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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — •► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd 6 partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata :o pelure, 1 6 □ 32X I t 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 PHOTO BY BAKSR, NOV. '93. PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS A REFERENCE BOOK. A DoscriptiDi"! of the Ornaments, Utensils, and Implements of Pre Columbian Man in America. BY WARREN K. MOOREHEAD, Assisted by Professor g. h. phrkins, Mr. a. F. BHRLIN, doctors l. G. YATbS and R. STHINER, THE REVEREND H. C. MHRHDITH, MESSRS. G. H. LAID- ,LAW AND M. WILKINSON, DOCTOR J. F. SNYDHR, AND PROFESSOR T. H. LEWIS. 621 Figures, Showing 3,000 Specimens. THE ROBERT CLARKE CO., PUBLISHLRS, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1^00 ) Press of AM.KN" I. VOSlURdll, .Siiiaimc Luke, N, Y. EDITION, 2,050 COPIES. copyright, IHOd. WaKKKN K. MociMKllKAI). All riKhts reservfd. iiCMAbUn uixttrcnoiu LIBRMS '•7- ..■(: PREFACE 7^ "i .'.-^ ."-^ (^^ ■•■•'"■' /l'^ personal attention and a^ « . ^ '^^'''^'"'? constant lion, and as a consequence the errata ei;,. / longer than it otherwise would be* ^ ^^^^^^ '5' '^) *« I owe Mr. A. F. Berlin and Dr L C V.f several errors which occur in their Sections ^' ''°'°^''" ^°^ '''^ A work of this nature is somewhat of a task Pv ( every moment of his time It r.. • ! "^ °"" ^^'^ ^« ^'^^ ^^ iuh lime. It requires much researrh •„ u , . erature and a very exten^iv. . , research ,n archa-ological lit- field in e„ ...^ .Z;:^^^ 7;;- "-^ >>- --nPted so ..oad a -..,o,v a .o„,;:jHrr;:::;:r ^ru ^--^ ^-""" Pl.es, is confined ,o a description of ,he s.one da! , " '" "'""' '""' of ancient times, and treats not of cuitur s "' "'" *'" "''J'"^'' ^eudents wisfiin, to post y thanks for their labors ,n treating of Canada and the St. Lawrence Section. Dr. Roland Steiner is an authority on Georgia and his contribution sheds much light on primitive conditions in the South. I thank hin> No one is more con>petent to write on Northern Califonia than the Rev. Mr. H. C Meredith. I thank him for his efforts Doctor J. E. Snyder. Professor T. H. Lewis and Mr. Robert Gordon have my gratitude for articles and MSS. on various and in,portant subjects A number of gentlemen made for me illustrations (half-tones and wood cuts) of un.que a, well as typical .speci.nens in their collections. I a.n much indebted to the following : Col. Bennett H. Young. Mr. John T. Reeder. Mr. Thomas Beckwith. The Rev Jan,es Savage. Mr. George E. Barnes. Jr.. Professor W. () Jas. A. Barr. 1 he Rev. H. C. Meredith, Professor A. ]. Waychoff. Mr. H S riurlbutt. The lis. of those who kindly ,e,„ notes, photographs, drawings, etc, , and fnrmshed .nformation is ,00 long to be reprodnced i„ fnll. , thank all ladies and gentletnen who co-operated with „,e in n.aking ,l,e book a success 1 here are npwards of 300, representing every state and territory, who de^ scr,bed types which they thonght had no. conre .0 ,ny notice. All .he^e con,n,nn,ca,i„„s and illustrations have been med for fn.ure reference. They shall be permanently preserved. Some of them are ; The Kpv. E. C. Mitrhe ll, Mr. (Jeorge Katzenber;,'er, Mr. R. Wetherill, Dr. P. D.Winship.Mr. J.W. Feck. Mr. A L. Hopkins. Prof. W.C. Mills. Mr. C. H. Collins. Dr. J. M. Hrooks, Mr. W. F. Parker. Mr. C.J. Beencks, The Rev. Wm. Heauchanip, Mr. M. C. Lonfj. Mr. Jasper Brown, Mr. James Weir. Messrs. Poj^ne & Pogue, Mr. H. I. Smith. Mr. Charles Iv Brown, Mr. H. P. Hamilton, Mr. E. L. Guthrie, Mr. (i J. Chadd. Mr. L. S. Drew Mr. W. C. Herriman, Mrs. R. H. Spencer. The Rev. Mr. St. Onge, Mr. C. J. Wertz, Mr. W. H. Davis. Mr. L. W. Hills. Dr Cavey, Mr. George Williamson. Mr. A. B. Coover. Mr. H. S. Binkley. Mr. John N. Hodgin, Messrs. Frierson Brothers. Mr. A. J. Powers. Captain Richard Wainwright I am indebted to a number of museums, individuals and publishers who were kind enough to loan me certain plates and figures for insertion. But for this the cost of illustrating would have been largely increased. I desire to thank General G. P. Thruston and The Robert Clarke Co. for the loan of figures from "Antiquities of Tennessee" ; the Hon. J. V'. Browerfor numer- ous plates from his " Quivira " and "Harahey"; Dr. F. H. Williams for figures from " Prehistoric Remains of the Tun.xis Valley" ; The Bureau of Ethnology and gentlemen connected therewith for permission to reproduce certain figures ; Professor F. W.Putnam, of the Peabody Museum and the American Museum of Natural Historj*. for permission to reproduce figures ; the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society for the loan of cuts ; Popular Science and Dr. L. G. Yates for figures ; Mr. W. J. Seeverand Mr. J. M. M. Gernerd, Professor H. C. Mercer and Doctor Thomas Wilson for loan of cuts. The publication of Prehistoric Implements may bring to light specimens that have been hidden away in private collections — objects unknown or rare forms. If the book is favorably received, I trust that it will be possible to issue a new and revised edition at some future time. WARREN K. MOOREHEAD. Saranac Lake, N. Y., June 4Th, 1900. TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECTION I, Collections, Explorations, the Southwest, The Makin/,' of a Collection, . The Keeping of a Collection. As to the Arrangement of Specimens. The Southwest, . . Ceramics, Effigies and Unknown Objects. Ornaments of Shell. ... Perforated Stones, SECTION II, The Upper Missouri and Mississippi, SECTION in. The Great Plains and Lower Missouri, Implements of Stone and Flint, Synopsis (Great Plains, etc.). SECTION IV. Archteology of New England. . /^-r^ .^k^ ■ A ^'2.>^;^.w^ Burial Place^. Shell Object. , . Shell Heaps, Objects of Honw. Objects of Coppc, Pottery, . " ' ' Steatite or Soapstone Dishes, Ground and Polished Stone Implemeni CeltF, . . ' ■ • ■ Notched and Grooved Axi- Pestles, . _ Hammers and Pounders— Pitted Stone-, Slate Knives, '7 i8 26 27 29 31 42 46 49 64 69 84 86 87 90 91 91 93 94 99 102 105 106 108 109 no VIII Contents. Seiniliiiirir Knives, Pipes, " ■ • Discdidal Stories. " * ' Ceremonial ()l)je(ts, . . ' ' Chipped and l"laked Iinpleiro„ts, Scrapers, . ' " ' Hil)lio},TapIiy, . _ ' ' ■ SKCTION V. The Mi2 '35 141 '44 '44 '47 15^ 163 A 168 H 168 H 169 1 169 H ^71 ^H '75 wm ^77 H[ '79 ^K 182 185 185 186 188 189 191 200 203 204 205 207 "3 ,| 114 1 1 IS 1 1 l.S 122 I '-.1 '^ 135 126 131 Contents. Anvil Shaped Stones. Net Sinkers, " " Adzes and Chisels. Kelics of Copper from Eastern Pennsylvania etc Articles of Shell in New York, ' Gouges, . ' ' ■ Pipes, Polished Stone Hatchets or Celts. Ceremonial Weapons. Pestles, Mullers, etc., Bird or Saddle Stones, etc.. Pierced Tablets or Gorgets,' etc., Pendants. Cupped o: Pitted Stones^ etc Heads, ' ' Hammer Stones. The Woman's K; . c, Pottery, Grooved A.\es. Articles of Bone in New York, Bibliography, Archteology of California, Southern California, Habitation, Utensils. Stone Cups and Bowls, Food Material, Weapons, Perforated Stones and Discs. Pipes, . Prehistoric Money and Ornaments. Fish Hooks. Scarifacators. Tubes, Pottery, Basketry and Basket Mortars. Flaked Stone Implements. Charm Stones, Arrow Straighteners, Rubbing Stones, Bibliography, SECTION VII IX 20(} 2 \0 212 212 213 213 214 2If> 2I(> 221 221 221 224 224 225. 22 C 226 226 228 229 230 230 231 232 232- 234 235 238 241 244 246 247 248 248 248 250 250 250 Contents. SECTION \III, British Columbia and the Northwest Coast, BibUof^raphy, .... 253 SECTION IX. Archaoluf^ry of CaUfornia, C entral an d Norther Earthworks, Chipped Implements, Spear Heads, . . . Arrow Points, Drills, .... Arrowshaft Scrapers, Bone Implements and Whistles. Game Bones, Nose and Hair Pins, Bone Knives, Spears or Harpoons, Shell Ornaments, Grooved Stones, Perforated Stones, War Clubs, Cylinders, Medicine Stones, Plummets, Pottery, .... Steatite Objects, Pipes, Mortars and Pestles, . '^ 'V Miscellaneous, . . . Paint. Celt, .... Rubbing Stones, Crescents, Effigies, .... Ceremonial Knives, Bibliography, .... n California, ^ 25S . . 25S 259 . • . . 263 263 . 267 269 269 270 . 271 273 • 275 276 , 278 280 . 2.S3 284 ■ .' 286 288 . 289 291 291 • 293 294 SECTION X St. Lawrence Basin and Canada, Pottery, Flint Relics, Ceremonials, . Stone Pipes, Axes, Celts and Gouges, Copper Objects, C^^Mc .A^t-d-^rvz^ 305 306 306 308 314 317 320 The Ohio Valley, ?r. K. SECTION XI 330 253 2 5'S 25S 259 263 263 267 269 269 270 271 273 275 276 278 280 2.S3 284 286 288 2 89 291 291 293 294 Contents. Pipes, Copper and Mica Objects, Inscribed Stones, Pliiinmets, Too) Sharpeners, . . l)ird Stones, Pestles, Bone and Shell Objects, Flint Implements, , Ornaments, Ceremonials and Unknown Objects, Carved Spools, Celts and Axes, Additional Information. SECTION XII. /^ /S^-^Vt- 3i7 n^ 342 342 345- 352 35-^ 360 36^ 364- 367 368 369- 372 375 376 379' 3S2 3.^3 3^9- 395 ■ 395 396' • 397 398' • 39'*?- 399, 4UO SECTION XI 11. The Manufacture of Flint Implements, Flaking by Heat Theory, Flint Ridge Ouarries, 40 1 413 413' mm ■■■■ii XII Contents. SECTION .:iv. Additional Information, Concliidinj,' Remarks, Fraudulent Specimens, Detection of Frauds, . General Observations, 416 416 416 421 l! ' 4i6 416 416 421 ERRATA. Indi^:^:rMi^^:.''^- ^ ^^^ ^-'- -^ ^--^ - ^o.„tain County. Page 24. ..Hon. J. V. Brower." not '. Bower " Page 25. Ninth line from bottom. " Cremated." not -crea " etc Page 29. "Ceramics," not "ceremics" "ea, etc. Pages.. Undercut: "Tempe." not '• temple." Page 41. 5th line from bottom : -Fig. 50" instead of " C " correct^m^tofrshdl.'"" '^^^^"^ ^ '^^^""^"^"^ ^'^^^"^^^ ^-- is the name'^Jshell. ''' '"^ '''" ^'^ '°"°"^ ^ ^"^'^ "'^^^"'^ ^meline is proper ^^^ Page43. 7th line from top : - I have taken two from," not '• two for." ITZ !'■ ?!' ,""' 'T' ^°P ^ " ^^'"^° • should be . . Umbo. " PaJe '?■ f ''"^^"-^- -'^ •• -Water-shed" instead of .'water-hoad " age.S. 2d hne from bottom : '• exigencies," not •.exe.,"etc pologist'" '• '*' '^'^'''''' ^^^"^ ^^P ^ " ^-ha.o,ogist " instead of • -Anthro- IZt '"*V'"V""; '""""• "-«P--nted."not ..is,"etc P L 80 S '"-/-- bottom : -Sacred pole." not -.pie." of •'^: 'nite."r "^ ^''°^'^ ^"V^ ""^^^^ were.,nitesu;:nor." instead ^^^J^-».e 93. Fourteenth line fromtop : - tribes which." instead of -tribes Page 93- Fig. i ,4 should be added to description • a tvnP nf ., u b. harpoon or sDe.r • r- ri ,,^; * i > ^"pi'oii . a. tjne of staghorn ; I'aS ,'!!■ s? I"" '"'" '"'' '■ " ''-'•-"■'■^'-■" no. •■ Pre.' » age 144. Statement concerning Fig 6 should r^a^ .. \Z tl' ir " '"'" '"P ^ ■■ "■ »'■ ^^'"^'Pl^^- i-'ead of .• W H ■ ■'^e MS. iMg. ..5 represent,, a trojj, no, a h.nnan. Scale ,.3 n„, , ,. 1 XIV Ennta. 1 6th line from bottom : Sth line from bottom Moccasin Bend," not "point." 'now for sale, ' instead of "sale Page 169. Page 175. now for." Page 191. 3d line below Flaked Implements, a comma between the words " another, in." Page 194. 4th line from top, " apperature " should have only one " p." Page 197. Last line under Fig. 288, letter "o" should be "of." Page 198. 6th line from top, " the" should be " a." Page 199. 10th line down, " Kuntztown " should be "Kutztown." Page 199. 14th line from top, " Brush " should be " Bush." Page 199. 17th line from top, "three" should be "two." Page 199. Fig. 299 is from Deisher Collection. Found near Kutztown. Page 202. 3d line from top, " hunting spears " should not be in italics. Page 202. Opposite cut ; 3d line. Fig. 306 drops the word " was " be- fore the word "chipped." In the lower line of the same description "Lock" should be "Loch Haven." 9th line from bottom of page, " Hunnepin " should be " Hennepin." The word "again" in the loth line from the bot- tom up should be erased. Page 203. 2d line from top, should be " implements." " Teshous " in loth line from bottom is printed "To the left of them, "should be "Those figured on the lower part of the cut are 4 water-worn," etc. Page 206. Sth line from top, ' ' exapnding, " should be ' ' expanding. " Page 206. Fig. 311. " Stjuamusae" should be "squamosal." Fig. 313 is shown full, not \ size. Last line on this page should be ' ' Bucks " and not ' ' Buck's " Sth line below Fig. 319, should be "J. M. M." not " T. M." 4th line from top, "niched" should be "nicked." 5th line below Pipes should be "evinced" and not "con- Page 207. Page 209 Page 2 I o, Page 2 1 1 Page 2 r 4, vinced." Page 216. line from bottom utor an almost" should be "always." Sth Dt " monotor. " Page 232. Third line from, top, )uld be " monitoi line from bottom for " crustaceous " read " crustaceans Page 233. 