¥^^H^^^ F-T- ■ ^=sA^*s\X * Qml fs vX^^^'° " ^^^^^^^>:^^^_^j J ^U^^ /\ ' ^"^^W^'J/c^S^L^ "^^V^^aT 3rl' " JLi fi /MF"^st/ W^\/ / >.-^c>f"--^r^ttii_-WL=^ /\ r^-—^ X \\ ^>tf _^^ ^^f _jfC— -j{ ^-tjj^*^"^^ ^.^i i '''^i^ / ^ 1 KV T&. J .y7^ II t,.^v ^ — - — ^'-^^^i^/ ^ V ^' Vl /"'^— -^^^^^ ^^ifc\j.3s^^''*^ ^dp^'^^ r^MLf u ! it ^ ilmL-^/ 5l ■ 1 U/'-T^ 1 vfl^ v\ J^ ft / 4*^**^\ jtij_jF^^r \. ^.^^^^^^ \ « j[, y^^l/Ay^E^^^ ^^^^^^ ^S^^i \ ^'C^ ^^a .^^^^ 1 V 2^ \y -^c" — 1 f^l^^t^w^M^ ■'M.^-fe^^T' ( l> \ /^^^w"" Vj ; *'V^ ^^^i »■ls^i? ^Cti-'A^^'^t!^^^ V ' w\ \ V _^^'^r \f ^i,--sji='T''^ ' ^v X 'x^^^^j Si'^ \T^W^ K- lLi4f'?t'^M^^^5?^'.r^'s^^.A;'/^^.-^'^ "X > \, „^x /* ^ l^"\.^>^^%P<^C *?^''* J^- Vl^Wy^ y^"'-'A"" "^ ^^^w .,^^\ \// J *" ' ( ( ^^^J}\S^v%l'$^^ M^\ tv^^ < //V; \e^ ^c^^/T , fV'^'w^ »" 1 l,i^;^^^fe^J?%Vl^*\(:#^/ \N kf!My%^^^A rS<%^ vx * i^^^ii^S:^?^^^^^ A^ A.\ Iw /^ .^^Y f \ n\,^^^^6 ^ ^ ^^..Mifc^^yi^^ M^^Kr' \ A^I^A^T^ J ^ ' .5^s\ftj^^^^ r ^v ^^^^/^^ /^ vll /'^\ J3n^»ti4^ ^^SU- ^,-^lV ^..-^ i^Pr^'^ \ \ ^feC" W ^^c T — a\-~-*!*'cu^ ^ r\ \ ^aT ' ^ ■ » '^ ^■-'1'*°*^^ ,\^*^ fK S^\^C~i 1 r^^^^i^Jj^-% It ®S J^-^ j!^^ - ^^ /^= aa,^^ v^ipy j^ ^^ ^^^ ^P^'^ s^yXV On ^^^^^44-^<^^i ^ /l f /?^^!^ ^^ pc^ yW^VCkc /W^'^^^^egT^^^ .3!£=^^ *- = (TT^V^i^^^^^^^L^^^^ %W 1 z^'^' y-'i-'^r -si.rfS'^ '^/^— w_if^-i vv^^fa..,. 11 1 11 ii^ii — ==riif ^^ CLINTON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three nnlles ^At:s%«ii-^^: r^^ CO |B R w N Z^^^^^-^L ^^h^ ^^^^ ' ■ 15 COLUMBIANA COUNTY. Of most interest among the archeologieal remains of Co- lumbiana county, are the Petroglyphs located about one mile above Wellsville, on the Ohio river. These Petroglyphs which are cut or pecked into the roclt bordering the river and just above low water mark, consist of figures of men, animals, turtles, seri)ents, etc. There are other PetrogI}'phs similarly placed, near the south- eastera corner of Li^'erjDool township. Owing to tlie rugged topograpliical nature of the county, the lack of imx)ortant streams and valleys, there are few earthworks in Colimibiana eoimty. Of the two mounds located, one is in Mid- dleton township and one in Wavne to^\-nship. Several burials have been located in the interior of the coimty. The Great Trail, coming from the forks of the Ohio and pass- ing westward to Sandusky Bay, entered the state through section 25, Middleton township, traversing the county to its southwest comer. OOLTIMBIANA COTJNTT. Townships. m -a 1 in n •c 3 w ■c V % •n t 1 1 I 2 I I I I St Qair . I I Totals 2 1 3 r 2 9 15 COLUMBIANA COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles JETFERSON J COUNTY \ 16 COSHOCTON COUNTY. Pew counties present a more typical reeoid of aboriginal life than Cosiiocton. Wliile for the most part the topography is rugged, the broad and fertile vallej's of the Muskingum, Walhond- ing and Tuscarawas furnished ideal territory for the county's first inhabitants. Scattered along these streams, on either side and f or their entire distance within the county, are numerous evidences of a prosperous occupation, evidenced by many moimds, village sites, enclosures, etc. An important feature of the archeology of Coshocton county is the flint quarries from which material was obtained for the manufactiu'c of chipped flint implements. These quarries are located in Jefferson and New Castlo townships, on both sides of the Walhonding river. The deposits of flint are the northeastern extension of the immense formation known as Flint Ridge, in Lieldng and Muskingum coimties. PerhajiS no other sjiot in Ohio was of more importance as a center for aboriginal trails than the forks of the Muskingmn. Va- rious trails eentorcKl licre, fj-inn whence they extended in prac- tically every direction. There were many aboriginal villages located here when white tradei's and missionaries came into the Muskingum valley from the east. COSHOOTOX COUXTV. trt Ui U in Townships. in u u 3 t 'in ho in > 2 a U3 « u c c 2 C C '•^ n c 2 16 2 3 1 2 2 Perry I I Pike I I 2 5 2 5 2 t I 3 3 Bedford Clark t Bethlehem 8 I 2 I I 3 13 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 4 3 3 4 2 I Oxford 3 I Totals 62 21 9 20 2 5 Tig The Johnson Mound, Walhonding, Ohio. 16 COSHOCTON COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 17 CRAWFORD COUNTY. The gi-eater part of the eomparatively few earthworks of Crawford county are confined to the southern portion. Like many of the level counties of the state, its territory, prior to settlement and drainage was not well suited to pei'manent occupation, and consequently the population for the most paT-t was a shifting or temporary one. Of the three enclosures known, in the coimty, one is in Auburn, one in Holmes and the third in Polk township. A branch trail, leading from the Seioto trail to the Mahoning trail, crossed Craw- ford county from southwest to northeast. CRAWFORD COUMTT. in •u Townships, VI in u u 4-» ■J) V to 3 ^ ■3 X 1^ o a *r^ 3 5 rA W > ffl h I I I I Todd 2 2 1 I I 3 I I 1 I r Polk It 3 2 3 19 17 5 E N E C A COUNTY I HURON C O. M A R I ^J CRAWFORD COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 18 CUYAHOGA COIXNTY. Ciiyalioga is the most mteresting of the northern tier of counties in point of prehistoric remains. Tlio valleys of the Cuya- hoga, Chagrin and Eoeky rivers present an interesting study of aboriginal remains, particularly of mounds and enflosures. At least half a dozen mounds and one emilosure existed ujjou the present site of the city of Cleveland. The "Independence Slah," a sculptured rock near the village of Indejjendenee, is among the more intei'esting of the Ohio petro- glyphs. The characters cut on this rock, which is of silicious sandstone, are in the form of the footpi'ints of human beings and animals and of serpents and unknown symbols. There are four enclosures on the Cuyahoga river and one on Big Creek. The trails which travei-sed Cuyahoga eoimty indicate the importance of the territory, one leading from the mouth of the Cuyalioga southward to the mouth of the Muskingum, and the trail from the Mahoning river, passing westward toward San- dusky bay. CUYAHOGA COUNTY. V3 V UI t/j ,"ti j; Townsliips. tA 3 in 0. •a s V be ul ■^ ^ ai 3 O n l- 1 3 Ui > 03 &, H 5 4 1 2 I 1 » I Independence I I 1 9 3 I 3 Bedfori;! 4 2 r I Totals 30 6 3 2. 1 42 J^% ANC/tNr WORK Cuyohooa Coi/nfy. OA/o. ^00 ^tE' The "Independence Slab." 18 M E D I N A COUNTY t S U M M I T CUYAHOGA COUNTY Scate, one inch equals three miles 19 DAUKE COUNTY. Dai'ke county, like others of similar topography, is rather sparse in number of prehistoric remains. However, it contains one known enclosure in northern Greenville township, six mounds and a. number of village sites and burials. The evidences of the use of the territory as himting ground and as temporary habita- tion, are very abundant, many fine specimens of aboriginal handi- work in stone and flint having been found. The important trail from the lower Scioto to the headwaters of the Maumee, probably crossed northeastern Darke county and it is likely that the old trail which later became the Hamilton and Eaton road, passed northward into the county and to a junction with the northwestern traU. DAEKE COtTNTT. Townships. C/3 T3 C g 3 3 33 4-1 1 > ■c 1 I I 3 I I I Allen 1 2 I 2 2 I Wabash I 2 2 6 I 13 15 35 19 DARKE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles M0NT6OMERV CO. 20 DEPIAKOE COUNTY. The juncture of the Auglaize with the Maumee river, iu De- fiance coimtj, was an important aboriginal point. It was here that the trail leading north from tlie Miami and Scioto trails, met the Maumee river, and became a water highway down the Maumee to Lake Erie. Niunerous indications of habitation are foimd at this meet- ing point of trail and stream. Village and camp sites abound and burials and a few moimds have been noted. Several Indian vil- lages were found here by the first white adventurers. The topography of the county as a whole, was not conducive to permanent settlement and excepting the section mentioned, it contains but few earthworks. ! DEFIANCE COXTNTT. fli V -!-■ Townships. V) m t3 C O > ■c 3 m 1 I I I Noble 3 I I 2 2 4 3 8 4 15 20 HENRY DEFIANCE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles PUTN/\M CO. 21 DELAWARE COUNTY. A total of 75 earthworks have been located in Delaware county. The eoimtv having foui' important streams riiniiing from north to south was well adapted to primitive habitation. The earth- works of the count}' are generally distril^nted throughout these four principal valleys. There are six of the enclosure type — three in the Olentangy valley, two on Big Walnut creek and one at the headwaters of Alum creek. The important trail from Sandusky hay to the mouth of the Scioto passed through Delaware comity, its course generally fol- lowing the highlands liietween the two rivers. The numerous interesting relics, several large collections of which have been made, show that Delaware county was a favorite locality of the aboriginal inhabitants. DELAWARE COUNTY. Townships. ■a S 3 ft "u in u *-» bo > 'C U o I 4 I I 4 5 I 3 7 9 3 6 3 6 5 I 3 1 I I I I 2 I Berkshire 2 Totals 6r 6 2 4 2 75 21 DELAWARE COUNTY Seal**, one inch equals three miles y \ .22 J' .4 r ,1, ' ERIE COUNTY. Erie county was of far greater importance in aboriginal times than is indicated by tlie earthworks left within its territory. This is due in great part to the fact that its iojportauce lay not so much in the way of a permanent dwelling place, as in its strategic and economical position. With' its entire northern line hordering Lake Erie and particularly the waters of Sandusky bay, it shared the importance of Sandusky, Cuyahoga and other coimties similarly located. The advantages to primitive inhabitants of such a bodv of water were very great. Eresh water alone was one of their fii-st requisites, while fishing, transpoi-tation and travel were other paramount attractions. Many important trails led into this sec- tion of Ohio, including the trail following the lake shore, so that the territory must have been one of great activity in aboriginal times. Erie has a total of 33 recorded earthworks, including an en- closure and one flint quarry, from which material for chipped arrow and spear points, knives, etc., was obtained. ERIE COUNTY. 1 ^1 u . J Townshi|is. / ■ ' , 1 L •a c 1 1^ V ■*- V 1 > in 'C i u Flint Quarries. Totals. Margaretta •r, 3c * T 1- 2 t 8 3 2 ' 3 I I Oxford 5 2 Totals . . : 12 I 2 i6 I 3.1 I. .. . L i 22 O ERIE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 23 FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Fairfield county, witli the exception of the northern tier of townships, whieli are sparse in remains, is among the richest of the comities of Ohio with respect to number of monnds and other works. A total of 143 of the various classes is recorded, including two flint quarries and 14 enclosures. The most important enclosure of the county is that located on the Hocking river in Greenfield township and consisting of a combination of the square and the circle. Moimds and other works are particularly numerous in the eastern and the extreme south- western portions of the county. Several impoi'tant trails centered in Fairfield county in the vicinity of the present city of Lancaster and a number of Indian towns were located in this district and along; the Hocking river. The northern and the noriheastem portions of> the county, in the vicinity of Buckeye lake wore not well adapted to primitive popu- lation, the country before it was cleared having heeii^of a swampy nature. However, from the many i-elics found it is sho^iim that the prehistoric inhabitants visited those sections frequently for the pui'pose of hunting. \ FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Townships. Violet Blooni Amanda . . . Qear Creek Liberty . . . , Greenfield . . Hocking . . . Madison . . . Walnut Pleasant . . . Berne Richland . . . Rush Creek Tola Is . -3 i s o o .