2d line from top for "Tuolunne" read " tuolunme. Page 233. 5th line from top for " trappeau " read " trappe an. 13th line from bottom, for "have" read " I have." 5th line from bottom, for " Haliotio refuscene " readi "Haliotis rufescens. " Page 235. loth line from bottom, for "Santa Rose" read "Santa Rosa. Page 23S. 3d line from top, for " rufes-cens " read "rufescens. 7th nne fr om top, for " crass-atelloides " read " crass- atelloides. Errata. XV l'droceed. Excavate all ash pit;^ carefully, as valuable objects are frequently found in them. Small hand trowels or broad, dull knives, and whisk brooms are indispensable. Ordinary large d-sjging tools need no explanation. Enter all finds upon a map or ground plan and note in the squares (by numbers or letters) the skeletons or objects, etc., found. Fijr. 4. Tviik-;il collection. S. 1-1-. Owntd l)y Charles L. Kntzeiilierjiei'. fireenville Ohio, .-^iitlioiiy Katzeiihtrjicr assisted in inakiiijj the collection. It has since been ,-i (Med to l)y the son. (ieorj;e A, B r- ■■■Mi 2( CoUectiona and Explorations. 21 8. Number or letter the oljjects or crania (or entire hcnts) and als-o designate the mound or site so that it and its content;' may not become confused with the resv:hs of cxph)rations in other mf;nu- ments. 9. Photojj^raph skeletons or objects in situ. 10. Keep a careful field catalogue or diary and retain the sf.me series of numbers or letters in the patkinj>; boxes, etc. 11. Pack specimens for tram-portatitm so that thee is no (L'in<;cr of breakaj^e. 12. Shellac, or a light solution ofjilue, or a dozen other good prtter- vatives for bones, ])ottery or soft substances. Paekir.g i,<".])er, ex- celsior, string, boxes, etc. ah f g b Fiil, "i. Stone ^ravc finds, Tt'iiu. S, 1-5, (aliodt). Mr. (U'o. I). liiiviics, Chntl.-nKioua. There is subject matter for nriny pages in nearly every one . Neat nrrnngciiiciit of axt-s and rollcr.s (or otoiigatcd jji-stlcs), Tiiin S. 1-6. Mr. C. D. Barnes, Chattanooga. great satisfaction in securing the results of farmers' spring or fail plowing; they watched Dr. Smith's rival collection, and l)()ught him out when he was liard u|); they loved to tramp all day .dong the streams or over the hills, and returned with a keen relish for a substantial supper, after which they settled themselves down to their ])ipcs and reminiscences. riiesc two men, I say, got much out of life. Their collecting meant more than the mere purchase of a rare object. Readers can do no better than to enudate their exam])les. • Keeping of a Collection. 29 Figure 1 is a ground phm of a tyi)ical mound. Figure 2 is a cross sec- tion of another mound. It is not difficult to make such diagrams or maps and they add to the scientific value of a collection. Little was found in either of these mounds, and for that reason I select them at; illustrations. The "great finds" are seldom made. Indeed, for the average colljetor, village sites offer a more productive field. Certainly more is to be fc.uiid on and in them. Having begun the opening of a mound, it must be completed, whereas in a village site the student is not compelled to examine the entire field. IIS Is, \y lit Fljj. 7. Card oforic'lic ini;)li'iiieiits, well Rroiipfd. Mii liii;,'iii. S. 1-5. .MiUlic'll, St. I'aiil. lie Riv Mr Really, the mounds should be examined l)y scientilic nniseuin;-. Col lectors had best let them remain undisturbed, .\fter all, mound exjiloiiiig is a delusion and a snare. Out of some 400 which I have seen opciiul, less than 50 yielded man\' objects. That is, from the collector's point of \ ii. w. 24 Prehistoric Implements. trrJ^-T'-'ry ">'t,t/: ?T^"- ' — ^ l-iii. S lioiif .Mill slicll lif.ids iVniii siti's fill till- i)l;iiiis niotniU'd lo l,i>t .-Klvniitnai-. k iiisas i li Uorical Sdiii'lv collcTliDii. (Scalt- sli.iwii ) . Colii'lcsv ot llif lloii, j. \'. Howt'i ■ St. r.-iiii. Keeping of a Collection, 25 the other 350 did not justify the time, money and labor expended in t'eir examination. Colleetors have a suffieientJy broad Held in suri'aee hunting, buyinjif of farmers, ete. The Keeping of a Collection. As in everything; else, one may be neat and orderly in arranj^infr his cx- liil)it, or he mriv be the reverse. On this seore I shall write as much as si)aee ])ermits. I ])resent, in Fi^s. 3 to 9, several exhibits. All of them contain ;;ood, tine, or unicjue s])ecimens. It would be diffieul to im])rove u])on the ar- ran) ruins, near Phoenix, .\rizon;i: valley of the Salt river. S. l-(i. 1 and li, water coolers. The same form is in use amont; .Mexicans andlndians tocl.-iy; 8, jar in which ashes and hnrnt hones were found. (IJouhtlcss acreaniated l)od_v.) Fig. 4 is ;i section of Mr. Katzenberger's large collecticm. It is much more neatly arranged, although some change:? might jjroperh- be made. Figs. 5 and G are yet better. They are a portion of Mr. Barnes' southern collection. (All these various groups will be described in their proper sec- tions.) It will be observed that he has jmt his stone-grave finds such as en- graved shells, beads and pottery in one grouj); his axes, etc., in another. A little more space between the stone tools in Fig. (J would have l)r()ught out the details more clearly. i "^ .'jf*»' Jfv- 3: ^^'y^* 26 Prehistoric Implements. Fig. 7 is a cache of splendid flint blades from Michigan — collection of the Rev, Mr. Mitchell. He hjis grouped them simply but effectively. Any class of flint objects in a collection of average size might be displayed in this man- ner. In cabinets of more than 2000 specimens the knives, or spear-heads, or perforators, or (jther forms might Ix* sorted out and fastened to cardboard; the largest ones lieing in the center and the smallest forming crescents or other designs in the comers. Bone or shell beads are not highly esteemed b}' most collectors. But they can be so displayed as to make them attractive. In Fig. 8 is illustrated an exhibit of Ix'ads in the Kansas Historical Society Museum.* It is a very good presentation of the various kinds of ancient beads found on the Plains. Eastern or southern bead finds should be mounted in this manner. Most collections are not larger than can be accommodated in an ordin- ary book case. Special cabinets cost little more than "stock book cases." Furniture men or the more skillful carpenters of any communit}* are able to Fig. 10. Jar of coiled ware, New Mexico. S. 1-J-. These were made by coiling Ion ', thill strips of stiitaliie clay arotnid sonic plain jar. liasket, stone or other object, of the desired shape. make them. For 500 to 1000 s])ecimens: 5 feet high; 4 kci wide; 5 shelves (sloping) ranging from 7 to 10 inches apart; 2 drawers in base for heavy ()l)jects or poor and duplicate specimens; glass doors, etc. For 1200 to 3000 specimens: OVafcet high; 5 feet wide, strip through center (top to- bottom) to support shelves; glass doors and ends, etc. Place the cabinet in a very light room— not in a dark corner, as many collectors do. As TO THE Arranokmknt ov Specimens. Flan to have sloping shelves in the cabinet and devote each shelf to cer- tain kinds of olyects. Canton flannel (or thin cotton strips) is surticiently rough to prevent ornaments, flint implements or other small artifacts from slipping. They can be placed in rows, circles or other artistic groups ac- cording to the fancy of the collector. When not sewed on canlboard the si)ecimens can be more c(mvenicntly handled; lout there is great danger of l)rcakagc. Light objects on a dark background, or dark objects on a light l);ickground will bring out the details of workmanship into strong relief. ' I am indebted to the Hon. |. V. Hrower for the loan ol this ai.d otlier iilates. The Southwest, 27 ollection of the 2ly. Any class ed in this man- spear-hcads, or [ to cardboard; ig crescents or ollectors. But 8 is illustrated .* It is a very 1 on the Plains, inner. ;d in an ordin- { book cases.'* itj' are able to ,'are, New Mexico, coiling Ion r, thin i some plain jar. ;l, of tlic desired ide; 5 shelves ase for heavy 1200 to 3000 ) to' bottom) let in a verv shelf to cer- Is sufficiently Irti facts from Ic groups ac- Irdhoard the [it danger of Is on a light ftrong relief les. Put heavy axes, pestles or mortars on the l)ottom shelf. PotteT\' (whole) can be arranged on top (outside) juwl protected by 3 or 4 wires strung idong in front. The finer, or more delicate, whole pottery can be ])lficed on one of the shelves. Number light specimens with India ink; dark ones, with white paint. Record in a book the numbers, locality, etc Large, unsightly laJx'ls deface specimens and are an <'d)omin.'ition. All scientific museums paint num- bers on the sjjecimens .'ind record same in books or kecj) a cfird indejc. On large specimens the site may properly be painted or inked, {is; I 1417 I But small objects look I Allen Co., | better if only numbered. I Mich^ I Spool cases, or similar sets of drawers, are convenient for duplicates or common forms. Figs. 12 am! 11. Canon He Chellcy niin, New Mexico. S. 1-1. " Fonn sinj;nlar. lieinji an accurate copy of a gourd split longitudinally. The ])atlern consists of parallel lines in two ;oiitli of I'aniiinfjtoii, New .Mexico. There are 17 rtiiiis in this "jroiip. S. 1-2. .\ lew red- ware ceremonial vessc's may e.vcell lliis miiu; or " slcin." Fig. 18. Ki-r. 15. « m I'i^'. 14, From Kio Veriie C'lilVhons-es, .\rizoiia. S. 1-2. Wishing to avoid all controversies; for this volume is descriptive of im- plements, wcap(ms, ornaments, etc., rather than of tribes, monuments or cultures, I shall attempt no classificaticm of the stone, adobe, boulder, cave or other ruins found in such prodigious numl)crs in the famed Southwest. Investigators diffcrccmccrning them. Some say there are foiu" distinct tvpes, representing four tribes or epochs, (thers maintain that cliff-houses arc * .\Ir. Ci. H. I'c])|)er lias s])enl loin' seasons at the Cliaeo {ironii, lor tl.e .Xniericin .Mtis cinii of Natural Flistorv. His discoveries ol' ]iottir_\ , tiircnioise. woodcxi lonls, etc.. wire reniark.alde. The Southwest. 29 hut fortified puchlos and arc to be grouped as l)elonginjj to oneeulture— sim- ilar throu^jhout the whole seetion — ah)ng with boulder and abode ruins. A few eonsider the eave dwellinjjrs (exe.'iv.'ited rooms) asmarkinj.^ oneepoeh or tribe different from any other: they also reeojj^nize the boulder ruins as dis- tinet, but group all eliff, valley, or mesa ruins of dressed st(me or adobe l)rieks under one head. Thus, when the authorities disagree, how shall we laymen deeide? The Southwest is a field very extensive and rieh. Roughly, it is 700 by oOO miles in extent and eonti'iins thousands of ruins and sites.* Man has but a faint ecmeeption of its arehaeologieal treasures. Of all seeti(ms in this book it is done the least justiee. The (lila, Upi)er Colorado, Lower Colo- rado, San Juan, I'eeos, La Plata, Animas, de Chcllcy, Salado and a dozen other valleys— (m eaeh might be written a volume or two. in the miles i}it<)ii. TIru- II this A tc-w this F 1(> Howl iVoiu clirt-rtiiii in Kio Venle icsrioi S. 1-'.'. I owls of this tviM ire eonunoii in the elilV-dweller's eouutiv, liiit the .leeoiatioii^ on this ate sti ikin )f im- Its or C.'lVt." Ives I. (.vpes, ; are M»is Ckkkmics. I'ottcry in the Southwest is very numerous and takes various forms. The decorated bowls, urns, jars, bottle I'orms jjerforated for susjiension. ladles and many other types are pcjidiar to the Southwest. The percentage of types similiar to those discovered in Mexico or elsewhere is very small. It is also noted by observers that with the sole exception of plain jars, bowls * .\'.)rtli,.'rn Utah to (Inlf ot' Calilorriia ; Iv is tern Calil<-rnia (state) to the Kio (ir.-mdc. 80 Prehistoric Implements. I ,, and dishes, none of the forms are like those found in such numbers along the Mississippi river, or at any point in the Hast. Fig. 9 shows a number of broken bowls or dishes and some large jars or ollas. Some mano stones or grinders (used ujjon the large Hat nietattes for crushing grain) are lying in the foreground. These large ollas were used for several purposes. Thej'are quite porous V\)i. 17. Howl from a cliff-riiiii ill the Kio Verde canon, Arizona, S. 1-2. A common form. I Fig. 18. This jar has enclosed perforations for suspension. Itwasfcund in a honlder-rnin near Fai inington, New Mexi- co. The decoration does not extend to the base; a feature sometimes noted in Southwest pottery. S. 1-2. I and make excellent water jars, keeping their contents cool even in the ex- treme heat of summer. Occasionally, the remains of cremated bodies wc;re placed in them. The same form, but of coiled ware, is common in the cliff- houses. Ollas of valley, desert or cliff ruins £ire sometimes very large. I have found specimens more then 2 feet in height and 20 inches in diameter. Rroken fragments of thick ones at least 25 by 30 inches have been reported. The Southwest. ai These largest ones were douljtless for the storage of j^rain, seeds, roots, ete. So far as I am aware but few of the coiled ware jars and ollas are found in the numerous ruins of j)ueI)los of southern Arizona and New Mexico. Most of valley or desert jars arc ])laiii, rdthou^^h some specimens of coiled ware occur. In the elifT-houses and about the boulder ruins, Jind in stone pueblos of the hij,di mesas, are found many beautiful exami)les of the potter's .'irt. They arc made from the best clay, well tcmi)ered and artistically decor.'ited. I present I'l characteristic series from widely separated ruins in the South- west. I woidd call special attention to Fig. 15 as bcinj^ one of the fmcst sijecimens that I have ever seen. [jar has ms for I'cuiul 11 f a r Mtxi- 11 (It)CS liasc; a noted I'ig T.) Amii'iit t'iliol;' I'.atinji Howl, sliowiiiff (a) "exit trail i)t' litl'." S. 1-1, ImuiiuI ill a Sail river ruin, near rc^fniule, Arizona, hv I'ri.f. Ctisliiim in ISSS. ex- Iwere Icliflf- I .'ter. ked. Dippers .'ind ladles such as Pigs. 11 and 12 are common. Plain ones arc rare. Of the mug or cup forms Xordenskiold and others figure many. They arc usually low and broad, not high like Fig. 15. Hut, fully one half of them arc as perfect and well made as Fig. 14. Efkioies and Unknown Objects of Stone. The famous " desert region " proper (Southern .\rizona and New Mexico), and particularly the southern portion of Arizona, abounds in certain cfHgies or ceremonials, or unknown objects which have, as j'et, not been descril)e(l by archaeologists. There are numy of these peculiar specimens which arc not found elsewhere in the Southwest. Some of them occur in Southern California or Old Mexico. A few of the more simple forms have been (lis- 33 Prehistoric hnphnwnts. covered in the L-lifl-niins to the north of the (iila, S.'ilt and Verde rejjfions. Absolutely nothing is itnown rej^.'irdin^j; them. I shall present H^iires of twelve or fifteen in order th.'it collectors may l)e able to recognize the forms in the future, hut shall atteni])t no solution of the purpose of their manufac- ture. A few of these things are made by the Pima and Maricopa Indians for sale. Hut these are in imit.'ition of the oUl ones, and tosav that.'inveon- 1 i I'ip. '20. Froin tlu' Di'Si'it mills near Mesa, Arrzoiia. S. 1-2. if^f,*.- Fi)». 21. From the Desert ru- ins near Mesa, .\ri:.oiia. S. 1-2. KiK- 20 is an owl and Fijj. 21 a bear. -a siderable numbers of them are modern products, is to assume a position substantiated l)y neither reason nor the facts in the case. They are of malpi, tufa or other volcanic and lava stones; seldom of granite. They are found about the ruins, along the old irrigating canals, or on the desert near no ruins. Some of them are readily recognized as being owls, Gila monsters, bears, lizards, turtles, wolves, etc. Others are rude or manifestly made grotesque so that we cannot distinguish them. Hi- !?1 The Southwest. 33 Fig. 22 is a j^roup of various ohjcvts from the pueblos of the Salt Valley. Ordinary axes are on the top shelf, /*. Those marked h are .several perfor- ated stones (like rin>;s) and two double mortars. These hatter are very small and hardly deserve the name of mortar. But what shall we eall them? At c there is another of the rinjjs, and a peeuliar euj) stone havinj? a rude handle, or ])ro)eeti(m at the top. In the eenter there is a long stone •lecorated with a rude human faee. It has been suggested th.at it represents phallie worshi]). In the lower shelf (marked d) are two oval stones having smooth bases and handles. Doubtless, they were used in j)reparing elay for the manufaeture of pottery. At f, a small ring, and two "mortars", or unknown objeets. The third speeimen to the right off is perlorjited. FiR. 21 Isiticm [)m of [inals, led as rs are I Fig. 22. From ruins near Tciiipe, Arizona. S. !-,">. Figs. 23 and 24 vshould be studied by some one competent to classifv the effigies of the Salt Valley. 23 may be a turtle and 24- a liird. I do not know. 23 is remarkable in that it is slightly hollowed out as if designed to hold a small quantit3' of liquid, or "ceremonial food," or something else. Fig. 26 is an owl, but Fig. 25 is unknown. Fig. 27 is a common ring or circular object, perforated. These are very common in the Southwest and range from one inch to twenty inches in diameter. They are seldom thin, usually thick and roundetl on the edge, not flat like the Eastern discoidals or ehungee stones. Fig. 28 is unknown. Fig. 29 is a metatte having legs. The common form of a metatte is a flat or hollow stone from 10 to 30 inches in len^h upon which the mano or II 11 II ■■II luj ^■lui.yum.JiHiwaBi 34. Prehistoric Implements. f'if^. 2'^. iMoni nc.'ir I'dociiiv. Aii/oii.i. S. l-l . Fif(. 24. From iicav I'lKiiiix. Arizojin. S. 11. The Smith west. 35 n near rhotiiix. F'v' 2;'). I'joiii iicrir Mesa, Arizona. S. 1-2, Fi^. 26. Fijj. 27. I'roni an did canal lu-ar rjiofuix. Arizona. S. 1-2. 'i" .A ','4, X ' ■«;■-.■ " -O^i ;1 i^ W V]fi. 2s. Pmni an old ranal noar l'iie elift-house axe !s inferior to eastern forms. Tlie desert pueblo axes are suiicrior, as a whole, but individual axes are found in the JMississipj)! and St. Lawrence basins sui)erior to any ])■ oduction of the Southwest's axe makers. I am sorry that limited s])ace i)revents a ,/resentation of several Arizona axes, lull size. Kio, ;l;). Tvpical ;\ X c iVoni niiiu'd |iiii.l)l() lu-ai' I'lioc- iii.\, .\ii/()iia. S. 1-1.'. I'olihlu-il uraii- (l;ir Iff 11 V\'fX, .'51) is an axe havinj.i- a Hat back. The heads or jiolls of Arizona ]; eblo axes .are usurdly rounded. ])ointed or s(|uared. But the clifif-house ,'i ;j . not. ordy of .\rizor.a, l)i t of this whole Southwest reiiion .are very inferior. Collectors must bear in mind the distinction. NonL'nskiold found SL'vcr.-il .'ixesmounled in their ()rij.;inalhandles.* The Stale Musj.im , at Henvcr li;id on exiiibition (in 1S1)7) some mounted .axes, also many throwinj.i' sticks, .e.ather robes, knives and sjiears in h.andles, etc. All skin, wood, elotli, fibre, etc., jjossessions of the eastern tribes jjcrishcd b^'cause of clim.itic conditions. The Southwest, bein.u: arid, presents for our study the v^ry el.asses of m.ateri.al which we hack in other localities. In addition to dryness, the textile fabrics, wooden .and feather objects had .' ddition.'il protection, beinj^ left in undernround rooms, or within shelterin^j^ caves, or covered by desert s.and. Thus, tiiiinj; it to the sliaft still adlicr- iiit; to it. .'?. Kuilc t)f (|uart/.ito. ■anm jnumiJimiM 40 Prehistoric Implements. 4. Axe in handle. Decorated blade. Handle composed of twigs bent around the axe and bound with strips of vucca and hide. 5. Scraper of flint, with a cotton string bounf' around it. 6. Sandstone axe in handle. 7. Quartzite knife. Traces of jjitch or asphalte remain. Knives were fastened to handles with such substances. 8. Skinning knife of hornstone. Perhaps a celt-like object (curved, polished stone hatchet). 0. A polished stone hatchet or celt. These arc frecpiently found. They are thin and sharp. The eastern type of celt does not occur. 10. okinning knife rf hornstone. The handle was found still attached to the knife, i)ut was entirely decayed. I have reproduced all of tnese from Baron G. Nor- denskiold's Clifl-Owcllers of the Mesa Verde, plate XXXVI. Fig 4-1. Prom adobe ruin (jnieblo) near I'hoenix, Arizona. S. 1-2. Polished ;,'rcen granite. Very sharp. i I I i f ! Fig. 42. Typical, grooved hammer. From a ruin in Southwestern Colorado. S. 2-3. Fig. 43. Group of stone axes from cliff-dweller buildings in Colorado (Nordenskiold). II. Unusually long. />. Similar to specimens from Arizona. c. A rarer form, being narrow at the top (])oll) and having a broad blade. (1. Originally an axe but afterwards used as a hammer. The end.s battered and cutting edge worn until the groove is about the middle. The Southwest. 41 Not a few do«bk'-l)ittc(l axes are fouiul in the valleys ;^ t'V • ,' I sharp. Snrliice hud ca.st ol' i'hocuix, Arizona. S. 1-1. Fij;. 4r>. From near Phoeui.x, Ari;:niia. K. 1-2. These fag'anteus, Reese, The smaller ones were wrought into fro^s, finj^er-rin^s, ete. Beads were eom- monly made of the Oliva biatula, (nirelin and Oliva biplieta, Sow. Dr, (irilhth found some fossil shells in the ruins. Other shells are numerous ; I have s])aee for no more.t *Pacitic Coast sllells from I'rchi.storic TusavaK Piiel)los. Dr. ]. W. I'ewkes, American Aiitliropologist, ISDG, \>. 35!). llUlnio-fom-liolojiy. .\ study of I'ritiiitivc .Money. Kobcrt U. C. St«'arns, Sniitlisoiiian Report, 1SS7, j). li'.)7, fzives a very satisfactory account of the Southwest, th« Coast ami of uU America. The Snuth\vc^.t The bracelets and fin^er-rin^ were reduced to sha];e by j^iindiii;^— the shell hein>i rubbed ujjon a rouj^li surface until only the rim remained, Sis. Dr. Fewkes says: "These, as a nde, were not iinely made, but wetx" invariably perforated fit the rembo, possilily on account of the thinness of the shell at that ])()iiit. They seem to have been worn on all tinkers, and I have taken two for the same dijjfit."* Hih|fies in shell are fairly eoninum; of turquoise and onyx, rare, 1 j)rcsent fibres of .'i number. ^^P/ / ^yyl/i^ J2>0 Tlicsf Inivf livi'ii tiiliid >!iii (l;il lasts. Many arc tbtiiu ahoiit (.litl'-riiiiis. W liat iJiiv arc I (li>iiits froin soiitlicni Arizona. Tlitv are tiDt equal to the ()rej;4iu ami North PaeJIic coast I'orms. S. 1-1. i The South west. .4^.M*Si^:^iti,K^^'^iMf&.S.--^ suU I iir. 51. Vi'irious shell trinkets from ruins nj ir Phoenix. S. 1-1. •^6 Prehistoric Implements. II. I'lIiK.v (fish?). ' I). l'r;ij,Mii.;ii i) oz. 1') j^rains. ' It is to be partieularly notieevl." "Mr. llenshaw says: 'that many of the stones have j^rooves worn jironnd tlie perforations, whieh ^.Mooves appear on tlie one side only, and that the i)olishe(l side.' My speeimens fnmi New Hritain also have this ;.froove on one side otily, and its use may he seen in the aeeom])anyinj.i sketeli. The stone is always fixed on the handle with the ).,'roove(l side undermost, and this groove is fdled u]) with a sort of eoUar eomposed of strongly adhesive gum in whieh is set, for ornament, I sui)pose, a cirelet ot the small shell-tips whieh, threaded on a string, are the money eurreney of New lU-itain. This keeps the stone firmly in its plaee and prevents it from 1 IMiociii.v. Kij;. ">;!. !i. Shell onmiticiit. h. Bird effigy of slii'll. c. Fiiifjcr riiij; ot shell. il. Shell oriiiiiiR'iit. Phoenix ruins. S. l-l. It should he ohserved thit n ;ind l> are (liy error) shown twiec llie size of the orij;inals. The rin>; .'md shell pendant are tnll size. Ine some slipping down. The groove, of course, is necessary for the reception of Ji sutlieient tpiantity of gum and shell. It would, perhaps, be more eorcet to say that the groove is filled with gum and that the ' money ' is then stuck on around the staff and pressed into the gum before it hardens. " The h)wer end of the liandle is sharpened and is used as a thrusting spear at close (juarters. " These clubs are still in active use cracking skulls in New Britain at the present day ; and this fact proves that whatever other use perforated stones may be put to, they are certainly used as war clubs. The evidence is con- clusive that they are used by the Hottentots as weights for digging sticks, but I have not met with any proof that they manufacture them for that 1^ ^imammsmmmmmm 48 Prehistoric Imphmcn ts. purpose. I have seen a statement, thoujj^h where I cannot remember, that these stones are fre(|uently ibund exposed after tlie soil has heen washed away by heavy rains, and it is (|uite ])ossible that Burchell's Hottentot. c|uoted by Mr. Henshaw on j). 