=3 > 4 H 12 23 I I 12 3 I 6 9 17 9 112 3 2 2 2 3 I 14 2 I S 9" I u 2 2 143 23 |-^T-^X;j— »- ' C K , N s o!;^^a^¥4AiQwXLirrTTn--r-:— -f-- . „ county "^'^SMlin^ rff J9 y^^Kl9 ^^-i -i\ Bir ,rML. -W .. N ^i Vf- Jin^r^:.' i- ' ^fViiM Tnlh^" F^ L 1^ V /r^'> i^^ "^L II \J -; rn 1 'I'f' \]J iJ- =■ I'X 'W\ - 1 " ^%J^\M 4hs;i0-mK ?^S' 0^ ' tu'T^-^^?— -f?^--^ ►■ ""'Hi, ^' ^ ^^xi^SteJ BC. 'M s~4 '»( lX.-:""J "^L fiy^^.NrTg^l "** T?^\'/ v / jLr^ ]■/ s^j»v^&iJ vy ^'Sy%lf-3^SfH' f^^^""^frQ3'^^^^^H=£!cTM^^^HW" -" 1 iV , jW'/^f^S^^^Sl^^Ea^l^C'T^'T^^j M i)^r\ 1 ^ i jW \\-""Jp*7' /^^^^'^'^ '• \"\ V/ A J ' KA J IKfe. " ¥\ Rfev lY '{ ^SL "^? "E^^^IStTt L^"*^£fTEiiii 1 Jiir'I 1 S. '/ ,-f — ^^^■'^l^— A— ^..y, 'A [( 1 1. p ^ 1 -XU tsA*^^ " ^ C'^^ 1 j*l~fr - tf^ A Ti /t 'llttis^l' ' "SS^v v«-'lf» 11 r\. 1 (\ 1 Jjr / /ll ' ij^if (iiTijijy ' jU) V' ^' Iff ■■! ii--^. •*^~il''' 1 ' /-^^^^M..^^fc^^^J^^pr^l^_,,;^^^^^ ^^. ■ ) T" "'fW I'M'l'iilr^Sy TP^-fVX \.. . 1 ,.ll»iiI^iSSn ■'.-;Vii . u ■'%.. \^ , r -T^wt T^^^^K^^' Mf^^^T^^iK ^' 'f '#-'-" f"T^^''°^"1 '^T^.i^ ' 'N.l' ^ <-t ■ ^-^ ^F^^'^^^^^E^ rf^^lH;::" w^t^P^f^^ 3^?CPnirT^^^ -ife-i^^^' Otfygr!^ ^oHr"^" j^7"/^-F ij^r-^fe-fv^^Tki-iri -k ^ t«!itf^i=Jll 1/ " ' ii.Trr"^?''^^--,' .ii^' JKi^Srif ■ i ^ i FJ "e! L^jkT ""P«rkfr?^ t t» ., : ■■ " 'T~"^ty'"j'i-' ^v^^^^^^?^ iu^r^R^R Jt't f Q feKi^T- -^^i'Ml^^^^^rt^^i-W'^'l^^^^^ tel"^^ o ^Ki ^^R 1 I '^Et^pfe^^^^S^^^^^Si^R J , i' . ^^^^^j^^^^^feT'^"''"^^^?^^ ^j a ^P*^^^^^J^^ J^^^^^^^^^ ^t-' " ^I'J'^^^^^^^F^^^ FAIRFIELD COUNTY '^2° ^y^^^isL '• v^»\ K w^T~ •^-■|L-v'~f - fir ■ -f. J"r^Y^ * (■■^Sf*^-^W--^. iX_ %j^. Ili^T^I^^'S'^V'CrV" L^^ 1 Scale, one inch equals three miles 1 f - ^L — ( 24 FAYETTE COUNTY. The valleys of Paint creek and Deer creek and their tribu- taries in Fayette countj^ show considerable evidence of pre- historic population, both in earthworks and in minor artifacts found scattered through the soil and on the surface. Only three of the enclosure class have been recorded, two in Paint tovmship and one in Madison. Mounds are fairly abimdant and burials are found through- out the country wherever excavations are made in removing gravel or for other purposes. Several of the stone grave type of burials have been reported in the Paint creek valley, similar to those fre- quently found in southern Ohio. One of the largest mounds in the county is that near Pleasant View in Jefferson towTiship. This mound is located in a modern cemetery and after having sei-ved as a memorial to the dead of its builders now answers as a last resting place for their successors. FAYETTE COITNTT. Townships. 4 'S u 3 m in s 'A in u lA 73 a a ra > I- m a 4-1 5 4 4 6 Paint 2 [ I 1 I t 5 5 2 9 2 5 7 3 6 18 2 5 42 3 I 47 2 95 24 HIGH LAND COUNTY FAYETTE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 25 FRANKLIN COUNTY. The valley of the Olentangy and. thosn of the Scioto and its branfihes, in Franklin county, present numerous exanaples of pre- historic eaiihwoi-ks. Mounds are very numerous, particularly along the Seioto in the southern half of tlie county, while there are a number of enclosures, village sites, burials, etc. A total of 186 works have been recorded in the county. Among the more in- tei-esting of tbe enclosures are those along the Seioto and Olen- tangy rii'ers in Perry and Sharon townships. Several mounds originally stood on the site of Coliunbus and nimierous burials liave been unearthed in exca\'ations incident to the progi-ess of the city. The trails connecting the Lake Erie country with the Ohio river passed near the site of Columbus, and several Indian towns were located near the junction of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. J ANCIENT WORt^ F'ranA/in County, Ohio. ^oo ^ee^T ^^mm.p^^ Earthworks uear Worthington. FRA?JKLIN COPNTT. Townships. la' ■a c a o UQ s •3 c en' in V 1 > (A 3 •s 6 1 [ 2 2 7 lo 21 5 1! I 7 2 5 5 M 6 ZS 8 I I 3 1 Frankhii I 1 6 5 I 3 I I 6 I Plain Mifflin r I I 7 2 2 5 I I 2 Total 132 28 6 20 I 187 ^ 'f Group ot EnclosTires near Dublin. 25 UNION FRANKLIN COUNTY -I Scale, ona inch equals three miles 26 FULTON COUNTY. Fulton t^oimty eoutaiiis more prehistoric works than any other of the northwestern Ohio counties. Altho it has few large streams, the topography is such that the county is comparatively well drained, the mean ele-\-ation being greater than that of ad- jacent counties. On the broad level tablelands of the central por- tions of the county i>rehistoric remains are fairly abundant, particidarl}- in Pike and Chesterfield township. In Pike township, on the headwaters of Bad creek, there are 12 mounds, which practically form a group. The coimty has six recorded enclosures and 45 moimds, the total recorded earthworks being 64. FOLTON" COUNTY. Townships. r/i 1 1 'Ji > lit Is m in 1 2 6 I I I 3 2 6 I 4 2.5 2 3 I I 3 2 'I V Totals i . . ; . . 45' 6 2 II 64 26 MICHIGAN HENRY FULTON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 27 GALLIA COUNTY. Topographically, Gallia county is too rugged to afford attrac- tive conditions for aboriginal occupation of a settled or pei-manent character. With the exception of the townships liordering on the Ohio river, tlie evidence indicates only temporary occupation and consequently few earthworks. One monnd and a village site are recorded in Raccoon township; one mound at Mills, Springfield township, and a mound and a rock shelter in Cheshire township. With these exception the works lie near the Ohio River. The most important group of works is located in Ohio town- ship, adjacent to the river. This group consists of six mounds and four enclosures. An important aboriginal trail ci-ossed Gallia coimty, coming from the Scioto trail in Pickaway county, and crossing into West Vii'ginia. G.4LLIA COTJNTT. I-.' in 4-1 Townships. 1- S in a s M a tn g 3 !3 X o ^ W > CQ ai H I I I 1 2 Clay I I I I I Ohio 6 4 II 4 3 2 r 21 28 GEAUGA COUNTY. Geauga county, so far as inTestigation has disclosed, is very sparse in prehistoric I'cmains. Those which have come to light are confined to the southeni portions of the coimty, and consist of two mounds, one cemetery and four burials. Parkman township has one mound, one cemetery and a linrial, Russell township oue mound, and Bainbridge, Aulnirn and Troy each a burial. The rough surface of the county, which, topographically, is more rugged than any other northeastern Ohio county, apparently was not conducive to permanent aboriginal settlement, and its prehistoric population doubtless was of a transient or periodic nature. GEAUGA COUNTY. Townsliips. 1/} B o t — 1 ■c 1' 4-1 6 1 I I I Russell 2 4 I 7 28 COUNTY GEAUGA COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 29 GREENE COUNTY. The piiiicipal eartliwork of Greene county is an euclosnre lo- cated near Cedarville, on the South Fork of Massie's creek. This work consists of a double line of parallel embanluiients, with gate- ways at intervals, each of which was supplied ^vith a small stone moimd, set midway l>etweeu the emhankancnts. These embank- ments, together with the natnral cliff present on the east of the works, and the creek on tlie north, rendered the area thus enclosed \^cry difficult of approach, and the ivoi'k i.s I'egarded as typical of the so-called fortifications or military defenses. Several minor enclosures are fomid in central Greene county, and moimds are quite munerons, particularly in the southwestern portion. A total of 84 eai'thworks of the various classes are recorded in the county. GREENE COUNTY. Townships. tn 3 m ■a S be 'A VI 3 \f i^ u s o c .^^ o ^ Ui > " H 5 I 4 2 12 3 3 I IS 4 8 I 4 3 IZ I 2 2 1 5l 8 2 13 84 /^iW'tf'l'^ii'iw'in mwM*^** .Vn' ,,j.^(i,>^'"r''''*''^*^«ii"'*'''W'VWU"'"''.i.tEii«'ii^"' ANCIENT WOf^K Gteene. Cooff/y, OA/a. 330 F£Mr 29 C O U N T Y GREENE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 30 GUERNSEY COUNTY. Guernsey county, with its rugged topography, its few streams and naiTow valleys did not offer "very favorable conditions for aboriginal settlement and therefore is sparse in numbei' of earth- works. Elc^■en mounds have been recorded in the county, besides an enelosiu-e, a cemetery and a village site. Monroe township leads with six mounds, Millwood has thi-ee, and Liberty one. Desi^ite the relative scarcity of earthworks, many fine archae- ological specimens of flint, stone and other materials have been found in the county, showing at least a temporary or transient oeeupation of considerable importance. GUERNSEY COITNTY. Townships. rA c 3 O 1 a W in u HJ > ■c u 5 1 I 7 I I Oxford [ 3 Totals II I I 1 H ( 30 ^^^'^Mr-/-hpi*k---U« V J ; f. Va^^s.. Tl^^'ii^'ft,; /r?^ "lUfeVill =t^ //^^^^-^i^i i.-- 3^^ COSHOCTON]" '(^2^^^/F^l^^^fe'^^^ f ■ " "i^r" -£_- - " • " ■ *"' >»B ^- / ^^- i^^^'tF^u ■ I -fen - - _: -1^ 1 sG^^fv 1 jr^4JS. T/£*^ \li, A 1- r^;* MmiC^- i^^^\^^/:^R*^^ ^?^ > > y, '%:^^\'Jx'^'' *" *• "■ -^'^ ' w Ml H'»^ii^'=''^ \ ..# r^F ^rrr^^^^t-^=M?^::5^-t^^ih'¥^- -Li-¥ - -^\jt^fe;:j H ■ ^^mW^^ ^ X^q Syj offr ot(E RW^i^Vl o o iXi^^i^^^^y^'ivfU, "C^ -^^•^^t^^^^^"\i \^' I^¥&^'3r''%\' U ¥^^ 'j^' rst^Jr—-\> — -, ^^r J. ff 1 ^N[i''»«ts^ lui-cr ff 1 ^rl ' '^^'jT^'/'f' r )^ ( P^^iff l^lj ns lir^ , 1 \Y^afeT~'.^lL. 1 f K,^/ "\ ^ 1 ^P— 1 ^" n^^* tWs^ I '■ ~^ U 1 fiy '^^ l\. j0^t( 1 jff 1 ^^s' j" C^^^J'^^^T^Sf 1 (T tj-x^ te ^ — f -'' -'-i=*i v^ Vi V llS»?c3MWr • 1 ».?•. / s>r('» J=Jf^*I ^^ ^ J^ ^~, B .i^Sfe. J^iJl ' U » fflJr ^^^R A.;^^^^ ii'L''/It{ " /"rf if" (J 5*^1*. ' ^Mx fS^ ! -^ -^^lv4L --, \ j^Tl^i^B^^^^l £^ /'\tA J-Y'°'~'r " 1%.*I ' -/"*" y^^^^3x/i ^^\J ^^^^"^^T^ \ ij^V*^^ ~ ~ " >^|""ft " ^ r^PS^'*'^ ■-^r^ ^ L l^rf^^Us,! "^ 1 rf* ^ ^^^j^^^^Ie'**''^°^^^^^^it\/^''^'' "'"T'H" ' ^l^^^H. " JJ ■ L" ' ""^jf " ir^Tk ^' — ^^m -^^yA"^ ' iJ ^1 Xs.'^^''^. jL J s*7 \ /', i 'ft -r^ 1 j^ o ^C^\me;f ' .c.\5a^f ^*ii:^°!im X ^^;;^]-^,r-^piU^ --F..^n- " .i~\\r'l:^^-\-.~^-^-v--\ 1 /^a. \ , y ' 1 ' cw^ __lJ=3flr ■ ' " " '^^'''■^ ' i%^Twn-K^'nM '^ [s^>J^^ ?j^SJEj^iix-Vij:jirr WsolrwilB 1 W J^" fiy^l '^! UJ V'^^^U^^/^^ '^^^^4^^kT^^^< fe^ ^j- ■;: X 'i>?t^=s)L.1 JjII fs, J^/',, 1 r ( J*-^ IStoi JSiJ ■" J BSt'TsJii lf=i&=^- ,f iitl// ,«,■■'■■' ^KLJ^J' Jte^^ ^-, ^ i^aer ;5T^iS^^?='*=s ' :#S^^ i«^ J 0" t*f 'E^^- ffX^r^ l*i^^^€-!'*"^^^^^^^Si' BO. n 1 'JT ^^^mi^TW^-H JL COUNTY 1 ft "^^ 1 vi'^Ljf'^-" ff.is4^- ---f^,^Sw..— ■ '^ ' \l '^1 ^' ■ ^ \ ' ''*^' ^"'^ifc'^F^' '^ * 1 /j ' pTl T — ^wr-fl ClQjtwpilff ll ST Ij^^^^ ^^ ' -T 'j^^^^ 1 ii'\ jI "L I 11 ili w ?"™"*^^M^ li 1 'y^_ T^t[ "'™=^^^*^^>— 1 — -!k-l— .—O^ ki "■- \^>^^#i^^^^^^^*^'^^- '" ' \ Q ' r ,? If ^ fl— ^if V^ ^^Yt X ^^ ^''^^^^^t^ j^ \ =• r=p^ X'^^a ' '^"^u 'jr'^^n?^^^\^^i^ ' 1 ^' ftl ll'\ ' ^l^T*^ ioppt'naShSi ^g5»d^S6w^=iy 11 o^^i^-^ini^ ^^ |- ^ WWvt - ■ -^^i-\i^**'''.i;7B^^-^^^^KTS^ !^ -■:ZKr^J - hTN^H^^^^vt'^ ' J X r^'s^lr B^ fl r^Jy^'^x' .o I-- - -^V=JL ^"^^/^^^ ^l^:\V^^A?i GUERNSEY COUNTY E i[~ii : "^^j^i^dAJI - k,*^ p '^s^^^Pk^^'^^^ ^ " '^'W Scale, one Inch equals three miles NOBLE 31 HAMILTON COUNTY. This county oceiipying the extreme southwestern corner of Ohio is one of the richest areheologieally in the state. TTpwai'ds of 200 earthworks of the various types have been noted, prin- cipally in the valley of the Little Miami, in Columliia, Spencer and Anderson townships. One of the most interesting of the enclosures is that located on the south side of the Little Miami, in Anderson township, near the eastern boundary of the county. This complex enclosure con- siets of a combination of circles, parallel liues, etc., with numerous mounds within and contiguous to the circles. The larger of the two principal circles alone contains 11 mounds within its walls. Another knportant enclosure is that situated in Miami township on tlie east bank of the Miami river. It is somewhat irregularly triangiilar in shape, with several momids and a village site nearby. The site of the city of Cincinnati was once practically covered with aboriginal eai-thworks. Near the center of the cit>- there existed an elliijttcal enclosure, while three others of lesser pro- jtortions. besides several mounds, a viUage site and burials were to be seen when the neighborhood was first settled. One of the most remarkable of prehistoric village sites is that located near Madison^ulle, in Columl)ia township. This site is located on the terrace overlooking the Little Miami nver to the southeast, and has yielded a great quantity of material illus- trative of the life of its aboriginal inhabitants. FOf^TiriED HILL Hamilton County, Ohio. TOO ^eer V~ HAMn,TON COTJNTy. Townships. c g c > •c 3 Totals. 3 lO 4 ?, () 2 6 I 2 1 2 I 4 3 ! 4 5 t 3 28 8 61 2 2 10 r 4 8 132 20 17 17 186 Walls and Gateway — Miami Fort. 31 HAMILTON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 32 HANCOCK COUNTY. Hanroek county, so far as is known, contains two enclosures, 4 mounds, 3 village sites and six burials. One enclosure is situated in Blanehard towmsliip and the other near Jenera, in Van Buren towniship. There are two mounds in Union, one in Pleasant and one in Albert township. The surface of Hancock county, lieing rather low and very level, was not particularly well suited to permanent aboriginal settlement, altho the great number of small objects found on the surface indicate an extensive periodic or transient occupation of its territory. HANCOCK COUNTY. 3 Townships. ■a J3 4-< en a S SP a m t-' 1 [ I I 3 I 2 2 I 2 4 2 3 6 15 32 WOOD CO U N T Y HANCOCK COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles H A R P I N CO U N T y 33 HARDIN CODNTY. Atln) sliai-iiig tlic distinction of the bordering county, Han- cock, of being tlie levelest two coimtios of the state, Hardin county presents decidedly more evidence of 2Ji"ebistoric activity. This is due perliaps to the comity's nioi'o strategic position on the "waterslied, as a i)oi'tage Ijetween iho Scioto and Miami, and the streams running into Lalie Erie and to the somewhat higher eleva- tion of its surface. A total of 44 sites have been noted in the county, including two enclosures, 20 mounds, and 20 burials. The county is re- markable for tlie latte:', as in almost e^'e^y gravel bed there are foimd buiials. Thei'e is a group of four mounds near Forest in Jackson township, while the reinainiug sites are scattered generally throughout the county with the exception of the extreme north- western portion which is I'ather sparse in remains. Goshen and Dudle}' townships each have one enclosure. HAEDOr COUNTr. tn V M *j (O Townsliijjs. fA £ p u5 -a o ui P3 U t- I 4 3 I I I r 5 I r 2 2 3 3 I McDonald 2 BuGk I 2 I 2 I Hale . 4 t 20 2 I 20 I 44 33 UNION HARDIN COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 34 HARRISON COUNTY. The few earthworks found in Harrison county are located in the northwestern portion, on Oonotton and Little Stillwater creeks. They consist of two mounds, a stone grave and a hurial in Monroe township; a village site ia Franklin and a village site in Washington. The county generally is very rough with few large streams or wide valleys. An important aboriginal trail, leading from the Ohio river near Steubenville, to the Muskingum at Wills town, crossed Har- rison county. HAERISON COUNTY. to V 5; ra Townships. m u y] C 3 Q M re 'u a o s > t/} H 2 I I r r Washington 2 2 I r 6 34 CARROL SUERN5EY CO. B E C O U N T y HARRISON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 35 HENRY COUNTY. Henry comity has the distinctioD of being the only county in the state which, so far as can be learned, has no mounds or other earthworks proper. The only evidences of aboriginal occupation of the county which have come to light, aside from minor arti- facts found on the surface, are two burials, located on the Mainnee river, near Napoleon. HENEY COUNTY. Townsliips. Napoleon . Totals .2 35 P U T N A M C U N T Y HENRY COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 36 HIGHLAND COUNTY. One of the most interesting of the so-called "Hill-top Torti- fications" in the state, is that situated on Baker's Fork of Brush Creek, in the southeastern portion of Highland eountr. This great enclosure, which is known as "Eort HiU" lies but a few miles north of the famous Sei'pent Mound of Adams county, like- wise located on Brush creek. Port Hill was constructed by raising a Avail of stone and earth around the hrink of the hiU on which it is located, thus enclosing an area of 35 acres, elevated about 500 feet above the bed of the stream. The wall at the present time, averages from six to ten feet ia height Another interesting enclosure is that located in the southern portion of Concord township, consisting of a combination of a square and crescent. The county has a total of 61 recorded earth- works. HIGHiAND COTINTT. (n (U Ifl -f Townships. m H 4 3 1 2 8 4 I 7 I I 2 I 4 4 I I 5 ■ I T 4 2 I 45 1.3 2 I 6i 36 COUNTY / ADAMS HIGHLAND COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 37 HOCKmG COUNTY. One of the interesting archeolo^cal sites of Hocking emmty, is that Imown as Ash Cave, in Benton township. This cave is one of tlie more important of the few foimrl in Ohio which show indications of use hy ahorigines for shelter pnvposos.. It is more in the nature of a large depression worn into the sandstone bliifE by the elements and could hardly Ije considered as a cave proper; nevertheless it apjiears to have furnished satisfactory slielter for the aborigines for a considerable period of time, judging from the great deposits of ashes, from which the cave takes its name. These ashes have yielded considerable evidence hearing upon the source of food supplies and the manner of living of the occupants. The three euelosuies of the county are located in Salt creek township. Thert? ai'e scattering mounds throughout the county, particularly in the southern poi-tion. HOCKING COTTXTT. Townships. Mounds. EI s in 1 in U ■c u -4-1 V S 6 ID V U Pi H Salt Creek 3 2 3 I Perrj' I I 1 I 4 3 3 Falls Starr I z Totals 17 3 3 3 1 26 fiaZA Section.. £. Section.' C. Enclosure, with Interior Mound, in Hocking County. i 37 1 COUNTY i/"^TT^~'r--T^i y^ ff^tfS^ 1 lt^'^^^^^S^^^'' ' ^T jfe^?^ — I 1 _ J't ^^W. '» i 1 '^oJ -. /■ts,r^#^i L "^ ?: *r=L ^ i' Y ?' ®'* V^" Q' fo^vl^'. -^^^^sbj^r^'^^^ 'H^^^^^r^W^ vte^! '-V^L^ ■ COUNTY I -;r^'" ■ "i ;■ {j>ni^~:m::\iKW '''■^^'M\rT4N-^t^^ *" ■^^^i-fc-- -iC ;/ y voi^l^^^ 'A^' 'fl-—€^^\^^^^\''^^''^f^ fc*s^;ie&-*jjp' >!^ a ' ^r^ffc^^i^^^t " : "*-/Va^ li— 5*\!l /' S /^Aw-'-'-'V^C ■ r v # /X TV.-" ix^^Tx^^'^r :3"--^rW 7^^^?^m^^^w:>Hh^ /m_/'' '"^ 1 ■ "r" 'F",r \/A- '^"1 W'^\~~f^7^^s,i-^-'\---t---i\ -^i'— ^m — fj_xw ' ; \a ; O ^)J^-f--r;/-.^ ' ^) \rV '^^5^ .1^ COUNTY "( 'i'~" vT^-tV^^ hocking county " Scale, one inch equals three miles 38 HOLMES COUNTY. The center of aboriginal activity in Holmes county appears to have been in tlie western part of the county, along the Mohican river and its tributary streams. A number of mounds and several village sites are found in that district and scattering mounds and gravel burials through- out the county, but the only enclosure known in the county is that on Killbuck creek in Prairie township. Seventeen mounds have been located in Holmes county and a number of village sites, biirials, etc., which bring the total niunber of known monuments to 29. nOLMES COUNTY. Townships. § ^ I > 'P 3 m O Washington . . Knox Richland Ripley Monroe Killbuck Prairie Hardy Mechanic . . . . Salt Creek . . . Berlin Paint Walnut Creek German 2 6 I 2 I I I I 2 Totals 17 29 38 COSHOCTON County HOLMES COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three mites 39 HURON COUNTY. The more important earthworks of Huron county are found in and near the city of Norwalk. These consist of four enclosures, two located within the city limits, and two a short distance to the southwest. One of the latter, located on a branch of the Huron river, has ^rithin its walls nine mounds. This work is circular in form, while the one to the northwest is triangular in shape with the corners of the triangle roimded. The two circular works which stood within the city of Nor- walk are interesting examples of enclosures. The entrance or gateway to the more westerly of these two cireidar enclosures is unique in form. Instead of a simple break in the wall where the gateway is located, the circle is so expanded that one end of the approaching wall is carried far beyond the opening, thus furnish- ing it with a barricade. There arc a few mounds, village sites, burials, etc., scattered mainly throughout the noi-them central portion of the county. HUKON COUNTY. TownKliijis. 4 1^ V > -a ■n 3 M ■1 1 Ridcefield 1 1 I I I 3 I t t I 2 2 I 4 4 3 6 I? Earthworks at Norwalk. 39 o o CRAwrORO CO HURON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 40 Investigation of tlie shelters and mounds and of their con- tents, made ui 1905 by tlie Society disclosed that the population of the salt spi'inj? district was in groat part a transient one and that the various shelters and village sites mostly were inhaliited but temporarily. Tliis would indirate a constant movement to and from the salt district, wliich doubtless was a place of great importance in the aboi-igiual economy. More than 170 nu)unds have been located within t!ie county, while 22 village sites and sb: enclosures have been noted. JACKSON COUNTV. General view of the PetroglypllS iiciir Leo. JACKSON COUNTY. Jackson county is remai'kablc in several respects from an ai'chffiological viewpoint. It contains ujie of the most interesting peti'oglyph or rock picture groups iu the state; has many ex- amples of the so-called rock shelter type of aboriginal domiciles and has a great many burial mounds aud village sites. The petroglyphs, or rock pictures, are located near the village of Leo, in Jackson township, in the noi-thwestern part of the county. They are cut or pecked into the exposed surface of sand- stone near the head of a small stream, near the old ti-ail which led to the salt springs further south in the county. They consist of 37 distinct figures, representing birds, animals, serpents and the tracks of animals and human beings. The rock shelters of Jackson comity number about 30 ; more than are found in any other comity in the state. They are primarily recesses cut into the soft rock by the action of streams running at theii- bases. From time to time the shifting of the beds of these streams left the recesses available as shelters for the aboriginal peoples of the district who made free use of them for that pui-pose. In the accumulation of ashes and refuse mthin and around these sheltei'S, much material has been found pertain- ing to the life of their inhabitants. The great number of moimds within the county, as well as the extensive occupation of rock shelters, is in great part ac- counted for by the fact tliat Jaekson munty was the centre of a great prehistoric commercial activity. AI)origines from all di- rections flocked there to secure supplies of salt, which they ob- tained by boiling or evaporating the brine from the sprhigs and" headwaters of Salt creek. To\viislii]is, cri •a o 1 .S 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 ui p. ■J u — f u I) 'u 1- Of u u 2 18 3 2 t "3 1 6 23 43 32 II tS 8 Scioio 1 .... Milton Lick 2 1 ? 5 PranHin Bloom fie Id 1 2 3 Totals .73 1 6 1 22 I I 30 233 Boone rock shcUcr at ilic bast of bluff. 40 = h-r,-,-~y.