12, may have been utiHzed for his grnnfstok, the club-head of some Icm^-forgotten warrior of another race. "Itisquitelikely that the stones in some jjlaces maybe perforated especi- ally for dij>:;,Mng^ sticks, but it does not seem likely that the same stone would be used for that purpose and for a war club as well, as sug;,a'sted by the Rev. Lanj>:ham Dale, quoted by Mr. Henshaw on p. i:}. The sava^a- needs to have his war club always ready, and the stone must be a fixture in a position which unfits it for dijjffin^ purposes. I' The di^;,Mng stick is used throughout the South Sea Islands and in Aus- tralia, Init I have never met with it weighted by a perforated stone. Among the Australian blacks it is a woman's implement. The women use it for tl'S^i"^' wild yams and edible roots. They also em])loy it very effectually as a weapon when their husbands are hard pressed in a fight and they come to the rescue. They rush in, shrilly screaming, and raake excellent i)lay with their yam sticks on the heads of the foe.* LORIMEK F'iSON, M. A." The .^niericaii .\iilhi-oi)oloj;ist. Vol. II. N'o. 2. .■Xiiril, ISSi). Pii}>c.s 1 77-S. 'This aijplicK c(iually well to tlit .\iizoua-Ni-vv Mexico " wheels." iR-rfoiateii stones, etc. SECTION IL The Upper Missouki; The I'pprr Mississippi. There is little to be sriid re<^arding these regions. Not many stone, flint or clay objects arc found. A number of shell and bone beads or ornaments occur, Sucli types as arc duplicated on the Pacific coast will l)e dcscrilx'din the section treating of that region. The Upper Missouri, as a whole, is high in altitude and ranges from 'i. 000 to 11,000 feet above sea level. Not enough implements have been found to justify archaeologists in paying special attention to it, I doubt not that a careful examination of the territory would reveal a number of new tvjjes, but the information at hand is scant. Concerning the Upper Mississi])])i more may be said. It must lie borne in mind that Minn 'sota was settled at an earlier date than Montana, Wyoming, or North and Soutii Dakota. Conscfjuently, much more is known regarding prehistoric man of the Upper Mi.ssissippi than of ancient man of the Upper Missouri. p Fig r)4. Delicfilc .•xrrow-points. lU'aiUvattfs o( Missouri River. S, 1-1. Tlio various tiiriii.s are i)rc'setiteil. The Centennial Valley is within a few miles of the water-head separating tlie Pacific from the Missouri. On the headwaters of the racific streams are found small ])oints like those of Oregon and Washington. I ]>rcsent •sever.il in Fig. 54. In l-'ig. o5 arc si.s obsidian implements from the Centennial Valley, rj)pcr Missouri, Montana. Fig. 5(5 illustrates nineteen flint and obsidian implements from the Centennial Valley and vicinity. From the headwaters of the river on down through the Dakotas fornearly 1,500 miles quite a number of stone, clay and bone objects have been found. But descriptions of these are brief and mostly fragmentary, being scattered through various reports and journals. I can do no more than call attention to some of the prevailing tyi)es I 50 Pnhis t one Implements. Fig. 5'>. Obsidian implements, Montana. S. 1-1. I am indebted to the Hon. Urowcr lor Kigs. 55 to 62. .!■ V. The Upp2r Missouri and The Upper Mississippi. 51 t Ion. J. V. have thous^ht that a prop^'rly appointed survey should embark in a steam launeh at the mouth of the Yellowstone river, in Montana, and follow the Missouri down to Kansas City. This trip eould be aeeomplished in I'uwr or five months. Government eharts of the region traversed eould be procured, and all the prehistoric sites marked. Although varitms expeditions have passed up and down the Missouri in the last fifty years, there has been no svstcmatie record of the villages either ancient or modern. The character of the artifacts found on camp sites of the river, or upon its tributaries, have not been described. Readers will understand that in attempting to describe the specimens of the Upper Missouri, I am laboring at a great dis- advantage, and I must therefore be pardoned for presenting the facts obtainable in the form of a synopsis. These were reproduced from the following books b^* Mr. Browcr: Missouri River and its Utmost Source. St. Paul, 1897. Pre-historic Man at the Head-Waters of the Mississippi. St. Paul, 1895. Mr. Browcr is well known as an historian, geographer and archaeolo- gist and his explorations have been ver\' extensive and quite successful. The tribes living on either side of the Missouri, and using it as a highway for communication with other peoples either above or below, were, i)rimar- ily, plains or hunting tribes. In the later times these were designated as Horse Indians to distinguish them from other savages living in the moun- tains or woods. in this region arrow-points or small spear-heads and knives arecommon. Grooved axes are rare. Celts or ])olished stone hatchets are fairlyconnnon. Hematite is rare. Copper olyects are very seldom found far uj) the .Missouri. Eiut it occurs in the Dakotas and is very common from Minnesota eastwards throughout the lake region. The pottery is jilain iind of an inferior grade. But few specimens are decorated, and many of the fragments exhibit basket mouldings or other marks U])on the exterior, showing thjit the vessels were fashioned within moulds of rush, or reed, or cane, or hide. Pipes are largely made from catlinite. Hut few foreign substances are found, indicating that barter, trade or commerce was not extensive. Stone-mauls or hammers are common. These may have been used in hunting buffalo or antelojje in the snow, or for breaking large bones, pounding, etc. The arrow-j)oints are (piite small and do not present that diversity of form and material found in the Soutli or towards the East. The types of arrow-jjoints, knives and sjji'ar- heads illustrated in Fig. 5(5, from Montana, are (juite different from those occuring on the river farther down. But none of them, whether from the Upper Missouri or from the Lower Missouri, are to l.e compared wilii similar artifacts from the Pacific Coast, the East or the South. The bone awls arc like those from the village sites or tumili of otlier .sections of the United States. Bone scrapers, made from tibiae of the deer, antelope, elk or buflalo, are more fre(|uent than elsewhere. Many round halls of stone are found. These may have been slung shots, or mounted as heads to war clubs. Types of more modern make, iron arrow- I ill 'H ri i ji I I ■manHMSsigiBai 52 Prehistoric Implements. 4 liu- "»(> Ohsii'iaiv and Hiut implements. I'liin'i- Mussuiui CCvtUctiuinl Valley.) S. l-'J. The Upper Missouri and The Upper Mississippi. 53 ])oints, brass Ijeacis, and scalping knives are common, hut fis this hook treats of the jirehistoric only, I shall not attempt to describe them. Brief articles on archacolog}' of the Missouri River and tributaries have been published in The American Antiquarian, The American Anthroi)olo- gist, Smithsonian Reports, etc. Most of the papers treat of mound explor- ations .'ind say but little about implements, ornaments or utensils. Mr. T. H. Lewis seems to have done as much work through the Dakotas, eastern Nebraska and northern Iowa as anj'one else. Of the Upper Mississippi more can be said. The relics of this region are somewhat like those of the lakes, although there arc some diflferences which will be treated of when we discuss the types found from Duluth to Montreal and throughout the St. Lawrence basin. In Fig. 57 I present fragments of pottery from Itasca Lake and other localities. Excepting a few of the decorations, this pottery is very like that found on the Upper Missouri. In Fig. 58 three specimens are presented. No. 1 is a typical pipe of catlinite, although of ancient form. No. 2 is a round disc of unknown use. No. 3 is a hammer stone of peculiar type. Fig. 59 are two grooved stone hammers. k, from Leech Lake, and B, from Lake Itasca. Both are shown full size. They are such forms as are common throughout the Missouri Valley north of Kansas City. Fig. 60 presents: No. 1, a copper wire, probably a hair pin or ear ornament; No. 2, a scraper; No. 3, a flint knife; No. 4, a small scraper; No. 5, a large obsidian spear; and No. 7, a very fine obsidian spear. All these are shown full size. Fig. 61 presents seven copper imple- ments, all shown full size. Fig. 62 is a large, flint spear-head of unusual type. Specimens of this form are usually pointed at each end and are supposed to have been used as knives. This specimen is of that general t^'pe, onl^' that it appears that one end has been cut off", leaving a base about two-thirds of an inch in diameter. The artisan who was able to produce so fine a specimen of aboriginal work- manship as this was certainly an adept in his profession. These are found throughout the St. Lawrence basin and the lakes region, but are very rare farther south. Tiic great obsidian ledges or cliffs of the Yellowstone Valley have furnished material for countless cutting tools and projectiles. All over the hills and plains, within a d.'iy's journey of the clifts, are scattered Iractured blocks, spalls, broken and finished implements. Throughout the two Dakotas prehistoric villages seem to have l)een located near the Missouri or upon its tributaries. Stone mounds find bowlder efligics are common. Barth mounds a'ld fortifications arc rare. A i)L'culiar si)ecimcn of the "scrajjcr form" is common in the Rocky mountains. I will t|uote Dr. Wilson's remarks: " Lest some critic shouUl pick a flaw in the foregoing statement of facts, I nietition the teshoa, a kind of scraper jjctuliar to the foot liills on tlic eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. It was descril)ed by I'rolcssor Lcidy, and siK'cimens have been sent to the Museum by Col. I'. H. Ray. They were sim])ly spauls from boulders with a sharj) edge and were knocked K I mMjaMumjmmmmm 54 Prehistoric Implements. Via. 37. Pottery fragments IVoin the Upper Mississippi, near Lake Itasca. S. 1-2. The Upper Missouri and The Upper Mississippi. ;>;> oflF by the Indians durinj; their bufTalo hunts, used temporarily, Jind left. This is believed to be the only exeejjtion to the universality of the form of the stone serajjer in the Xcolithie a^e throuj^hout the world."* It is also found in the Southwest. The prevailing t\'pcs and scareity of speeiniens ean best be illustrated by (|uoting from some of the reports o\\ Held work, ete. Mound exploration in Pipestone County, Minnesota. Conceniinj; one tumulus, the aecount says: " Beneath the latter was a pile of broken stones, mostly of smaller sizes, among which were pieees of pi])estone, l)adl\' decayed fragments of human ai.d coyote bones, but no entire skeleton. In this were found charcoal and ashes, the only instance of their presence in any of the mounds at this place. They were underneath the pllj orst;)n>;s. A small drill was found with them." t Dr. Thomas' observations on the pottery are briefly stated : "The ornamentation of the pottery is, as a rule, similar to that of the Mandans, except that it appears to be a trifle ruder. The characteristic incised lines of the Mandan pottery are constantly met with. The temper- ing material employed is also the same, it being a fine silicious sand."t. The only find of importance made in the region — and it includes most of the objects found there — is described b\' Dr. Thomas as follows : " Souris river mounds. "A catlinite pipe of the tubular variety, curving toward the base, and mary pieces of broken pottery were found with them. These pottery frag- ments are ornamented with straight incisions, and are composed of a mixture of clay tempered with fine sand or pulverized granite. Five catlinite pipes of the tubular variety, a polished sandst(me tablet engraved on one side with the rude fifi,urc of a turtle, and two small c\i\y cups, about the size of an ordinary finger bowl, accompanied the skeletons. The pottery has an incised spiral ornamentation extending all around the bowl and a corru- gated rim. The composition is a mixture of clay with fine sand or pulverized granite. Quite a fresh piece of bark, appfirently bearing the marks of a knife along one edge, wtis also found accompanying these remains. "Also three fine specimens of arrow-heads of a light grayish flint and .'i portion of some polished implement of bone, ornamented with straight incised lines which appear to have been produced with a sharp steel knife." t| The peculiar tubular pipes made of catlinite, described by Dr. Thomas, were found in Iowa, Kansas, and occasionally elsewhere. The other ob- jects are typical of the region. I have reserved the lower Missouri, or the country better known as " The Great Plains", for a longer and more comprehensive section. •Proceetlings of tlic American Association for tlic Advancement of Science. Forty-eighth meeting, held at Columbus, O., August, 1899. Section H. Anthropology. Address by I)r Thomas Wilson, p. .348. tUr. Cyrns Thomas. .Vnnual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. '90-'91, p. 43. tibid, p. 41. Illbid, p. 37. 