^'^_^ O N |LAWRENCe CO.,' JACKSON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 41 JEFFERSON COUNTY. A total of 26 prehistoric sites have been located in Jefferson county. Most of tliese sites are situated along tlie Ohio river, particularly in the southeastern portion of the county. The ex- ceptions are three mounds and an enclosure in Koss township. A petroglyph of the usual chai-aeter is located on the east side of the Ohio river, opposite Brown's Island, Island Creek township. Wells township has six mounds and two burials and Warren township has an enclosure, five mounds and one burial. The re- maining woi'ks are in Cross creek and Saline townships. JEPPEBSON COTJNTT. Townships. Ross Saline Island Creek Cross Creek Wells Warren Totals c o IS 3 2 2 6 5 i8 W 1 > ■c 1 26 JEFFERSON COUNTY The PETROGI.VPH credited to Jefferson county properly belongs to West Virginia. This voids the second text pamgraph refer- rinj{ to Petrofrlyplis, and the correspondiuf; column in the table, making the total num- ber for Jefferson county 25. J COLUMBIANA JEFFERSON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 41 42 KNOX COUNTY. The 91 prehistoric sites in Knox county are flistributed gen- erally over its territory but are more niunerous adjacent to the larger streams. One of the more important groups is that in Wayne and Morris townships, pentoring ahout Frcdericktown. This group consists of a nmnber of circular enclosni'es, mounds, etc. Another impoi'tant group is located in Milford township, near the southern line of the county. The valley of the Mohican river, along the eastei'n horder, is rich in remains. The county contains the large number of 22 enclosures, many of which however, are small and uiJim]>ortant as compared with the works further south. A total of 67 mounds has been noted. KNOX COUNTY. Townships. ■3 c o % V. 3 c E4 i 1 > in 'u 3 03 (A O Hilliar 2 7 I 9 2 I 9 7 I Millford 8 2 I 6 T I Miller Pike I r T 7 2 s \ 4 I Gay 2 Butler I Totals f,y 22 I I 91 Simr' I'lan of Cemetery Momul. Mt. Vernon, if*— jp (^r- ■t. . < I ! P * I- hi, i i i Km Section of Cemetery Mound, Mt. Vernon. 42 C U N T V KNOX COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 43 LAKE COUNTY. Lake county contains four enclosures, six mounds and a vil- lage site. The important aboriginal trail which followed the southeru shore of Lake Erie, passed through Lake county, so that wliile the existing evidences of prehistoric man are only mod- erately abundant, the territory within the county doubtless played an important part in prehistory times. Of the four enclosures, two are in Leroy township, -one' in PeiTy and one in Willoughby. Of particular interest is the en- closure occupying the point of land at the juncture of Paine creek with the Grand river. It is irregular in ioxui, occupies a strong position and is of the so-called defensive type of structure. LAKE COTTNTT. Ul in Townsliips. vi V m ■a a a o W irt o \ — r ^ rt i ^ w > H I I 2 3 - 1 \ 2 Totals 6 4 I J J 43 LAKE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles CO U N T Y 44 LAWRENCE COUNTY. As is usual in most otlier coimties siiriilarly situated, the earthworks of Lawi'euce county are eoniiaed mostly to the tier of townships bordering the Ohio river. The topography of the in- tei'ior of the county is rough and unsuited to primitive occupa- tion. The priiicii)al features are the petroglyphs, wliicli are located near the mouth of Buffalo creek and just below Ironton, i-espee- tively. These petroglyi^hs were typical of the Obio river and altho quite plain wben first noted by early settlers, have prac- tically disappeared as a result of erosion and other natural causes. Flint diggings and two stone graves have been found in Elizabeth to^vnship; two mounds and a village site in Hamilton township; two mounds in Upper; sis mounds in Perry; eight moimds in Payette ; two mounds ta Union and one mound in Rome to^vnship. LAWKENCE COUNTY. VI dS to u Townships. ^ 0) 1* t a o > @ in iZ f/3 1 2 2 2 2 1 I Perry 6 S 2 I . Totals 21 2 I 2 2 28 45 LiciOKu oou:nty. ucKisa cou^TV. i- ^ Licking is one of the richest counties in ttie state from an ai-clieulogicai \iewpuint. its iniportaucc lies in several direc- tions, jNot only does it contain the greatest suui-ce of material used in the mwldug ot abongiual tiiut iiuplemeuts — i^'lhit Kidge — but also one of tUe linest examples of the complex type of earin- works, that known as tHe Newai'i;: works. fJesides these features, two of the few so-called ehig)' works are located in the county. One is the Oppos.simi Mound, sometimes called the Alligator Alound, which lies near Granville and the other the so-called iJird Alomid located within the earthwoi'ks of the Newark group. The county is rich in mounds aud enclosures and aifords ex- amples of practically every type of these two classes. A group of peti'oglyplis fonnerly existed a few miles east of the city of M evvark. Thus it is seen that the county contains examples of all im- portant classes of eai'thworks founil in Ohio aud is in itself typical of the state as a whole. Flint Ridge, as its name suggests is a natural ridge wherein the flint i-equii-ed hy the alwriguies \\as found. This great ridge extends from a point a few miles southwest of Newark, almost to Zanesville in Muskingum county. Numerous pits are to be seen from which the iimt was taken for the manufacture of flint knives, arrow and speai' points and other weapons aud implements. Ma- terial from these iJits is found scattered for hundreds of uiilea in every dii'ection, showing that it was highly valued aud exten- sively sought. The famous Newark Worlts are too well known to require a detailed description. They covered a groat part of the present city of Newark and tei'ritory to the west aud south of the city. They consisted of combinations of squares aud cu'cles, parellel walls and crescents with many mounds within or ad- jacent thereto. One of these circles is located in the Licking County fair grounds and is well preserved. The Oppossum Mound, located about one mile east of Oran- \alle occupies the top of a prominent elevation overlooking Rac- coon valley. The figure is about 250 feet long and 4 feet in height at the highest i>omt. In the more southerly of the two large circles comprising the New^ark works, is tlie so-called bird niouud. The dimensions of the mound as gi^-en by Squier & Davis in their Ancient Monu- ments were as follows: Length of body 155 ft.; of each wing 110 ft. ; between the tops of the wings 200 ft. ; width of bird (i-S ft. ; of wings in center 45 ft. ; of same next to body 40 ft. ; lieight of moimd composing the body 7 ft. ; of mounds composing the wings 5 ft. The head of the bird points directly toward the entrance to the enclosure. Townships. E 1 33 'u in & s- 4-1 u ■n I. M 3 at .s f/1 Hartfori! 1 "1 1 ■■ I 2 I Jersey Lima 1 _ ^ . . . . IJeniiinglon 1 Lilierty 1 12 7 lO 6 20 '7 io .1 6 iS 34 3 4 I I 5 2 4 1 2 1 1 McKean I I I I Mary Ann 2 T 3 2 3 3 1 Howling (Ireen [ 76 Totals 225 36 9 2 2 I. 77 352 Earthworks at Newark. 45 LICKING COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 46 r ■ LOGAN COUNTY. A remarkable group of fifteen mounds on the southeast side of Lewistowii resevoii' characterizes the archeolog}- of Logan county. These mounds are located at the source of the Great Miami river, the course of which as it extends southward through the coimty is quite freely supijlied with mounds and burials. There are a total of 59 sites in Logan county, divided as fol- lows: one enclosure, 33 mounds and 25 burials. A number of mounds and graves are found along the Mad river, in the southern part of the county. LOGAN COUNTY. Townships. 4 c 3 O Enclosures, .5 Totals. 2 2 II 3 6 . 4 7 1 1 2 4 1 4 I Lake I 1 2 I 2 Totals .13 1 25 59 46 LOGAN COUNTY Scate, one Inch equals three miles 47 LORAIN COUNTY. The more interesting ot tlie prehistoric works of Lorain county are found in Sheffield tnwnship and are in the foi"m of enclosures. One of these is located on the right bank of BlacU river and the other on French creek, a tributary. The fonner is in the form of a square, with the river forming one of the four sides, the side parallel to and opposite that foimed by the river having a gateway in the center. The work on French creek is in the form of a crescent, across the neck of a high point of land, the remaining sides of which are rendered difficult of access by the creek itself and the deep gulleys of small tributary streams. There are 34 sites in the county, including two rock shelters or cave-like dondciles in Elyria township ; a petroglyph in Am- herst and five eudosm-es and 17 mounds in the various townships. ICffAIN CO. 0. IX)UAIN COUNTY. Townships. Mounds, Enclosures. a en > 1 "HJ t/] u Q •a 1 4 I I I 6 I I Camden Brighton 1 1 Wellington Pittsfield ! Sheffield . . , 2 I 2 2 t 4 4 2 Totals 17 5 I 8 t 2 34 tVORKS I ft LORAIN Ca Q LORAIN COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 47 -ASHLAND COUNTY 1 48 LUCAS COUNTY. "Turkeyfoot Rock" is probalily the best kuowii Arelieol- ogical remain in Ijiicas county. This m a, large boulder which Has along the public liighway a short distance above Maunice, at what is known as Presqne Isle, and into which had Ijeen cut a numl)er of imitations of bird tracks. These resemble the tracks of the wild turkey, fi-om which the rock takes its name. The most interesting earthwork in the county is the em-losure which existed at the southern bordei" of the county, on the eastern bank of the Maumee river. This enclosure was crescent shaped, with the opening toward the river and bordering it. It enclosed about thi'ee acres of ground. Lucas county has sixteen prehistoric sites, ten of which are mounds. LirCAS COUNTY. (0 lA w .« ■5 Townslii[is. 1 .5* Village S in IS ca 1 I Adams 4 1 Oregon 1 2 5 I I Totals TO 1 3 I I i6 >^onKs nena Toledo, n 48 C H I G A N 'nr*"ik:jtL L A K C LUCAS COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 49 MADISON COUNTY. Twelve mounds have been recorded in Madison county, be- sides one cemetery and seven burials. Prehistoric sites are not abundant in the county but are widely distributed. Fi'om tiie abuudance of stone and flint implements fonnd in the coxmty, it appears to have been a favorite hunting ground for the primitive hunters. Jefferson township has five mounds, Monroe and Union two each, with one each for Deer Creek, Union and Oak Run town- ships. MADISON COTJJITY. Townships- ■3 •n u o 3 2 5 I 2 I 1 2 I Pl^a^anf - - - 2 Totals 12 7 I 20 ^ [UNION COUNTY ^1 / F' w^_t^ E |/ VH~r"^'%r~:/^"i^^i^--/- ill x\ii 1 49 < ■wT^p^Ay^'"' x^ ^ci=* # ,'-^"*^"^''^ Jvl ll V '^ |J-^^**C,,,,^^9^fe 'S^ / 1 i^^Vt' ^^^^— i ^^^ ^^^Cj— ^'^-^ s iV / yv\?^^r^ ^^ 1^ ^^'"^ * f* A7/l!!^i^&-A 1 Ir^ z' '^\ /' \ fl v®L \ ^ 1 '^\^" t "^ -4^^. vl V / [\ ^.-''1^''===. ~ s ^^-—\dL ^ ' \\ ^v > V^ / jn'^"^"^^'^ ^'^'^^ :r=^^^~~Tl ■^"^ V ^^'^^^fe;^^— -j^ [^ ^ dfKVZ -A,,.5^ ^. ^ L^^ If JT^ 7^ ^ . /' X:'"":^^ ^^-L^\ MADISON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles .^ T^'^■^'isE.-,_i^ / X Tk*Jr 1 \^^ } -^J^"^^^/^"^ \' t - \ r^T^ i" Jh m ft i ' ^ ^^^^=^^^;ti«_^ / ^-T^ \ ir irf'^^^^ -.\^X -T.'-' \ _ri^TW^,i-** M ft ft I i 1,1 ^T^r^-^ ■^■^JBLx VTw^^'^V^ r'^^^^Sric^-VT ' . - '/ V^ \* z .^-rr- jA^^T^^^^*^ . W ^^^''^^^ztL^- - ^L=?^^^rr--n if Z ^^^f^^i f-^l^"* #^4* Vyi < . w'ol--^^l ^ /i'~~-- J ■■"« -i/v " Uv ■t*»JK "T^"^ N F A JjfR F|TftC.L_lf' ', ^ -^r^'^^ap-^^^ K^ r= ^ /^^l! — < / "^ J / ..,.JT a .vTSS^ * ; 1 * 1* 1 TO^^^r r '°r MB^^^^'^^^Bs^ l^^M?^" kllTll'r fe$(trcs^^fe^- Id ■"- Hi — -rrkil ' \ rl^^^i^ \3kJr ■- ^iV v>%« . .1 (X^\ V, \J " 1 \ \ L-^JE>?i ^ ot^ L — IJ jL. rT/>C^^W^n"--^- j\ ^hj^ \ \ ^-./'^""''9/^FiA 1 'J '^A~y , rTr'^'^'^^^''^^~:^~>J'^\__ i-^W" If' ----'■ i-iJ?/_.