1 1 n nc. Prehistoric Implements. Fijj. 38. I'pinT Mississippi Vallcv. S. 1-1. 77k' f'ppci- Missouri nrul The Vpfwr Mississippi. 57 : .. ill ;1 ( 1 ■■ "11 «1l w I m m 1^1 Flj^. 5'.). Tw) i;ro >vo 1 sluu' li iiii.ii.ts Iioiu llic I'piicT Mississi|)])i. S, 11. 58 Prehistoric Iniplcmcutfi. , \ I ' I Viii. •'" ()l)si(liaii, flint and copper objects from the I'ppcr Mississip),i .1. (Browcr.) The I'ppvr Misxfiri ittui The fftpcr Missisfn'pf)! I'i.U.dl. (.'opucr ol)jcTts trorii Miinicsula. S. 1-1. I'loiii M r. J. \'. lirnwci '^! l/vp lli;i(l\v,iur> >\ the Mississi|i]ii Kivtr." In the iriili r i> a hmi; s]if:ii' llCil .\ I the hi)ll(iiii ■uc two Mii.ill lir.K'elits. Alidvc llii-iii, t wo arrow oi' siiiar heiids of (lilVerinl lyju. I he one to the riyht liaviiig ;i lonj;, pointed base to li.- inserted in a soeket or perlor.ation in llie liandle. Tile other <'>m M eonid he more seeurelv fastened t o a liandle heeanse ol t he overla],]iinji edj^e A I t'iini(|iii' I'onii; (dtiiiii l)y iiic at llif soiirci' ol llic MissDtiti river on :' ^"' lnvjc HJic ,11 tlii'i'rcu ol llio Uoi'kv Moiinliiitis," I woiilil I'.-ill il a kiiilf. Material, linlit iiiotllcd lirowti tiiiit willi red sjiols. Tlie villii^;«.' was In, (KM) feet aliove >.e,i level. Fijr. Cut. \ iieeuliar knife. Foinul associated with jiot slier. C<>i))HT 1)1- Hatiiciit (?), Sanely I,ak<', Minn., (ni-ar sonrci- of river), 'i indi lliicU. S. t-l. !•'!>;. r»7. FVcnIinr I'opiiiT tilijii't 'I'lii' lowcf i'(l>;i' was forinirlv niiich sliarjiiT. Mr. ItrowiT imIIs it a " s|)n(! or "ad/.." I do not know lis nst. Sonii' jirrsons snu^'-"*'^ tiial it was a hiiiiv [K'clcr, til'. It shows .narks of ronjrli service. r|i))cr Miss, river. S. 11 The Vpper Missouri and The Upper Mississippi. r>3 V\jZ. <>M, IVstli-. S. 1 ;». l>r. r. I). Witislii]). Park K;il)i(is, Mimi. I'ii;. (•.'.». C.foovcil liaimm-r. S. l-'_'. Dr. IMt. Wiii- s'lip. i' irk Kapids, Minn. 'I'lu' |ii'sik' mijilii readily pass tor an Oliio Valley spiri- MR-n. riu' ;ii«)()vc(l ll.iinincr is. lidwever, (lillc'rt'nl Irtiin most soullu'in or tasti-ni I'ornis. It is typical of the (Ireat I'lains. r|)pi'r Missouri .'ind Mississip]>i, and of the i/akcs 'm Mr. thai it Fig, 70. S. 1-+. ColUvtion of Mr J. W. Pick, Sliwarlvillt, Minn. No. 1. Copper s])car. ,. 2 I. .• " 3, " axe. " 4.. '• 5, Stone pi})e. (?) MiSts .tuKm !n^^!iKKn9H .1 SECTIOiN III. The Gkkat Plains and Lower Missoiki River Regions. This is a very rich rcjj^ion. It was so in ancient times — it is rich to-day. The wealth then lay in herds of bison and antelope; in countless .acres of wild i)rairie land where man mijjjht roam unfettered. To-day, the jjroductivc ])lains and river valleys are turned to good account by a progressive race; but the vast herds are gone. As the Indians killed buffalo they would have lasted .always, for they si.'iughtered only sufficient game for their needs. Hut the hide-hunters and I'iu. 71 liiiillii'iiw.'ivi' j.'ir •)!• I)i)\vl iK'rror.'iud t'or Mispcnsidii. I'rotii tlu' Hill vill.'ij^r site m;ir .Maiili.itliMi, Kail. Tliis- and otIuT (Ij^ tii«> Ikjiii "riiivira," hv lion. J. \'. Midwii. St. I'aiil, 1S',»S. S. ll.'. the Mills and Dicks of Ironlier fame had no desire to m.ake other tli.iii a "record killing" — hence the bulValo soon (lis.ippcarcd. The northern and southern herds in the sixties .and e.arly seventies num- bered from a.OdO.OOO to lO.OOO. ()()(). Vet of this immense number .1 mere rcnuiant of .'{(>() or 101) remains to-dav. To the Indian the bisor. mc.int food, shelter, dothiny. fuel, etc. 11 is bones .'ind sinews furnished imple ments, cords and ro])cs. Sometimes his hide was nuide to serve as .-i bo.at. In short, the buffalo was ihe lilc of the Pi.ains tribes. Mis destruction, therefore. l)roughi ;d)oul much hardship, w.ars, etc, I mention these facts •C'lil. K. 1. Poiliic "(im Will' Inilians." The (hcnt Pl.-iins nnd Lower Missouri River Remoiis. 65 so that students may a])|)reciatc the inijiortantv of l)uffa]o to TMains residents; also, heeause the art oltlie time was infUieiieed to an a])|)ixvial)le dej^ree by the dejjendenee of men for their very existenee on tliis animal. The bison entered into their f<>lk-h)re, reli^^ion, ete.* ■m . Si. han a I-ijj. 7-J. y. 8 7. I'ii;. TL' incsi'iils .1 K;msMs nii't.'iU- iVdiii llic villiijii- .site i>ii Wildi.-il I'liik, K'ilix Ln. l.i'iiytli 1 1 ' i; iiulu's, wi i i:l Ikf\. ij. O.I, lliii ii.idv. M,iM>ii, UiKjjs. I-Kulur and many in Simtlixiniaii Kilioil^, \iii In ii|i(il(ii;l-.| , AiiuiK-an \ lit ii|iiai lan. «tt'. ■vr^i 66 Prehistoric Implements. I 50 miles, is the Arkansas river. The tributaries of both the Kansas and Arkansas have their rise in a common water-shed extending for some 150 miles east and west. While the rejj^ion hfis been referred to in various re])orts, no detailed or systematic explorations had been conducted until the Hon. J. B. Brower took the field. This gentleman has recently become interested in archaeology, and his individual efforts — conducted regardless «)f expense — might profitably be followed by certain of our musevmis and investigators. Mr. Brower has published two beautiful Bulletins entitled, respectively, Harahey and Quivira. He has kindly permitted me to repro- duce a great many of his illustrations and the greater part of my figures presenting Kansas types are from his two reports.* Fig. 74. S. 1-1. In l""ij;s. 7;5 and 74- I ijreseiit two grooved lianttners of Sioux (jiiartzitc. The first was litund in Mcl'hcrson Co., and the secord in Rice Co. Mr. Hrower snvs: "the eft'ects of weather are vastly different, whieh may indicate a considerable difference in njie." The careful study of a particular area gives an insight into the details of daily life of the aborigines inhabiting that region. This proposition has l)een demonstrated by every field won-.er. Taking M^-nhattan as a center and drawing a circle 50 miles in diametc". an archaeologist will find a locjil culture somewhat higher than the average Plains tribe attained elsewhere, rrimarily, they depended upon the buffalo. But they also were agricultur- alists, although on a small scale. *(jiiivira, by Hon. J. H. Hrower, St. Paul, 189H. llnrahey, by the same author, St. I'nnl, 1899. Hoth under the Kt'ii'"* < 'tie: " Memoirs of lixjiloratuins in the Hasin of the Missis- sippi," The Great Pin ins and Lower Missniiri River Regions. 1%. 82. Fi^'. 81. 67 3C CD -I 01 Imk. 75. All, S. 1-1. FiR. Tfi is is a eallinite pijje of sneii form as arc frel I'l.iiiis piiics. I'ij;. 7'.) is Mil I, sli.ipcd calliiiilv |)iiic Dl'tlii- satiic I'oiiii which f.riiirs in otlicr iiiali'iials in thi- liast and Somh. Fij;. MO is (in cajllc ctK;^y oi caUinilr. lii)iil)t!fss worn as an oiiiainjiil in llic nosr or i-ars. V\\i. ^1 is a donhlf jjointcd Unil'f vvilii li 'villc-d cdj^is, and I'lj^. SI! is a slender Sjnai' in lani'L' head ol Sioux .|iiarl/iU'. [ , I"i;^. S,'{. S". II. Ortiani-'ntal stoi.cs in this ri-ijion are very rare. This is one ol ihe tew t'oinid. In this res|icet tlie re.uion i)ie>ents a marked eontrasl to the Sotitli and Kasl. Ornaments are more eonimon near the Miss- issippi or in liaslern Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri Thev are extremely rare to the west of those localities. It was found on a sandhar in the Kansas river and is made of Siou.x. (piart: ite. Mr. I5i'()\\lt tliiuks tliat lln.' Sii.iiiiinls pfiicti'.'itcd lliis rcLiion ;iii(f (lisi.ovi.'n.(l two provinces, Quivira ami llaralicy. The latter lies east of tiie Uiji Blue river and extends north and south aeross the Kansas. The former is a more e.Ktensive territory and reaehes from the dreat Hend of the Arkan- sas to opposite Manhattan on the Kansas. Professor I". \V. Ilod.ue, of the Unrean of lAlmolo^y, and Mr. James Mooney, of the same instilnlion, eoneiir with Mr. l'>ro\er in his eontentions. 1 mioju add that jnil.Lie John (i. Keagy has I'urnisiied Mr.Hrower with nnieh valuable information, and is also to !)e thanked. The (irc'U I'l.'iiiis unci Lower Missouri h'ivcr h'ci;ioits. (')<> :i Imim-h.mknts oi" Stoxh and I-'i.int. Tlic arrow-points of these peopk-s rirc vcrv like those of the entire Plains region. Hut they possessed tlint hatehets, larjje knives and sjjears, si)a(les or ajiriciiltural implements somewhat inferior to those of the Mississip])i N'alley proper, ete. Their arrow-points are somewhat larjjer than those ol' the far West. Mortars or nietates are a little ruder than those of the Sonth- west ; Init their jjottery is not to he compared with that of Missouri, Arkansas, or Tennessee; their stone hammers are typical of the Plains 111' Wl'St ;ill tifjutc prcscm-- ,111 axe ul' Sionx (|iiarl/.iu' tVniii tin- li.iMwni \'illa'^c 1U-, .\iiu'i<)|i ■ r \Val. iiiiiMi' Co., Kansas Siuiix i|ii.iri/iU' was ircd vciv lai }H\y t or iiialsiiii; liaiiiimis, s| lai s.ai rous.i' li'. ( ii(ilo!.;isi nnii I |iiiaiiM(Hirsi- in Mr. llrowt r's siu^ii^eslii ns ;is lo ihc I ran>poi t a I ii.n ol inali 1 ial. t U'. liroovi' I a \v'.-- ai\' \ crv ran . l li< ri' liianv; no liifs lo iiil ilown. or caiioi s ii> niaUiM. ii.. ami :^V i :N1' \ M >iii\ ■M li-w sriiM lo lia M' Ik< M liavi- iKVir stcn in luaiil ol • n a nc o( insl llii^ sliain'. 70 Prehistoric Implements. V'lli. H't ts one of the fiiicsi grooved axes wliicli I have seen fmin any section nf the eotin- tiv. It would ch) credit to the iVinions "axe region " of Soiilhein llhnois. Ohio and Indiana. It was found in Pottawatomie Co.. Kansas. Material, diorite. S., abotit H-!l. The Great Plains and Lower Missnuri River Regions. n .-^^.'. d e f g !•'!}■. S7. Scale shown. Various flint s))winu'iis from the Hlliot Village site, south of the Kaiisas river, about 10 miles from Manhattan. The specimens (iresentccl in this figure are ^BS 72 Prehistoric lnii)lt'tncnts. tyiiical ofthis 81'ction of the ri.iiiis. Vi't. sniiic (>! tlir loniis miiir iImavIuii'. At ii is slmwii !i flint kiiilf; at /) are two siicai-licads, the first liroad and liie seeond narrow ; at c tliere is a slender harhed s|)ear-hcad wiiicli almost 'ijipears to l)e a drill or perforator; il is a ilrill; f is one of the peculiar, lo/in^e shaped ini|>lenunts so eoniinoii east and south; /'is a more rare lorni-l take it to he a drill althoujjh il ajiproaehes the "douhlc-pointed" type; f(\s a foninuin drill; /; is a roii^h knife, and at /is shown a shouldered arrow-point u( a somewhat unusual form, having a very long head or shoulder. Next to /' is a eoninion knife. Fig 80. S. 11. A ehalk pipe ((juite soft materi;il) from the Hill Villaj;e site. It is of peculiar form and liut few of this shape h;ive hetn found on the Plains. Indians, and also their i)i])cs. It seems, therefore, that the distinction of Horse or Plains Indians employed in modern times to eharaeterize these l)eo])le as sei)arate from Ivastern, Southern or Western tribes may ])ro])erly he ;i])])lie(l to them in the Pre-Columbian j)eriod. Students should bear in mind that the Kansas, Nebraska and Western Iowa forms are (|uite ditVerent from those of Missouri, Eastern Iowa and Southern Minnesota. I have not included the latter districts in this section. l)ut have pven them a sejjaratc eh.'ipter. In Fi>j. S (page 24) I illustrated a number of beads from various sites on the jjlains. These were all found in the valley of the Kansas, and Mr, Brower publishes the following catalogue under the plate. a. Shell and bone beads. h. (»hiss beads from a mound. f. Porcelain beads found by Dr. Hrous, (I. Shell and bone beads from the (irifVing Collection. c. Hone beads from the historical collection at Topeka. f9 Fijj- ^'* >li«w> !i vlivrt lilndv «>v :i>;i-ii'ti)tiiriil iinpl nuiit l«l) f'ii^'- It is iiUiitstiiiK to ««iU' thai Muse ajrriciiltttral inipltim-iits form tlic coniiixtiiig link ln-lwii'ii ibt Plains trihcs and tJiosc of Missouri, Illin- ois and Arkansas; totintrits wht ic S])adcs and hoesarccinitcconunon. Along with the otlicr illustrations presented it sccnis to indicate tlia I tlif inlial)ilanis ot Onivira and Harahev ^-cre a>»rii'ulturists to a certain extent, iiltlMiujih priinarilv buffalo hunters. The spade was found near Sti-*^' u V (/ Kig. 1»2 isn KroiipiiiKofilio vaiious loniis nl' arrow-pDiiils troiii WiiltmiiiMi- iiiiil Rilrv ci.imlii's, KansMs. Tlit- a venire lolkvtor will uiHliTHtaiKl the diflerciii. foritiM al a >{l(.ntf, Hiii liM till- hi'jfiiincr I iiiiKlit add a lew words otcxiilniialioii. Tlic row marked u contains several ol' tilt "harljcd ami indented ai bahe" kind. Them- The Grcfit Plnins nnd Lower Missouri River Regions. i I iiiav have lifcn iist-d lor Ixilli war and litintiti); ijiirpost's. TItf first point ni-ar letter it is soincwiiat nnnsnal, having a h)njj; ni'cl<. /) iiriscnts types detcriljcil under I'-ij!;. HH. i shpose(l to have heen lijjiuly fastened or ^>tnnined to t lie shaft. llavin>;nuliarl>s, thev wonhl easily liecoine detaelied when liie |>ersoii shot attempted to wilh(h-a w the sliaft. As the aneients had liiit an imperfect knowleilge of snij,'ery it was well niyli impossiltle to remove the detaelied pointsand death ensncse(|ucnt illustrations in the Kansas section are taken from .