£i'-'SH - COUNTY , 50 MAHONIK^G COUNTY. Two ' mounds, two cemeteries, two village sites and a flint quarry comprise tlie prehistoric sites recorded in Mahoning county. Smith township contains a mound and a flint quarry; Austintowu, two cemeteries and a village site and Youngstown a mound and a village site. The old Mahoning trail, which entered Ohio from the east, followed the course of the Mahoning river through the county. MAHONINa COUNTY. Townships. 4 in V > Cemeteries. Flint puairies. U3 1, f2 I I I I 2 Yoiitiestown I Totals 2 2 2 r 7 50 ~mn[ COLUMBI/INA C O U N T Y MAHONING COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 51 MABIOK COTTN'TT. The valleys of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers in Marion eoimty fui'nish. typical remains of the aljoi'igines of Ohio. While not numerous, practically every section of the county exhibits somethmg in the way of earthworks, burial sites, or village sites. However, no enclosures have been recorded in the county, an un- usual feature in a section so well represented in other evidences of prehistoric occuption. There are many burials in the county, practically every gravel bank along the two principal streams having been iitilized as burial places. One of these latter at Waldo, in Waldo town- ship, has yielded many skeletons, as has also that near Prospect, on the Scioto river. The county has a total of 43 sites, 17 of which are mounds a like number of burials and the remainder village sites and cemeteries. MAfilON COUNTY. Townships. U3 1 S3 tn u 1 > u in 1 I Salt Rock I 2 2 I I 2 I I Big: I-sland 2 3 I 2 3 2 3 4 3 I 3 I I r \Valdo Totals I? 6 17 2 42 51 C O U N T Y C RAWFO R D C O U N T Y W Y A N D T <^ U H T Y MARION COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 52 MEDINA COUNTY. Medina county has nine mounds and two enclosures, as far as recorded. One enclosnre, located near Weymouth, Medina township, is a good example of the so-called forts or defensive works; the other enclosure, near the town of Granger is of the circular type. Three of the nine mounds are located in Medina township, two in York and one each in Hinckley, Montville, Westfield and Guilford townships. MEDIXA COUNTY. S Townships. 4 L. 1 Ul g ■d s fS Q r York 2 3 I [ T 1 1 9 2 II 52 COUNTY MEDINA COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 53 MEIGS COUNTY. The fine examples of rock pictogi-aphs, or petroglyphs, sit- uated near the town of Saxon, are the featui-e of tlic archeology of Meigs county. Tliese petroglj^phs, of which there are two grou]>s, were located and examined by the Museum staff in August, 1913, and are described here for the first time. The pictographs, or picture writings as they are sometimes termed, are cut, pecked, or ground into the horizontal surface of the sandroek which forms the bed of the river at that point. The level of the surface, hearing the pictures is barely aliove low water marlc, so that tlie;^ are exposed only when the ri\^er is at low stage. Picture writing as practiced by the aboriginal inhabitants of Ohio, Imd not i-eached a stage of development sufficiently ad- vanced, which at this late date, would make it possible to translate its characters into ideas. These characters doubtless bad a mean- ing which was entirely local or personal in its nature and which was intelligible only to those who made them and were familiar with the events to which they referred. Tims, as a source of his- torical information, the value of the petroglypbs is limited. The principal group of petroglyphs at Saxon covers an area of upwards of an acre, while a secondary group of less importance is situated a short distance above. The rock pictures represent birds, animals, hiunan beings, the tracks or footprints of all these, besides niunerous unknown and jjartly obliterated figures. Among the animals depicted, those which can be readily distinguished are the bear, deer and panther; the turtle, fish and serpent and several kinds of birds. Many of the figures at Saxon already have been wholly or partly obliterated by the action of ice and gravel floes which grind over them during times of high water or floods. Only where the rock into which they were cut happens to be of a ferruginous nature, and tiius tpiite hard, are the pietui-es well preserved. With the pictures so inaccessible and visilile only at infrequent inter- vals, and with theii- destruction only a matter of a short time, the Society feels itself fortunate in having secured some of the best of these petroglyphs, which were cut from their bed in the rock and are now on exhibition at the Museiun. Adjacent to the petroglypbs there are several moimds, while on the West Virginia side there are nimierous works and an ex- tensive prehistoric village site. Other petroglyphs, located just above Racine, formerly were visible, but at the present tinu; have l)een practically obliterated. In the A'icinity of Racine tlicre are seven mounds and a mun- ber of stone graves. Tliere ha\e liecn noted in the county a tot-al of 27 mounds, 3 groups of petroglyphs, one village site and 2 stone graves. MEIGS COUNTY. Townships. 4 g Village Sites. rn > s o V c □ in in J3 0^ in 1 2 I 7 10 5 3 1 2 I 2 Letart Totals 27 1 2 3 3.1 53 MEIGS COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 54 MERGER COUNTY. Five enclosures, one mound and 4 liurials comprise tlie pre- historic sites of Mei'cer eounty. One of the principal enclosures of the county is situated near the western border, just north of old Ft. Recovery. Three others ai"e on St. Marys river in Dublin and Union townships, and the fifth enclosure lies at the northwest comer pf Grand reservoir. The old trail leading from the headwaters of the Mamnee near Fort "Wayne to the Indian villages on the Scioto, passed .through Mercer county. The onl\' mound so far known is in Gilj- son township. MEKCER COUNTY. W Townships. 4 g tA o •a s re 'u. o I I I 2 I I I I I 5 4 lO 54 VAN WERT c u N T r MERCER COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 55 MIAMI COUNTY. With two fine sti'eams passing through the county— the Miami and Stillwater rivers — Miami county was well adapted as a place of abode for aboriginal peoples. The Miami valley is dotted with preliistoi'ic sites, which oc- cur in greatest number about Piqua. In Washington township alone, in which Piqua is situated, 11 enclosures have been j-e- corded. In Spring Creek township, across the river, are several others. A total of 9(> sites have been recorded i» the county, consist- ing of 15 enclosures, 22 mounds, 35 village sites and 24 burials. MIAMI COUNTY. Townships. 4 a Q HI u 3 B 1 cn > r/L is 'C O 2 I I 8 2 4 5 3 3 1 1 8 2 ji I 5 5 I 2 I I 3 8 1 I 2 I 4 I 3 Bethel 4 Totals 22 15 35 24 96 55 SHELBY MIAMI COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 56 MONROE COUNTY. Monroe county has but five prehistoric sites of record. These consist of 2 mounds in Salem township, 3 burials in Ohio township and one mound in Lee township. The topography of the county is rough and indications of prehistoric habitation are confined mostly to the vicinity of the Ohio river. MONBOE COUNTY. Townships. -s" trt c ra w ,^ ■c 3 ^ ^ eq H 2 Ohio 2 I Totals 3 2 5 56 MONROE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles .y 57 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. The largest moimd in Ohio is the so-called Miamishurg Mound, taking its name from the town neai- which it is located. This gi'eat mound stands 68 feet in height and more than 800 feet in eireumfei'ence at the base. The valley of the Miami river, particularly below Dayton, is very rich in prehistoric remains. One of the moi'e interesting of these works is an enclosure of the complex type, situated six miles below Dayton at Alexanders^'ille, on the east bank of the Miami river. It is a comliination of a square and two crescents, or in- complete circles. Some writers have maintained that the cres- cents were intended ultimately to l)e eiicles and that therefore the work was abandoned before completion. The square encloses an area of about 35 acres with one of the circles somewhat smaller in area and the other somewhat greater. The county contains 111 preliistoric sites, consisting of 14 enclosures, 76 mounds, 6 village sites, 3 cemeteries and 12 single hurials. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Townships. 4 a § at u k- s 1 in > r- m ■c in 1 Harrison I 5 4 lO 6 4 9 6 11 iCi 4 1 ■ I I I 2 ! I I 2 2 7 1 I 1 1 I S 2 Totals 76 1-1 7 r, 12 3 III ANCIENT WORKS Monti^omtry County Ohio. GCAL£ WOO /^££r ^MCtosuRE 5 Ml. Bei.ow Davton, ' 57 . BUTLER MONTGOMERY COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 58 MORGAN COUNTY. Morgan county contains 42 prehistoric sites, consisting of one enclosure, 38 mounds, 1 \illage site, 1 cemetery and one single Ijurial. The enclosure is located in Windsor township, on the west bank of the Muskingum rivei*. The works are distributed generally along tlie Mnskuigmn, with a group of five mounds at Millgi'ove, at tbe month of Meigs creek and a few scatteriug sites in the western part of the county. Many archjEoIogit-al speeimena have been collected in Morgan county, both from the mounds and from the surface, particularly along the route of tlie old trail which followed the course of the Muskingum from its forks to its mouth. MOBQAN COUNTY. ^ Townships. -a V O) •c s 1 M 4-' E "a •-* s s •? 3 CQ a York 2 2 2 6 10 6 I ' ' ' " I 2 3 5 I 1 38 t 1 I 1 42 58 ! " "^ S K , N G U M COUNTY MORGAN COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 59 MORROW COUNTY. The earthworks of Morrow county are distributed along the courses of the Oleutangy ri^-er, Ahun creek and Owl creek. Pour of the five enclosures within the county are situated on Alura creek in Lincoln townships; the fifth enclosure is near the northern border of the county. A prehistoric cemetery is located in Lincoln township from which many skeletons have been un- earthed. MORROW COUNTY. ifi U tn ■j-i Ul Townships. tfl 3 tn •a V V < c o q a > 6 o ] I 2 I I 6 3 4 I 1 8 I 2 Peru . 21 5 5 I 32 CRAWFORD 59 Knox MORROW COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 30 MUSKINGUM COUNTY. The eastern terminus of the famous Plint Ridge, which fur- nished the aborigines their supplies of material for making flint implements, is in Hopewell to^iaiship, Muskingum county, where a niunber of pits or diggings exist, from which material has been quarried. Hopewell township also contains two enclosures and a num- ber of moimds. The district adjacent to the Muskingum river in Muskingum county, is typical of the large streams of the state. A nimaber of moimds, enclosures and village sites comprise tlie works along the river. Most of the townships of the county con- tain prehistoric sites of some class. The county has a total of 87 sites, consisting of 18 flint quar- ries, 9 enclosures, 54 mounds, 3 village sites and 3 burials. MTTSKINGTIM COUNTY. Townships. V [- 3 a W in 3 I- .s E Totals. 4 5 3 Hopewell 2 I I I 2 I i8 Cass Muskingum Falls 3 8 I 3 2 6 I 6 r 6 3 5 2 2 I Salem I Rich Hill Blue Rock I Totals 54 9 3 3 i8 87 60 COUNTY MUSKINGUM COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 61 NOBLE COUNTY. Noble comity, like tlie adjoining coimty of Monroe, is sparse in prehistoric sites. Rather rough topography and few large streams and valleys explain this restricted aboriginal occupation. There are three mounds in Seneca township on the head- waters of Seneca creek; 1 mound in Noble township; 2 mounds and 3 burials in Olive township and 2 mounds in Jackson town- ship. NOBLE COXTNTy. Townships. 