\Ii-. Grower's reports, (Juivira and llarahey. / 1^ VT ■■> 78 Prehistoric Implements. } \ ^' / Fig. 93. S. 1-1. GUiot Villnge nitc Oeary Cotinty, Kniisnii. No otic 8e«ni8 to hnvc ile- Rrrihcd the ixcnlinr flint hntchr'.b, bladcH, tomnhnwkB, anfintHhrd iin|ilciiirnt8, rnnall uKricnl- ttiral toolH, etc., fonnd in the Knni«::s Valley. I present all the varions nameii liecatise 1 nin^t confmu that I hardly know how to claoRifytheiie hatchet-like forni8. Mr. Brower cnlls them tomahawks, and they may have beei! iwe<\ ax snch. This s|)ecimcn ajjjM-nrs to hove been somewhat worn at the base and I aj^ree at onir to tlie }>ro))08itioii that it was tnonnted in a handle. I nee no reason why it shonid not havi- served as a "general utility tool " whtthrr for chopping, fighting, digging or suvhexegenvies an might arise. A cross section is also presented. The Great Plains and Lower Missouri River Regions. 79 '.% Ax ■iJ PiK. t>4. A long, aletuler, celt like object (]H>r)inp9 n knife) from Oenry countv- Kiviion iit preacnted. S. 1-1. A croHii 80 Prrhistoric Implements. A I 1 %' / Kif;. itfi. S. 1-1. From Kiohiinlft Villiij;f Hitc. fottiiwHttiiinie coaiity, Khiisiih. Mr. KrovvercniiitidcrM this a tomahawk. I think it in a Miiiall a|{!t are vnrioim knives lioni Miiiuht'v site. S. I 1. Pi^.UO is ititvn'Hi- •tiK ill Ihat it iH Ix-vi-llcil (ir i'lii|)|M.'(l iiltcr tlit- inHuiicr ol'tlu' |HTiilinr rotary aifvw iiiii( ii))Cnr- |uiinl» of the .Mi8i«i«8i|i}ii Vullr.v. To a cvrtniii cxtviit the stHiiie cliiiijiinK \* tihovvii ni|iiiral)lr with this or tlint fig;ire, lint as a class they stand uni(|ue. Hif^- IHI and U1 einiihasi::e the point I make. Sueh tyjies as these show lis that independent trilies or villages ma V be characterized liy certain art forms. This is also )ir<)ven in pottery, copper and other olijrcts. west of San Antonio river.* Chip;4, flakes, arrow-tMiint:*, K|M.Mir-heads and tools being on and in thi cl.'iy na ler the sand .+ Mr. J. I>. McCiuirc, in Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines (i=mithM>ii- ian Report, lHi>7, pp. 3.'>l'-(S4'r)), presents several maps showing the distribntiou of pipes : Tuliular pijie — tlu Kocky .Mountains, North Dakota, Northern Texas and Kouthwest. Callin- ite pipe — (iieat. I'lains. Howl and Vii8e-sha|)«d pi|ie— Western Kansas. ' Ct.rrcspondents may be cited for general information, etc. *l)r. Thomas Wdron. Report of National Museum, 1H07, p. 006. t.Mr. J. D. Mitchell, Victoria, Texas, letter of June 24, 1804. The Great Plains and Lower Missouri River Regions. 86 Mr. A. L. HopkiiiK, ofOnkdnle, Nebrniikn, iiiformit nie na to the vnrionH ohjecm in hia region. Hrowti jn8]icr areniR to have liecn the favorite mnteriiil out of which to fiimh nrrow- heiids, H|)enrhen(lH. knives iind K'rnjiera. Objt-cta ofciunrtziti' ore occntiioiuilly found, He hna Keen n iininlier of celtH of nK'itized wood ainiilar to those found in the cliflf-dweller country. He hns Keen no cerenioniiilii of the "banner," "butterfly "or other forma in Nebroaka. A lot of atone benda were once ilnjj np in Mnmilton Co., Iowa.* Mr. j. \V. Peck, of Stewartsville, Minncaotn, writea regarding the implementa of hia region. The grooved maitla or hamniera are very commi n, aUo flint objecta. Copper imple- ments from hiH colln 1 have already preKentvd in Fig. 70. (juite a number of grooved axes and a few {leHtlrK are found. The pi|)es are mostly catlinite. He also (Am. Archaeologist, Aug. '1»H) reports a cache of 2 hoca and 50 knivea and scrapers, all of brown .ias|HT. Has over 3(10 s]Kviniena in hia collection. Thinka the theory that "no prehistoric man lived in Nebraska" n mistake. A mound in Van Buren Co., Iowa, "yielded two gray discs, each 4- inches in diameter, a groovetl stone tixc and stone chips, "t .Mr. (U-orge 1. Kemsburg is well posted on Kansas archaeology. He describes hammer stones in The Anthropologist, lHi)r>, p. 17%'i; and a village site in \'o\. I, p. 210. Hone implements are found. Mr. S. V. I'roudfit (American Antiquarian, Vol. Iil, p. 27'( ) published a pa|)er on implemer.ts of the region. Concerning one excavation, he says: "Thcv found a large fragment of an elk's antler; a shoulder blade, fashioned into a rude implement, showing marks of work and considerable use; IVagnnnts i>f bone; a pi|)e; and a piece of (leer's antler -{■■'ij inches in length, polished at one end, as though used bv rubbing; several flint scrajHTs ; fragments of jiottery ; a charred corn cob ; several large muscle shells, etc." Kr. Wilson, in Arrowjxiints, Spearheads and Knives, p. 96H, tiescvibes workshop sites in JcflTer.son and Clear Creek counties, Colorado, and in central and eastern Wyoming. 1 hesc papers (Sniithso;iian Report. 1H07) also present a detailed classification of all flint tools and weiipons found in .Vmcrica, north of Mexico. Those readers who desire to po«t themselves on the Plains Indiana will do well to rend the Itnrean of I'^ihnology anil Sinithsonian Reports, the American Folk Lore Journal, Anthropol- agist, etc. A few aililitional titk\< .">,mI suggestions are: (ieorge Catlin's "North .\merican Indians," London, 1S76. H. R.Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes of the United States," Washington, lK+7. Hoth standard works. "Bibliography of Siouan Lanjjnages" James C. i'illing, Smithsonian Institution, 1H97. Titles of the literature is ])resenle(l in this pfi)ier. " Picture Wr.'ting of the American Indians," (iarrick Mallery, lUircan of Kthnology Report, IHSH-HO. (iiorge Hird (Irineil is consiolished celts, no more perfectly chipjHrd spear and arrow-points, no more elegantly shaped amulets have been found anywhere than here, but such specimens are fewer and the design is more simple than in some other localities. The material of our specimens is also usually less showy than is often seen in collections from other parts of the country. True mounds, earthworks and the like do not occur in New England, and even vilU'ige sites are not common. Everything indicates, what we know to be true, that the former inhabitants of this region were nomadic and unsettled. BlJKIAK ri.ACKS. •Mthough not common, burial places have lieen found in a number of localities. The most thorough exploration which has been made in any of these soil. c. .V slits. f. Disturbed gravel within jjravc. K. I'lulisturliecl tjrnvel. h. Cliarconl. fl. I)isool«>ration caused by lye from ashes. f. Keel ochre. h. I'car-shupcd pendant. A large number of graves were opened in a most careful manner and many interesting facts brought to light. Apparently the graves at Bucks- l)ort, Orland and Ellsworth were those of the same people, for they are much alike. The following account given by Mr. Willoughby must serve as a type of the whole. '* Nine inches from the surface a bed of white ashes with a maximum thickness of three inches was found, together with a few small fragments of charcoal (Fig. 108, c).t The earth immediately Ik'Iow the ashes was a dark brown color and very compact. Farther down the gravel assumed rich brown and yellow shades. Four feet from the surface .'I mass of red ochre (Fig. 108, f) was discovered at the bottom of the grave. •ArchaeoloRtcal and Hthnologicnl Papers, Vol. I, No. 6. tFor the use of this as of all the figures illustrating the Maine graves I am indebted to Prof. F. W. Putnam, Curator of the Peabody Museum. "i # •"■>■' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I itf|||||^ 1125 ^ m ^ m 12.2 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 M= -* 6" — ► '/} //. '/ S Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 €: iP iV Si. iV :\ \ % V ■^ m Brist. iAnuM-ii-.m .\rcliat'olo;: ist. Vol. II, p. 2^)^. ■Mix m ■aEVJ«KBiJUiJjyHim«M ma wm^m 90 Prehistoric Implements. seen low mounds, undoubtedly artificial, which had not been constructed since the white man settled in Bristol." An excavation was made into one of these mounds with the followinjj; result: " Digj^inj"^ down about two feet throujj;h soil that showed plainly marks of previous disturbance, we came to a level floor made of round cobble-stones, perhaps three feet lon^ by two feet wide. When these stones were removed we found yet another laj-er, beneath which showed plain evidence of a severe heating. Between the t^vo lavers of stones wfis an inch or more of charcoal. The lower floor rested on undisturbed gra^-el.*" In the following pages, while the leading classes of ornaments, imple- ments, weapons, etc., will be noticed, little attempt at a classification will be made, and of the multitude of different forms that have been collected within the limits of New England only those which are of especial interest ^f^^J'g'^^^-^^'Sag^ yxBaK nJ I'ijjf. 111. I'olislied slate points or blades. From fjraves; lillswortli, Mc. S. l-IJ. can be mentioned. For a complete Jiccount of much that is only mentioned in this cha])ter the reader is referred to various .articles the titles of which are given in the foot n^tes, and in the Ijibliography at the end of my Section. Shell Oujects. Undoubtedly many of the larger bivalve shells were not infreciuently used as they were found, for many of the common ojjcrations of the every-dav life of the Indian, but for the most part these have disai)peared, or, if found, thev bear no distinctive marks to prove their use. S]K'cimens ol" wrought shell are surprisingly rare if we except the w.ampum so frequently mentioned by the early writers. Beads, large and small, made from the columellas of the large univalves, have been found in the Vermont graves and in .'i few other localities. The small Marginella c(moidalis of the Florida coast has also been found in several places and in considerable numbers. These shells are of a form which well fits them for use as l)eads, with no other working than such |)erforation as would make it possible to string them, and they were so used. Some of our larger beads are two inches long and half as •American .\rcliacolojfist, Vol. 2, p. li;)+. 'ij Archaeology ttf New England. 91 :hich mv used -day ound, )ught ioncd as of a few has shells rking they df as thiek, while others may not be a fourth as large. I do not think th.'it the very long, tubular beads eommon in many localities have occurred in this region. SiiKM. Heaps. That clams, oysters, mussels and several other mollusks were commonly eaten there is abundant evidence in the numerous shell he^ips found ahmg the coast. Some of these heaps of refuse sliclls arc very large, covering several acres to a depth of four feet. Other heaps are nuich smaller, Init they very plainly j)rove the fondness of the Indians for shcll-Hsh, and also that they visited favorite localities year after year for a long period. Many stone, bone and some shell imiilcments have been rescued from these shell heaps whiv.'h h:ive lieon (k'scril)j(l bv Wymui,* Abbott, t Mercer, and others. Besides the far more numcrou.; an1. I. ]) 50(1, pl.itcs 14-1"), ll'riiiiilivc Imln^trv, Chaps .\V ;in(l .\XX. ilCxplor.Uioii of .Vlxirigiii.il Slii'll Heaps on \'orl< Kivcr, .Mc. I'nhliialions I'niv. I'tnn., Vol (i, p. :!, m in 'fei , ,.~44Ui* zagsgs^awM 92 Prehistoric Implements. Ixjiie as used by the aborigines is ver\' imperfect, for we are forced to judji^e of the extent to which these materials were used by the number of worked pieces that we find. This is, necessarily, an uncertain criterion because of the perishable nature of the substances. The writinj^s of some of the early explorers >?ivc somr information as to the aliundance or rarity of shell and bofte implements amonjj^ the tribes they visited. Prom the fact that in the nature of thinjj;s many objects made of material that could not withstand the vicissitudes to which, in the New Enj^land climate, they would be sub- ject, have long since disap])eared, we may bL' (juite certain that Ixme and shell were much more commonly used in the manufacture of tools and orna- ments than would appear from present finds. Wc arc told by some writers that the shoulder blades of larj^e mammals such as the moose, elk, bis(m were used as spades and this is (juite probal)le, but no such spades have Fiji. 113. Implements from a grave in Bticksport, Me. (ionges, Celts. Polished Slate Points, Pendants. S. 1-3. been found in New Enja^land and j-et it would seem most likely that if any bone tools were able to resist decomposition it would be such larjje bones fis these. What we do find are small implements, awls, spear-points, polishers, and the like. In the articles by Prof. Wyman, mentioned on a preceding page, a number of these are described and figured, and in Pig ll-i several arc shown from the Vermont shore of Lake Chami)lain. In Fig. 114-, a is a tyne of a deer's horn only slightly worked. Similar specimens are not uncommon. It seems very probable that tools like these may have been often used in the decoration of pottery, though b is more likely Ji spear-point. Hone spoons have been found in Massachusetts. One of these is Archaeology of New England. 