4 a g ■d H o 3 I 2 2 Xoble Olive 3 Totals 8 3 1 1 61 C o U N T Y COUNTY W fi 5 HlNgTON NOBLE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 62 OTTAWA COUNTY. The most interesting feature of the archeology of Otta\\'a county are the petroglvphs on Kelleys Island, which altho a part of Erie county is included with Ottawa county for the sake of convenience. The most interesting of the Kelleys Island rock pictures are those located near the landing on the south side of the island. These jiictures are cut into a huge limestone rock, ^2 feet long, 21 feet wide and 11 feet high which during the process of erosion by the waters of the lake has become detached from the strata forming the island. Another group of petroglyphs is found on the north side of the island, cut or pecked into a large granite boulder. Besides the peti-oglyphs, there are upon the island, two cres- cent enclosures and fourmoimds. Two bui'ials have lieen recorded on North Bass island. Catawba Island has two moxmds, a village site and a burial. The total number of prehistoric sites in Ottawa county, including Kelleys and North Bass Islands, is 25, composed of 2 petroglyphs, 2 enclosures, 13 moimds, 3 village sites and 5 burials. OTTAWA COUNTY. Townships, 4 c § 1 1 (A u 1 > in ■c 0-1 1 I r I I 3 2 2 4 2 I I I 2 2 13 2 3 5 2 25 62 SANDUSKY C O u N T Y OTTAWA COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 63 PAULDING COUNTY. Auglaize township contains one mound, one village site and one buiial; Brown township, one burial, and Washington town- ship, one village site and one burial. These six prehistoric sites comprise all that have been recorded in Paulding county. In common with most other northwestern Ohio counties, the topography of Pauldmg county appears to have been too flat to attract aboriginal settlement in a permanent form. PAULDING COUNTY. Townships. -9 1 ■c 1 1 I I I I I Totals I 2 3 6 63 PAULDING COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 64 PERRY COITNTy. The large stone enclosure near Glenford, known as Glenford Fort, is one of the most impressive of the so-called hill-top en- closures in Ohio. This great work is located on the top of a hill, which stands about 300 feet above the level of the stream at its base and is practically isolated from any other elevated area in the vicinity. The only connection with the higher groxmd is to the southeast where a narrow ridge connects the fortified hill with the main land. The top of this eminence contains about 26 acres and is practically level with the sides dropping off in a vertical ledge. The stone wall follows generally close to the ledge, its entire length being 6,610 feet and its height at present from one foot to six feet A large stone mound was located within the enclosure. The Glenford Fort, from its strategic position and rugged location, its great size and impressive character, is one of the interesting prehistoric works of the state. Northern Perry county is rich in mounds and enclosui-es, with a considerable number of prehistoric sites throughout the county. The total number of sites is 103, consisting of 7 enclosures, 86 motmds, 4 village sites, 1 group of flint quarries and 5 burials. PEEKT COUNTY. Townships, in C 1 Fji closures. S3' in 1 > m Flint Quarries. Totals. Thorn 22 19 2 ]6 7 5 5 4 I 2 4 I I I 1 Beartield 2 t 3 I 1 I 2 Coal I Totals 86 7 4 5 1 103 Wliitlitscy's Map oi Gltniurd i'uri. VKW iri)iii iln- iiitiTior oi lilciiiorcl i''ort, nonr the st'inc monnci. 64 -S^^vL'- ' c « 1 N PERRY COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 65 PICKAWAY COUNTY. Circleville, the count}' seat of Pickaway county, takes its name from the imposing prehistoric earthwork which occupied the gromid on which the town is built. This great work was the most noitherly of the complex eirele-and-square type of the en- closures located along tbe Seiota river. It consisted of a combina- tion of a circle and a square, connected hy parallel line's or walls. The Circleville entrlosure consisted of two concentric umhaiik- ments separated by a ditch anil was the only example of the kind in the valley of the Scioto. A work which might be tei-mcd an effigy, or better perhaps, an anomalous work, is the ''Cross," situated near Tarlton, Salt Creek township. This \\'ork as its name implies, is in the foi-m of a cross, 90 feet in each direction, and about 3 feet high. In the center of the figure there is a saucer shaped depression 20 feet across and about 20 inches iu depth. There are several mounds, mostly quite small, located neai'by. Pickawa}', like other counties situated on the lower course of the Scioto river, is rich in prehistoric sites. There are a total of 241 sites, including one effigy, or anomalous work, 32 en- closures, 175 mounds, 8 village sites and 27 burials. PICK.\WAY COUNTY. Townships, Mounds. tf5 U u M O Village Sites. 1 Burials. 1 in i Darby 3 5 .S l6 1.1 1 12 21 5 •7 5 9 I 3' 1 2 3 I 5 4 I "3V 3 I S I 1^ : I ■ > I 2 4 2 I Harrison Walnut 3 4 1 2 4 I Washington Salt Creek ToUls m 33 8 27 241 'mS CR035 ^' O PtcAaway Cot/nfy. Ohio. > foo Axsr Stone Mound, Snake Den Group. 65 PICKAWAY COUNTY c o u N r Y Scale, one inch equals three miles 66 PIKE COUNTY. Two importaut examples of piehistoric earthworks are fouud in Pike county. One of these is the iuic complex enclosure, con- sisting of a couibiuation of a square and circles, located in ycioto townshix), about 5 miles below Piketon. The other is the so-called "Grraded Way," near Piketon. The Scioto township work lies about a half mile back from the Scioto river, at the edge of the teri'ace and consists primarily of a circle connected by parallel walls with a square. Supple- mentary to the main work were a dozen smaller figures, circles, crescents, etc. The area of the square is about 15 acres and that of the cii'cle approximately the same. The so-called Graded Way at Piketon consists of two parallel earthen walls thrown up on either side of a former channel or cut-off of Beaver creek. These walls, the general trend of which is from north to south, are from 3 to 6 feet in height, the east wall having been i-educed under cultivation. The walls measm-e 636 and 761 feet respective!}' in length. It was formerly sup- posed tliat the depression between the walls had been artificially consti-ucted, but later opinions are to the effect that this is en- tii-ely or in great part the natural cut>off' or bed occupied by the stream at some fomier time. Its use has not been fully de- termined. One mile northeast of Piketon, and one-third of a mile east of that town, exist circular depressions, the former excavated in the top of a high hiU. The latter was ten feet deep and 210 feet in circumference. Most of the prehistoric sites of Pike county are confined to the Tieinity of the Scioto river in its course through the county. Thei'e are a total of 64 sites, 8 of which are enclosures and 44 mounds. ANCIENT WORKS P:ht CouKrf.Gfu'B Kiiclusures live miles below Pikelon. PIKE COTJNTY. lO V Townships. •3 I I ■a s 1 urials. u 1 "3 o »S W > W U H I 1 I 2 2 2 3 '3 I I I 3 I I t I 3 1 I I Seal Totals 44 8 2 9 1 64 ^^^^'-^ '-'-:S^^^^ Squicr -.iw\ l.iavis's "view" <'\ ibe Graded Way. 66 s c 1 o T a PIKE COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles 67 PORTAGE COUNTY. There are no earthworks of great importance in Portage county. The total of 31 prehistoric sites is composed of 16 mounds, 5 village sites, 1 cemetery, 8 burials and 1 cache. The works are distributed about equally between the Cuyahoga and Mahoning rivers and their tributaries. The old Mahoning trail crossed Portage county from east to west, and had a branch leading to the northwest to the Cuyahoga river towns near the mouth of that river. There are indications of important aboriginal travel over these trails, in the way of many relics of stone and other material which have been found in the section which they traversed. PORTAGE COUNTY. UJ TownshiDS. 4 8 V U) lU e =3 •S ■c (A ^ > u 6 [^ I 2 I I 2 I 3 I 1 2 I I 5 2 2 I 2 I I i6 5 8 I I 3" 67 STARK C U N T Y M A M O N I H G PORTAGE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 68 PREBLE COUNTY. The valley of Twin creek contains the majority of the pre- historic sites in Preble county. These consist of four enclosures, two of them in Twin township and two in Lanier township; six mounds, one village site and 10 burials— a total of 21 sites. None of the earthworks of Preble county are of an imposing character, but evidences of a busy prehistoric population are not wanting. Many fine examples of prehistoric art in stone and flinf have been collected m the Twin creek valley and along otlier branches of the Great Miami river which have their rise in that county. PltEBT.R COUNTT. Townships. 4 § 1 Enclosures. Village Sites. Burials. O I I 2 3 I I 2 I 3 3 2 1 Totals . . 6 4 ' lO 21 68 C U N T Y COUNTY PREBLE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 69 PUTNAM COUNTY. Piitnam is siiarse in preliistoric sites, the tot;il number re- corded being but 11. Of these, 6 are mounds, 1 a village site and 4 are burials. An aboriginal trail passed north and south through the county, its general course being that of the Auglaize river. Many specimens have been found upon the surface, along this stream and in the country adjacent thereto, showing that prehistoric man frequently visited the county. Perry towiiship has 3 mounds; Ottawa, 1 moimd and 1 vil- lage site and Blanehard, 2 mounds aiid 4 burials. PT7TNAM COUNTY. ."! ^M Townships. in in -a Village 1 3 I I Blanchard . 2 4 Totals 6 1 4 II 69 PUTNAM COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 70 RICHLAND COUNTY. The three enclosures of Ridiland comity are located along Rocky Pork of Mohican riTer — one in Madison to\viiship and two in Mifflin. The i^rincipal monnd group is in the vicinity of Bell- ^■ille, in Jeffei'son township. The county has a total of 21 sites, 3 of which are enclosures, 14 mounds, 2 village sites and 2 burials. HIUHLAND COUNTY. Townships. •A s V o 1 in m +-■ W u be a I Weller 1 2 2 2 I 2 I Mifflin I 6 I 1 Totals 14 3 2 2 21 HURON COUNTY' 1 70 RICHLAND COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles C u N T f ROSS COUNTY. 71 Ross county comprises within its territory the most interest- ing archaeological area of its size in Ohio and jirobably in the United States and might be termed the center of highest culture of the mound-building peoples. It is remarkal)le for the great munber and diversity of highly specialized earthworks; a type peculiar to the highest develop- ment of aboriginal man in the Ohio valley. This type consists of figures more or less geometrically exact, principally the square and circle, singl}' or in combination. They are distinct from the so-called forts or defensive structtires, which are assigned their purpose from the strategic positions occupied, usually a hilltop or other point of vantage, easily defended and difficult of ap- proach. The great total of 455 prehistoric sites has been recorded in Ross county. Forty-nine of these are of the enclosure class, \vln1c 370 are moinids. These prehistoric remains are distributed gen- erally along the Scioto river and the north and south forks of Paint creek. Great as may appear the nimiber of recorded works in the county, according tn early observers and writers and to more recent scientific examination it is believed that many more such remains at one time existed, many of which at this time have been obliterated. One of the gi-eatest of the Ross county works, particularly as evincing a higli degree of culture of its makers and occupants, is that loiown as the Hopewell Group, in Union township, on north fork of Paint creek. Tt consists primarily of two conjoined figin-es —a square of 15 acres and a larger ii're.gular parallelogram of about no acres. Within the larger enclosure there are two sec- ondary enclosures, one a semi-eirenlar figiu-e containing 7 mounds and the other a circle with 1 raouncl. Outside these