93 any loncs lints, p. ''I low n lot a It lused l)int. is 3- 5 figured by Abbott in Primitive Industry, p. 20(5. Dr. Abbott remarks: "This specimen is one of four now preserved in the museum of the Academy of Science at Salem. The four specimens were found in an Indian grave in Lagrang;_' street, Salem, Mass." With objects that are made of bone there are sometimes fomid canine teeth which were ap]>arently used as im])lc- ments or ornaments. Except near the coast, specir..ens made of bone are very rare throughout New England. Objects of Copper. Possibly because more enduring, or because more commonly made, objects of copper are far more numerous in our collections than those of bone or shell. So far as wc can judge, all of our specimens are mfide of the Lake Sujji -ior native copper which was hammered into the desired form. If this is true, and it can scarcely be doubted, then there was a con- siderable trade between the tribes who held possession of the old mines and the southern and eastern tribes. We have evidence of a similar traffic with southern tribes in the shell ])eads, for the shells of which some of them are made are not found in the north. The little Marginella conoidalis does not live north of <^he Carolinas. but it is the most common species found among the l)eads of our New England collections, exce])ting the wampum. Of course, these things might have been obtained in war, but there is good reason to believe that trading of some sort was carried on among many different tribes all over the country. Early writers speak of seeing large pieces of copper in the possession of Indians, but nearly all of the specimens that have been found in New Eng- Fig. 1 14. Hone iinpleniculs I'oiiiid near Lake Cluiiii- plaiii. S. 1-2. land are of no great size. It is interesting to find that copper is not only found on the surface, but that in lioth the Maine and Vermont graves copper objects were found. The beads shown in Fig. 110 are very much like others from the Swanton graves, one of which is shown, greatly re- duced, in Fig. 115. In Fig. Ilv5 a few examples of copper specimens are shown. These are all from Vermont. Dr. Abbott figures a celt from Maine,* which is much wider and shorter than those figured here, but the form shown in the figure at a, e, d, is much more comnum in New England. Our Indians seem to have * Primitive Indtistry, p. -tUJ, Fig. 392. i If m iiH:^' twm^mn 94 Prehistoric Implements. (lone as did the prehistoric Europeans and patterned their metal imple- ments after those of stone with which they were familiar. In Fi^. 115, .'i, we have perhaps the largest copjjcr celt which has been found in New Ivnjj- land. It is ei^ht and n half inches hmg and two and a half inches wide at the lower end. It is, as the cross section 1) in the figure shows, hammered to a hij^fh ridl ill'- iiKMiy ]);ittt'nis. a, f, li, por- lioiis ol I lie rim ot s(|ii.irt' lo|i])i.'(1 jars; I), |);\rt ot tlu' rim ot ;i small circular liowl. S. 1-1*. combinations of similar ])atterns, the design is almost endles.slv varied. I once counted three hundred different figures, or arrangements of figures, on a series of pieces of the rims of a lot of jars, the fragments of which had been found on the shore of Lake Chamjjlain. These figures are, usuallv, of small size and consist of lines generally straight, but occasionally curved, dots, circles, triangles, crescents, scjuarcs, etc., as well as dentellated, zigzag, or scolloix'd fi<>ures an inch or more long. It is evident from the ajipearance of some of these figures, esi)ecially the latter, that stamps were used in mak- ing the impression. Fig. 117 shows the pattern on some bits of Vermont l)ottery. And here it may be noticed that, while what has been said of New England pottery ajjplics to the whole area, yet it seems to be true that the finest and most varied specimens are obtained in the northern part, and ArcliHcoloiiv of \c\v lunjlntid. 97 particul.'irly in the Chriinplain valk-y. And it is (|uitf probrihle tliat tliis is (Inc to the inHncncc of the ncit^'hborinj;: Irocjuois tril)cs, who were iiniisiially expert and artistie potters, it we inav iud;;:e l)v wiiat speeimens thev have left. The reader must not ;;et the idea that a'l of the New luiu^l.-ind ])()ttery is elegant. Rude s])eeiniens, rudely ornamented, are not uneonnnon, bul. yet the ;j;reater ])art is very well made and deeorated. Considering^' the Ira^i^lle nature otthe materi.al olWhieh our jars were made, and the trying; eharae- ter of our winter elimate, it is perhaps not stranj^e that very tew, I think not more than six, or ])ossil-.ly ei^^ht, entire ])ieees are now in existenee. Many piles oriVa,;;:nK'nts, whieh, if they eould be put to.uether, would m.ike whole jars, have been found by every (lili.!,'ent eoUeetor, l)Ut alas, althou|j:h 'If ■ it I'i,!;. lis, j.ir (oviikI mi Col- •lii'sUT, Wriiiuiii, Xiiw ni tlu- inns- ■11111 of I lie riiivti>ily of Viriiioiil. i. 1-a. I on had of red, zag. Finee ak- lont ^'ew the and originally ajar was buried in that plaee, all there is now is a little heaj) of sherds that no patienee or ingenuity ean restore to their former state. What is, perhaps, the finest sjjeeimen of New England eeraniies in exist- enee is shown in Fig. 118. The form is not very uneommon. In Fig. 117 a, b, and e, are bits of square topped jars. As in many another jar, the dee- oration of this eonsists mainly of eombinations of lines, but the pattern is more elaborate than usual, though not as delieate as in a few speeimens. The jar is not a large one. Indeed, few of our speeimens held more than three or four tiuarts. The largest of whieh I ean find a record is mentioned in Thompson's Vermont. This, the author states, was found in Middle- l)ur\', Vt., and held twenty quarts. All trace of this most interesting jar is lost. There is in the museum of the University of Vermont a globular jar 4ff DM Prehistoric Implements. which holds twelve quarts. The ar fij^ured above holds nine ])ints when liilud to the brim. It is seven and a halt" inehes hi^di, live inches in diameter inside the brim, twenty-seven inehes in circumference around the lar^^est part. It is of a very dark slate color which becomes .almost black in places. It is very I'ortunfite for the modern collector that the ancient potters made the rims of their jars thicker and therefore stron;^er than the rest, for thus we have preserved that poition which was .always most extensively decor- .ited. Some of our jars were not only ornamented over the outside, hut also on the inside of the upper p.art. Fi^. 119 shows .a small piece thus dec- onited. The other pieces in Fi^. 119 show some of the styles of deconition, I'rol).al)ly most of the New Bn^^l.'ind e.arthenw.are w.as, .as has been already st.ated, decor.ated by stamping or drawing with blunt points wh.atever Hjjf- ures the m.akers wished, but some specimens, as may be seen in Pig. 119. were figured by wr.ijjping some woven or br.aided m.atting .about the un- baked jar. The ancient potters did not wholly confine themselves to jars. ,s:,!!-^, .a^f % V\ii. Hi) FniKiiKMits (,( l)()tlcvv tVoiii Cfimiccii- til. I>r. F. H. VVilliains. S. 1-li. but now and then made a pipe. Judging from the number of specimens found, the\' made few pipi's, stone, apparently, being the favorite material lor the i)ii)e maker. Tlie few pipe's found .are very vvcU made, oftener of liujr paste than th.at usually seen in the jars. Some of these earthenware pipes were shaped not unlike the modern clay article, but others were of diffi-'rent form, as the Figs. 120 and 121 show. No other class of objects is more eharaeteristic of the region under con- sidenition th.an .are those which arc included under the head of pottery, .and for this reason the subject has been discussed more fully than would other- wise have been necessary. While it is probable that most of the other i ArcUncal i<^y of Sew Eu^lnwl. «)!) objects found in our arcliacolo>;ic.'il museums were the work of the men, the j)ottery sliows us the skill of the women, for they were usu.'illy the ])()tters of the tribe. Stkatitk ok Soapstonk Disiiks. While soajistone dishes arc not very connnon in most localities, it seems (|uitc certain that many were made and used by the New Ivn^land Indians. These dishes were not often lar^e, nor deep, but sh.allow, oval or round, with no attem])t at ornamentation in most cases. I'i^. \'2'2 shows some of Fifj. \W. I'.utlicii- warc pipe, ViTinniil. S. 1-1. Fiu 1-1. !•" ivtlu'iiwaif pipe, \'ciiin>in. S. 1-2. m I'' ; m the common forms. Sometimes there were projectiiif^ bits left on the ends, as in 3, to serve as handles. In a few specimens there is i\ slijjht attempt at decoration in the form of raised fi. UTo. ■'H mmt ^EE 102 Prehistoric Implements. labor.* * * * Associated with the stone picks, or chisels were between seventy- tive and a hundred large rounded stone^ weighinj>; from twenty-five to a hundred or more pounds eavli, which might have been used as hammers for the piirp;)Sv.' of breaking off large masses of the soap stcme." (iKoiNU AND Polished Stone Imfle.ments. Most of the varieties of ground or polished stone objects which have l)een found in different parts of the United States and Canada arc repre- sented in the New England collections, although some of them arc rare and some rude as compared with those from other places. Pew of them offer any marked peculiarities which distinguish them from similar objects found in the west or south. Fi;>. 123. (lougcs. Vfniidiil. B, S. 1-J c, vS. 1-4-. Gour.ES. What are known as gouges, c^r hollow chisels, are perhaps more charac- teristic of New England than any other stone implements, for, while they .ire by no means unknown outside of New Enjiland. they .arc found here in greatest a1)undance and variety. Certainly nowhere else docs this imple- ment occupy so important a place in collections. Some of the gouges are rude, but usually they were finely shaped and carefully finished. Indeed, none of our specimens excel them in this respect, not even the amulets and ceremonial stones. The material is usually of the best, tlKmgh it varies greatly in diftcrcnt s])ecimens, some being of hard baslt or syenite, others of softer slates and stone. It is difficult to conjecture the ]iur])()se of some of these latter, for the materir.l is too soft to cndiu'c hard work and yet the labor which must have been exijcndcd upon them is so great that they must h:ive been of im[)ortanee to their owners. It is also noticeable that some of the most carefully formed and elegantly finished of the gouges were made of Archaeology of New Enghind. 103 the same banded slate which was often used in the ornamental or cere- monial objects and that none of them show any evidence of use. On this account it may be that these finest of our specimens of stone work were not as has always been supposed, tools, but some sort of ceremonial stones. I find no evidence in any of the old writers, that such objects were so used but the character .and appearance of the specimens sugj^ests the idefi. How- ever this may be, it is certain that most of the gouges were really tools, such for example, as those shown in F'ig. 123 and b in Fig. 125, while c in Fig. 125 and Fig. 12-1 show two of the more finely finished specimens which are so puzzling to the collector. The sjjecimen a and b. Fig. 123, may hfive been an adze, the groove across the back being made in order to attjich the tool to a handle. The gouges may be placed in two series in one fac- |iey in l)le- ai'L' ed. ind fies of List 1 li>. Fig. 126. Gotiges or adzes. Comioctictit. S. 1-H. of which the groove extends from end to end, while in the other it is con- fined to one end. In most s])ecimens the upper end is narrower than the other or hollowed end, but this is not always the case as c. Fig. 123, shows. This specimen is interesting becaus-.' it is a combination tool, one end being gouge and the other chisel. Fig. 124- is an unusually fine speci- men. The side not seen in the figure is strongly and sharply ridged. Fig. 125 c shows another of these fine gouges. Tins has the form of several very long sp'jcimens that have been found. One of these is nineteen inches long. This sort of gouge is always ."lender, well finished ; s(mietnn<'s of rather sf)ft, sometimes of very hard stone; the si)ecimen in the figure is nearly twelve inches long. Like Fig. 124, the back is strongly ridged so the cross section h.'is the outline of a sharj) gothic arch. In Figs. 112 and 113 e.