secondary enclosures hut within the large figure are 13 other mounrls, and within the square there arc four mounds set opposite an equal number of gateways. Specimens secured from excavations into the mounds of the Hopewell group are of the most advanced type yet found in Ohio. The Harness works in the Scioto valley, Liberty township, consists of a combination of a square, a large and a small circle. Tlie square contains about 27 acres and the large circle about 40 acres. Tliis work is a very imposing one and evinces the high culture of its builders. It takes its name from the o^mer of the land on which tlic work is situated. A large monud located within the larger of the two circles, was thoroughly excavated by the Society in 190.1 and many fine specimens iUnstrating the life of the buildors of tlic works were obtained. The High Bauks works are situated a few miles north of the Harness works ;nid al)out four miles south oF Chillicothe. They consist of a ciir-le and an octagon in conjunction and of several small circles, and parallel walls in close proximity. The large circle contains 10 acres and the octagon about two acres less. A rctuarkalile featui-e of the High Banks works is that, while none of the figures comprising the Ross county works are geometrically exact, the large circle in these works approaches very near to an exact circle. Each of eight gateways in the octagon is faced by a mound. A typical work of the square-and-eircle combination formerly existed at the eastern edge of the city of ChiUicothe and another of similar type was located at the town of Frankfort, in Concord township. An interesting work is that near Hopeto\vn in Springfield township. It consists of a square and circle with extended parallel walls and with several smaller circles nearby. Each of the larger figures encloses upwards of 20 acres. The Ccdai- Banlcs works lie just north of the Hopetown worlcs, and consist of a square, or rectangle, which contains an elevated structure, resembling the elevated squares found in the Marietta works. This platform is about 250 feet long, 150 feet wide and 4 feet high. The usual circle is missing in ttris work, hut there is n rectangidar enclosure nearby, but detached, 870 feet long and 70 feet wide. Some distance to the south of the main work tho'c is a small circle and a square mound. The area of the large squai-e or rectangle is about 30 acres. One of the interesting works of the coimty is that Icno-wn as Mound Cit^', located in Union township, a few miles north of ChiUicothe. This work consists of a rectangular enclosure with the comers rounded off and containing within its simple walls 23 mounds. From these mounds the early explorers and writers on Ohio antiquites, Sqnier & Da\as secured some of the finest specimens, representing the highest sculptural art of pi-ehisforie man, inehiding many effigy pipes in the form of animals, birds and reptiles. Dunlaps "Works are located on the land of the County In- fiiTnary, a .slinrt distance north of Mound City. Tliey consist of a large rectangle and a small circle connected by i)aranel lines and parallel walls of considerable length. A small o-\al enclosure is nearby. The Blackwater group is located on the east side of the Scioto river, near the northern line of the county. Tt consists of 7 circles and crescents, all small and not connected and a peculiar rec- tangidar figure fomied by parallel waUs ivith closed ends, located some distance further south than the circles. These latter are about 750 feet long and 60 feet wide. Tlie Junction group, is situated on Paint creek about two miles we-st of ChiUicothe and consists of nine small figures, all detached. These figm-es are in the form of circles, rectangles and crescents. The Banm works are located on Paint creek, in Twin town- ship, near the village of Bourneville. They consist of a square, a large and a small circle, in conjunction. The square in this work is almost geometi-ically correct. In connection with the Baum works is one of the most extensive and remarkable prehistoric village sites in the state. It was explored by the Ohio State Archfeological anrl Historical Society in 1S90, 1002 and 1003 and many hundreds of most interesting and valuable relics were se- cured. These are now on exhibition in the Society's museum. The Seip group, is one of the largest in the Scioto valley. It is located on the north liank of Paint creek about 3 miles east of the tovi-n of Bainhridge. in Paxton township. It resembles in form the Baum works. AVithin the enclosure are two mounds, the larger of which is kno\vn as the Prieer mound and the smaller as till! tSeip umuiul. This latter iiiouutl was full)- explored by the Ohio State Arflia'olugical and Histurical .Society iu 1908 and tin.' iiitcrfsliiii^ iihj(_'i.'ts taken therel'roiii, rejirusentiiig the higher of tlie twn ciillurrs in the iSeiotu vallev, are to be .seen at the Society's iiiuseiiiii. Other interesting explorations of the Society in Koss county are those of the Adena iiiomid and the CJartner uioimd and village site. Adena nmnnd was located upon the estate nf (_i(pvernor Worthingldii a slmit distance northwest of Chilticulhe oji the west sid Burials. ■a -4-1 Q H Rice 1 I 6 2 3 I Ballville ... Riley York T I Totals 2 JO 4 3 r8 72 SANDUSKY COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three mtles 73 SOiOTO COUNTY. If iSeiuto comity had fui-uisliwl tu arclieoiogicai liistury uo more thau tlie one work, that at Portsmouth, it would atill hold an important place therein. The Portsmouth work is one of the most complex and im- pressive in the Ohio valley, it eonsicsty really of three groups, two of which ai-e across the river in Kentucky. The works on the Ohio side are a combination of crescents small cii'cles and parallel walls. At the time of the examination of the works by Squier and Davis iu lt)47 it was found that there were leading from the group on the Ohio side, three sets of parallel walls, "covered ways or avenues" as they were termed. One set of these walls led north- westward and was lost iu the broken groimd of the plain; an- other set led southward to the Ohio river, at a point ahnost di- rectly oitposite a second gi'oup of the works on the Kentucky side and a third set trended southeastward, reaching the river at a point opposite the thii-d group of the works. Squier and Davis estimated that the total length of the walls then traceable was 8 miles, giving Hi miles of embankment to the parallels alone and that the grand total of the walls of the entire series was the remarkable sum of 20 miles. The more westerly of the Kentucky groups consisted of a square and two rectangular enclosures, while that toward the east was a series of concentric circles. Another most interesting work of Seioto county, is the effigy mound located about 5 miles above Portsmouth, near the village of Rushto\vn. This figure is in the form of an animal, somewhat resembling a tapir, from which it has become known as the tapir mound, ft is surroimded by an enclosure which ia 480 feet across in its longest measurement. The figure stands from one to eight feet high . Scioto county has a total of 85 recorded prehistoric sites. SCIOTO COITNTT. Townships. Mounds. u t- 1 1 Village Sites. in n ■M Effigies. Flint Quarries. "(3 Nile 5 7 2 3 1 3 3 2 I I .. . . Valiey Jefferson I I 5 2 I Qay Ifl 1 1 4 4 Madison 1 1 2 10 I 2 I [ 1 Totals 47 14 7 '5 I I 85 ANCIENT WORK 5o/ofo Cou/7ty, O/r/'e Effigj' Mound Near Rushtoivn, PORTSMOUTH WOffK.5 '3croro Cowff, Ohio, fe^'f'V"- 73 SCIOTO COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 74 SENECA COUNTY. Seneca county has 23 recorded prehistoric sites, consisting of 2 enclosures, 3 mounds, 7 village sites, 1 cemetery and 10 burials. Both the enclosures are located on Honey creek, one in Bloom and the other in Eden township. Thompson township, in the extreme northeast of the county, presents many evidences of prehistoric occupation. The old Scioto trail from the Ohio river to Sandiisky bay passed through this county, following generally the course of the Sandusky river. SENECA COUNTT. Townships. -3 3 o i > in ■c 3 u a 6 in Loudon 3 Bie" Spring Seneca Hopewel! 2 2 3 I I 2 3 I Totals . 3 2 7 lO I 23 74 W Y fl N D O T C O U N T Y CRAWFORD C O U N T Y SENECA COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 75 SHELBY COUNTY. But one earthwork has been recorded in Shelby county, a moimd in Van Buren township. A total of 9 sites have been noted, inclnding two village sites one cemetery and 5 burials. The county was an important district during historic Indian times, but appears not to have attracted any considerable pre- historic population. SHELBY COTTN-TT. Townships. m C CO nl T m o Van Buren . Cynthia n . . Loramie . . . Washington Orange . . . . Green Totals . 75 C U N T y SHELBY COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 76 STARK COUNTY. The Talley of tlie Tuscarawas in eastern Stark county, con- tains most of the county's earthworks. There is a work of anomal- ous character at Myers Lake, near Canton, which by some has been considered as an effigy and by others merely an irregularly shaped mound. The county has but one recorded enclo.snre, which is situated in the extreme southwest eoraer, in Sugar Creek town- ship. There are a total of 26 prehistoric sites, 15 of which are mounds. The Great Trail passed along the southei-n line of the county, and the Cuyahoga-Muskingiun trail followed the course of the Tuscarawas river north and south. 8TABK COUNTY. Townships. Mounds. Enclosures. Village Sites. "a 1- 3 1 Lawrence I 4 2 2 4 I I I Sugar Creek I I Perry I Jackson Plain I I I I I Pike I Totals i6 I 3 6 26 76 PORTAGE COUNTY COUNTY CARROL STARK COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 77 SUMMIT COUNTY, The valley of the Cuyahoga ri"\-er in Summit county is an in- teresting arehasoJogical district. There are 11 enclosures re- corded, several of which are interesting examples of the northern Ohio type of this class of works. A nmnber of caches of stone and flint implements have been found. At the Boston ledges in eastern Boston township are evidences of a rock shelter which was no doubt used as an aboriginal domicile. There is a petrogly^^h cut on a rock at the southern end of Turkey Foot lake in Franklin township. The county has a total of 41 prehistoric sites, of which 21 are mounds. SUMMIT COUNTY. Townships. 4 a § in 3 1 1 > FO ■c CQ 1 U Petroglyphs. ui U (J ^3 u o CO Northfield .... 2 2 6 4 4 I 2 6 I I I I Boston I Northampton .. I I I Copley Norton I I Coventry 3 I Totals . . . 21 II 2 I r I 3 I 41 CO U N "T Y SUMMIT COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 77 78 TRUMBULL COUNTY. Trmiibull county has two enclosures, 14 mounds, 3 village sites and 11 burials — -a total of 30 prehistoric sites. They are dis- ti'ibuted about equally along the waters of Mahoning and Grand rivers and Pymatuning creek. Both of the enclosures are located on the latter stream. In prehistoric times the salt springs aroimd Warren doubt- less played an impoi-tant part ^^ trails led from them in three directions. TEUMBtnx COUNTY. Townships. I g 1^ S I .1 en P m I Bloomtield . . Green Kinsman Farminglon . Mecca Johnston .... Vernon Southington . . Champion . . . Hartford Braceville . . . Warren Newton Lordstown . . Weathersfiehl Liberty Totals I I 2 14 2 I I It 30 78 ASHTABULA COUNTY MA HON! N S COUNTY TRUMBULL COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 79 TUSCAEAWAS COUNTY. The valley of the Tuscarawas river in Tuscarawas county is moderately represented iu prehistoric sites. The two enclosures of the county however, are situated some distance from the river. One of these is in southern Auburn township and the other in northern Clay township. The county has a total of 27 sites, 16 of which are mounds. A monument at Gnadenhutten, erected by the Moravians in 1872 marks the site of the massacre of Moravian Christian In- dians in 1782 by white troopers from Pennsylvania. TUSC.\EAWAS COtTSTY. Townships. •9 c 3 o Enclosures. Village Sites. V3 •a -t-t f2 1 ■ I I [ I I 1 I Mill I 2 ! 3 I Qay 3 7 r Oxford Totals ; . t6 2 9 27 T fr R ^ .dl Cf I SJrR- ■ .C R E* r» I ri \1 ?A| II U, 3- L -sr*"-*;: "f" o u *^j iT Holly r f-^ TUSCARAWAS COUNTY Scale, one Inch equals three miles ■-F ir.^ ^ur riL. GUERNSEY COUNT Y ¥^-Q K"JJ 79 =^j^^v>/. / ^\^vL ■"t'^ *CkI^J^K«i^ •t L , — -»-=j^r — "^ li^'^M^^K' ^1 X ^"- I/^"#^ ^^5?^h ^"ilit^d^r ' jD J^^ Z ^^^"^TJ^j* v4^^ 3 kl^ ^° ^^^^^ fcf%j 'k ^'^ • "^Jhi *-■ \ , -- rn| 1 W^fM ^^fc LJrfT^^ ^'=^^V^ f^^\ 1 ' '^/^ )rfB^''^%^ jL P 1: Q^^&!^ -bui-iberknJl ^iX /"/ ^^^'W^' W^ nl3^ ^j^m =n0^iC '=%J^^£fl JCj^^ P^^ _! hta-OTj ol^^ [Sv^*'^^ V '■"fl -J Sm^p£. if ^Mi/w T ~i s^^fej^ — Lh^"*-|[1 - ''^^^^^pi — ■ ^^^^^4Jf ^ -^ V^i^^^r^^ ^^-"^^ O 7^^^^ ^^ IT ^^ ^^. i^K,fH%ULJ Iff* ^K| . ■ ^fej^^W^ 3W //'I ■1 ' Vr '^^SRS c fqM 4~f' cK^^^ jX-i \i~\ ^ 1 J W '^'^' 1^ ^Xli" ' 1 ***=%( •=' j^Sj^J^ J\\b\^ 1 11 Jti— J 1 j^^^^ >- J^^^C^ "'■'"^ ^E^^. h- -^T^^JjlVj i^B 2 ■■-'■' .-^^ / iT"**^ ~^^i*?' D ^t Vj I^ri O ^^r -fi^^ aF^L \i->i o ■ rff~~ 4ai— i^irj —■ — - — i^^fjmf r- — "T^"''^^ i^^^^Sh^' — 1 ""1 -^^^ J 1 aP^^i-ilpo " S 5* ^^M ■' f^ML^ k^^ ^^d:^^ i^^C^ ^3^ ^^m ^M S^^^F T'" 1 ^^^ ^^^^ -I-&1M-J tsA' '(e/KA M-v ~ J^^^^al ^1 V^«|l a ^^^ ^X] ^ jfj^' < i^u^TF^'F' iWBtf^l IT n^ fS^'^ \k= 1 -:, COUNTY 1 80 UNION COITNTY. The prehistoric sites of Union county— 28 in number— are confined to mounds and bui-ials. Tlie number of mounds is 11 and the remaining 17 are burials. These sites are scattered quite gen- erally, but sparsely, thi-ougiiout the county. While otherwise favorable to aboriginal habitation, Union county is lacldng iu large streams, which was one of the prime requisites to settlement of a peimanent or important nature, UNION COUNTY. Townships, •ft i2 Washington Jackson — York Claiborne . , Liberty , . , Lees burg , . AUen Paris Dover Darby ..... Mill Creek . Jerome . . . , Totals 4 1 2 II 1 2 3 I I 3 4 I I 17 28 80 -^ HARDIN CO. MARION CO U N T V |^^2S^^-^!^i^P^^F=-4==^^;^^1 - ^ ; ) Xr-^"^-^^ V \ JL^f""-^ IrHIs^ b\ n4 1 , f _esiii~M ^1(\ U=^ rWj_— , 1 i\- H '^/"l ' /s J^fti4l^^^\ X 1" \^ \ r^rM^H*' 1 /4i =• ^ f L ^fevw^^-A^ 1 LJ^^^ft^TT^ o \/\ Ty^T^ ihw=--^^i^cT'^^^Zj u\n N E^ 2 K^^«!*^==«sjj' ^T/ Vat ^™^ y t\/ \ ii\ -^S^sas^^ D ( v/ ^// /"fW^"^^^ *'^^^='5=Q_// //l^ / WCItHrfeorwW jL^^'^'^^~^ \fl >^i / JA *// / '/ v/^pWM- r--^^^^=^r\~K kC==(i VI o u UNION COUNTY i-4ii»*'X<^ ff /' y *£^S^--S:iC- — s 1^^,^^ S^H (r^=M/ X \ , Scale, one Inch equals three miles ■ '3i.l>'^^"»ifc^ i^ojmSM^MjJ^^s"*"^ jT Im^ /A J^^/ ; £j rK^^fy^^X^^^A y Pi "^ * ^V"- °Jnr// /^ '^ B^tu^rsio ; ^^^U^^ydL— -t^+H U I : \ 1 1 X #^vi^Vfc/=l^rP^-^ 1 W''^^T^^^^ wr Si J l_~i ' tI IT: ill pi 'il ^ 1, " L (L-L-iL =J jf^Mi ^^ 1 1 „^ \y )^A}w/r^irT^34JJ4^h^H °ft ^ L/3<^X^d '^^y r W'^^T^K^W t '< ■4 1 ^_^ L. /^\\\P^!^ \ N Jk'yjSr^^lj.g^^^^ IS] 1 ^J^l ^ SI—— _Ai—%^^< "^lH^ SL^4l' /^kj^^l^ fSr "■^^i" ^feu ^4 rrjA^^ 2 / ^f^ r^^^^^^^^ ^'"'"jS^^^^'^ A i"^*, '' ..i^^K '^\g^ a^ .^ \H _j / w T^° Mw^d^fW ijji— ~tTJ| a ^^^? ^\^>^^^^=v^^ ;^ iX^ yy^l _^ ^4^ ^i//^f w ^i^^:,^^^ ^[O *^«^y>^-ci— *^ \J W It sT ff ^r^^^^^'^^^—^^^^^ ^^rfji N^ ^^StJ (J ^^^. \ T^ ^Mf^ ^ V^^C^' / Vt_-4h^ ^^%L-.^j- 3 5 2 3 lO 4 3 I 5 4 I I Elk 14 I 4 I 4 4 7 I Totals 60 5 I 8 74 82 VINTON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles f r 83 "WAEEEN COUNTY. In the matter of individual earthwoi'ks of importance, War- ren coxmty stands among the fii-st two or three in the state. Fort Ancient gives tlie county the distinction of having the greatest hillto]) enclosure or "fort" in the state and in many i-espects one of the most remarkable of knoAvn prehistoric w'orks. In another class of woi'ks — the effigy class — Warren county presents an ex- ample second only to the Great Serpent in Adams county. This work is known as the Warren County Serpent and is located on the south side of the Little Miami river in northern Hamilton township. Foi't Ancient is situated on an eminence on the east side of the Little Miami river, in Washington tomiahip. The colossal earthwork is in-egular in fonn. conforming to the topography of the hill on which it lies. This hill, or jilateau, is a strong position Ijeing protected on two sides hy declivitous ravines and on the third side hy the precipitous descent to the river. The tortuous walls of the fort, which measure 18,712 hi length, exclusive of detached works, are the result of its heing carried around the very edge of the plateau and following all the sinuosities of its out- lines. The walls of the fort vary in height from a few feet at the most pi-ecipitous point to 18 or 20 feet where the walla cross the level plain. The longest straight line that can be drawn within the walls is about 5,000 feet, or almost one mile. The general form of the fort is two rudely triangular areas connected hy a narrow i-ectaugular area, thus constituting pi-actically three al- most distinct enclosures, termed respectively the North Fort, Middle Fort and South Fort. Fort Ancient and the laud upon which it stands is now the property of the State of Ohio and is in charge of the Ohio Arehffiological and Historical Society. A model of the fort and many relics found theieat, can he seen at the Society's nmsemn. The Warren eounti' Serpent is situated just across the river from the village of Stnbbs' Mills. It lies with the head towai-d the waters of Baker's creek near its mouth, the body nndnlating towards the southwest and terminating at the opposite side of the sharp bend in the stream which it occupies. There are many points of similarit)', both as to foi-m and size between the Warren county serpent and that of Adams county. Warren county has a total of 112 recorded prehistoric sites 8 of which are enclosures and 62 are mounds. W.A,RREN COUNTY. i/i Townships. (0 •a to V be ■c 'C ■ ' in u :3 k o s > 3 pa M Pranklin 5 2 17 r Clpar CrefJf I 13 2 4 I 3 17 3 I 3 2 S 4 I "\A7"a ch iTi ty\ rtfi 7 1 rii*f rficlrl I 4 4 2 I I Salem I I 2 TTarlflti 2 1 62 8 lO 30 I I 112 MAP Of 83 MONTGOMERY WARREN COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles J 84 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Tbe Marietta Works, one of the most interesting and best known of the complex type of enelosui-e, consisted of a square enclosing 50 acres in which were several rectangular flat topped mounds; and another square enclosing about 27 acres in conjunc- tion with which is a large conical mound surrounded by a ditch and connected with the square by a supplementary wall or line. The two squares with their accompanying figures are not con- nected with one another and really constitute two separate groups. Prom the larger and more northerly of the two squares, there extends a "graded way" toward the river to the west. This graded way consisted of parallel earthen walls 680 feet long and 150 feet apart. When first observed, the surface of the passage was rounded and about 20 feet below the top of the walls. The large mound connected with the smaller square is now a part of the public cemetery at Marietta and is a very imposing example of its class. The valley of the Muskingum within the borders of Wash- ington county is very rich in prehistoric remains. There are a total of 115 sites, of which 6 are enclosures, 102 mounds and 7 village sites. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Townships, 4 c 3 O 0) a 3 "tj a •n u 1 > Totals. 13 3 I I 23 I 8 5 5 z Marietta I I02 6 7 IIS Earthworks at Marietta. 84 COUNT NOBLE *s;*) i/V"! C U N T Y L--_rt.\ INx-. . I f -..V tt*" fS.. \1X*, .y^ii f .,,, -. MONROE It' cJ^ lliil s \- A I.i^>--I|' L-t ■-■ -,.jS it> Tl ifli MORGAN :5 La' l(i>/M" * f - jSljnll.llM . '"--',.1,.. .__. . c o l; N T Y ..v ii^i \r-c')^ / ^: K^..A T\':SW""'^''* .J Silki 3l7 I \ ■ ■ . >^v - - ■ _ t fw (I v.^.-y^-v.^x^^':-^^-!/... ' --^ 'Sir -'Li**^>!^.5(iiiif LiVir lliiiii WASHINGTON COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles ' PAttKEOSBURS tiJih^nil' p''ffWff I J £m[c ^o^aina I Ar™f,„J , /Wbtv Cn^lflnd \N S T rit1eldg)il 85 WAYNE COUNTY. Wayne county is fairly rir;h in prehistoric remains, particiilar- ly that section adjacent to the headwaters of Killhuck creek. There are a total of 42 sites, of which 8 are of the enelosiu'e type, 20 are mounds, 6 village sites and 8 tairials. The Great Trail passed along the southern line of the county and many relics of the extensive travel in aboriginal times have been found along its course. WAYNE COUNTY. Townships. ■a B 5 O C in be a •V S a Congress . . . Chester .... Piaiti Oinion Franklin . . . . Wooster . . . . Wayne Canaan East Union . Salt Creek . . Paint Sugar Creek Totals . . 2 2 2 I 4 20 42 85 M E D I N A COUNTY HO L M E S WAYNE COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 86 WILLIAMS COUNTY. An interesting feature of the arciheology of Williams county is that the moTmds in every case are in groups. There are 19 mounds recorded, comprising six gi-oups. Groups of 3 mounds each are foxmd in Bridgewater, Florence and two in St. Joseph township ; a group of 4 in Northwest township and another group of five, three of which are in Northwest and the other two across the line in Michigan. The county has two enclosures— one in Northwest township and one in St. Joseph. There are a total of 36 sites. wtTjLiams county. Townships. 4 a 1 in B S3 > 14 ■c Northwest 7 3 3 6 I I I 2 I 2 3 2 I 1 Pulaski I I Brady Totals '9 2 4 II 36 86 D E f I A N C E COUNTY WILLIAMS COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 87 WOOD COITNTY. The prehistoric sites of Wood eoimt\' are confined mainly to the tier of counties Ijordering on the Maumee rivei-. Of the total number of 12 sites, there is only one cai-tliwork, an enclosure in the extreme northwestei'n part of the county. Two village sites and nine burials have been recorded in the county. There are in- dications of considerable occupation throughout the county, hut this appears to have been of a temporary or transient nature. WOOD COUNTY. Townships. Ross Perryburg . . . Middleton . . . Grand Rapids Weston Plain Milton Totals ti ■*-' V bo > a C4 1, t 12 CO U N T Y WOOD COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 87 88 WYANDOT COUNTY. W,yandot eounty, with ite fine streams and valleys, was a favoi'ite country with the aborigines, both in historic and pre- historic times. Early exploi-ers f c)und many Indian villages along the Sandusky river and the muuerous prehistoric sites show that in earher times it was of equal poi^ularity. The Seioto-Sandusky trail passed through the county and thus placed it upon one of the greatest aboriginal thoroughfares iu the state. The valleys of the Sandusky i-iver and its tributary, Tymoch- tee creek contain most of the sites in the coimty. There are a total of 81 sites, divided as follows: Enclosures, 1; mounds, 53; village sites, S; cemeteries, ], and burials, 18. WYAXDOT COUNTY. to V (/i .* c/l Townships. [r. tn -o JT" v JA u S s ^ M s t/i ■ s° ;> J 1 Crawford I 7 I 4 3 I 3 5 lO 3 3 3 2 Eden lO Mifflin I 12 4 I 3 2 ■ Pitt I 2 Totals ■53 I 1 8 18 1 81 _ . — . — _ — F 88 M A R 1 ON WYANDOT COUNTY Scale, one inch equals three miles 83 A JtiLy. ii^oa rtninpfc 14. t-i. 83 B Gro;it Giittrtav iruiii ihi; i\orlli. Section iif Soiilli W,-ill. Old Flirt. Ka.sl \\":ill U^urlhj Furi Ancitiit Iruui Kicld (Jtiisiilf. Section of Kasi Wnll, North Fori. West W-.M (Nortii) Fort Ancietit. Entrance tu Furl from thi: West. Entrance to Fort from East, ■,. West. On Each .Si