\am])les of gouges from the Maine graves are shown and many others similar to these were found in the same places. Indeed, the number of gouges obtained from these graves is very remark- able. Bv the courtesy of Dr. Williams T'^ig. 120 gives some illustrations of i riii .'ift'-' '*«-* ^^" tnnmaiisBa 104 Prehistoric Implements. illSii Fig. 12H. Celt of Rasalt. S. 1-2. Fig. 129. Celt of slate. Vermont. S. 1-2. Fig. 127. Celts, Conn. Dr. Williams. ^ 3 Archaeology of New En ff land. 105 gouges and adzes from Conn. Possibly all of these should be classed as adzes, for all seem to be made so that handles could be attached. Humj)- backed specimens like 22, 23, and 26 Fig. 126, are not uncommon in New England. Copper gouges are extremely rare in New England, but Fig. 115 shows a fine specimen from northern Vermont. It is about seven inches long and weighs a pound. The surface is finely patinated. It is quite prob- able that bone and shell gouges were used by the ancient inhabitant? of New England, but none have been found, though there are fragments of bone specimens that may have formed parts of gouges. Entire shells of the larger bivalves may also have well served the uses of the gouge. ^' Fifj. 130. Celt of Qitartzitc. Vermont. S. 1 2. Ckkts. I'ndcr this term rirc inehidcd all those objects which arc known as chis- els, hand-axes, tomahawks, etc. It is a large class, including more than any other, and ])crha])s should l)c suhflividcd. hut for our ])rcseiit ])urpose all the various forms may be grouped together. The celt was one of the lirst tools man invented. Its simplest form was, and is, merely an elon- gated i)ebl)le more or less roughly ground to an edge at one end. .Xhove this rude form we have all grades until we come to the well shaped and beautifully ])olished s])ecimens which are not infre(|uently picked u]). As a rule the celts ai)pear to have been made for hard work and are finished ac- cordingly, but our best s])ecimens are as well made as the finest stone ob- jects. In size, as might be ex])ected, the celts vary greatly, ranging from tiny ones not over three inches long and weighing but a few ounces, up to those that are ten or twelve, or more, inches long and weighing sev- er.'d jjounds. Classified by form alone the celts may be placed in four . 4 i ajuukiisiiMMjamxiiiiMa^ 106 Prehistoric Implements. :hn jjjroups. Many arc loiijj and narrow, like 97 in Fijf. 127. or Fijj^s. 12S and 1:J0. In these the end may be nearly cfjual in width or the blunt end may be somewhat narrower. This is the most common form. Another common form is thatshowa in Fig. 127, (94 and 9G)and Figs. \30 and 132 in which the outline is qu.idrangular. The third form is seen in Fig. 133 in which the outline is triangular, a form much less common than the two preceding. The fourth form is that of Fig. 130 in which the outline is linear like the first class, though the surface is nt)t flat, but bevelled from a median ridge. This is not a common form. These groups are confessedly Jirbitrary, and to some extent they run into each other. But they furnish a convenient method by which to arrange and study a series of specimens. There can be Fig. 1.^1. I)otil)le-eflKed Celt. (Iraii- itc. Vcinioiit. S 1-2. I"i>;. l.Sli. I'orpliyry Celt. Vermont. S. 1-2. no doubt that the smaller celts were often used as hand-axes, nei^^her is there any doubt that others were when in use, fitted with a handle, and some of the early writers tell us how this was attached. In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, there is a celt in its wooden handle. A few of the celts were ground to an edge at each end, as in Fig, 131 . Fig. 128 is unique in having the edges at right angles to each other Fig. 132 shows a most neatly made hand axe, for it is evidently that of dark green porphyry. The labor of working so perfectly finished a s])ecimen from a ])ebble of so hard a stone must have been very great. Many of these smaller celts were made of attractive material, as serpentine, fine grained granite, compact talcosc slate, etc. and there are no handsomer specimens in (uir collections than some of these. It is possible that Fig. 129 which is of compact slate and quite thin, should be regarded as a knife rather than a celt. It might have been cither. A very few celts occur which were not, like most celts, hammered and pecked into shape, but being made from quartzite or other flinty material, were flaked and chipped like the familiar Danish implements, the edge being in all cases ground smooth and sharp. Notched and Gkoovkd Axes. As we see in 123, the ordinary celt may i)e closely associated with the Archaeology of New liiiffhwd. 107 jj;()u>;e and in Fij?. 129 it maN* resemble the slate knife, so we find it even more easily developinjj; into the notehed axe and this into the grooved axe. Notehed and jjjrooved axes are very mueh lesseomnionin New Kn^land than in most i)arts of the I'nited States. Still, some very jjjood speeimens have been found as the fifi[ures show. A simjjle form of the merely notehed {ixe is shown in Fijr. 134.. This axe is very well made from a porphyritie roi'k. It is evidently a slijj;htly modified celt. For the most part these notehed axes are small and many of ihem very well finished; some being polished. Some of these implements may have been used as adzes or, in ease of the ruder ones, as hoes. Fig. 185 presents a very niee little axe whieh when well hafted may well have served as a tomahawk. With very few exeejjtions the grooved axes are larger than those th:it are simply notehed and many of them are ruder. Fig. 130 is rather a rough specimen of very pecu- liar shape. It is made from a compact red sandstone. In nearly all of our jixes the groove is jibove the middle, but never so near the top as in western the \'\iX. X'^'d. Tii.'iiifiular Cell, liiicly veined. Clay iron sliiiie. Vtnnont. S l-li. axes. The groove extends entirely around the body of all our axes and is very seldom oblic|ue, though it is in some eases as in Fig. 138. On the average the New England axes are six or seven inches long, two thirds as wide, and weigh three or four pounds. None of those that I have seen are polished, none are at all cylindrical as are some of the western axes but all are more or less narrowly oval in cross section. Fig. 137 and 13S may serve as very good average type of New England axes. .\s a rule our axes are not polished, the surfacj being left as it was finished by ])ecking. Fig. m 108 Prehistoric Implements. 139, which is from Dr. Williams, illustrates four axes, one notched and three grooved, from Conn. Dr. Williams writes that he has an axe found in Conn, that has a double groove. Most of the stone axes would prove very inefficient tools in the hands of any white man, but there is good reason for believing that, when used by those who were accustomed to them, they were far from useless. In the account of his trip through the lake which bears his name, Chamjjlain s])eaks severrd times of the use which his savJigc com])anions made of their stone axes. He does, indeed call these axes verj' bad, but he also tells us that when the Indians wished to camp for the night they made a barricade by cutting down large trees with these axes and that they were able in two hours to make so strong a defence that five hundred men coidd not break through without great loss. Nor did they use fire in this instance, for Champlain says that when making the barricade they did not kindle a fire lest the smoke reveal their presence to their enemies. V\>j;. ISR. Simple form of Notcheil Axe. S. 1-2. Fi;;. IJSa. Small iiolched .\xe. Tra)) rock. S. 1-3. Pestles. Fig. 134. Kiidc .Axe of sandstone. S. 1-3. Throughout New England there are found, though verA' sparingly, elong- ated cylindrical objects which were used in pounding corn, or whatever the Indians wished to jjulverize. Fig. 140 shows two of these implements from Connecticut. These are well shaped and finished as are most of the pestles, some however, are little more than long slender pebbles worked a little at the ends. The finer pestles are from eighteen to twent\'-nine inches long jind about two in diameter. Most are of ncarh* uniform diameter from end to end, but some are thicker in the middle, from which they taper towards the ends. In different parts of New England long "pestles" have been found which have one end carved to represent the head of some minimal. Most of these are unusually long, regularly cylindrical and well finished and they may have been used as clubs. The pestle shown in Fig. 140, 99 is peculiar. ".\lthough made of a very hard stone, a hole about half an inch in diameter Archncoloffv of New Enfflnnrl. 109 has licen drilled into its working end. Into this hole another stone of a vet harder nature has been i)L'rfcetlv fitted, the whole being ground off evenly.*" Dr. Williams has a ])estle thirty inehes long, one end of whieh is earved to re])resent ;in elk's head. The short pounders so common in Ohio and the West do not occur in New England. Of course some sort of mortar must always have been used with the pestles, but only a few have bL'en discovered- For the most part these mortars are simply large stones the outside of which has not been worked at all, while the bowl-shaj)cd cavity is very regular. It is not always circular, but may be oval or elongated. Dr. Al)1)ott figures a mortar from Massachusetts which is more globul.ar than an^- other which I have seen from this region.!" k)m les, ]at ]nd rds ind of ley hr. ter Hammers and Poit.nders.— Pitted Stones. The shorter pestles suggest the stone hammer. Hammers are abundant andvary from the simple pt'bble which was not worked at all except by use to those which have been pecked over the whole surface. They vary in size from little brills used in chipphigthe smallest points to those that weigh sev- eral pounds. Throughout New England, the hammers are mere playthings compared with the big mining hammers of the Lake Superior region. Less numerous than the ordinary hammer, though far from rare, are the pitted stones such as are shown in Figs. 14-2 and 143. Some of the pitted stones mav not have been used as hammers, but as small mortars for rubbing paint and the like. In Fig. 144, 27, we have a polisher made from a pitted •Williams, Am. Archacologisst, Vol. 2, j) l+l). trrimitivc Industry, p. 150. Fig. 136. Kfe. M ■M 110 Prehistoric Iniplciiwnts. stone. TIic other specimens shown in this figure are all polisliers, accord- ing to Dr. Williams. (troovedstoneslike tliose shown in I-'ig. 14-4-, 2Han(l .'JO are not uncommon and are found in a great variety of sha])es. They are usually regarded as sinew dressers or at any rate intended for some such use or for sharpening tools. They sire generally made of hard, gritty material and sometimes show that they have seen considerable service of some sort. In I'ig. Ik"), 27 and 2S, are siiown two ijcndants or jjlummets. These are found of v.'ir- ious sizes and degrees of rudeness over most of New England. It is not unlike'v thc'it collectors have cl.'issed in one grou]) objects tiiat should be separated, and that the more finely finished and elegant of these s])ecimens were used as ornaments, while those that are ruder and larger were net sinkers, plummets or even sling stones. The two lower specimens in V\g. 145 are little paint cups, in all probability. Fiij;. 139. Axi's iVom Coiiiicflicut. .S. 1-4. Slate Knives. In a jjrevious page gouges have been mentioned as especially character- istic of Xew England archaeology, but there is another class of implements which is (|uite as much so. I refer to the slate ])oints and knives such as are shown in I'^ig. Ill and in Pig. 14G. Although these olyects differ very greatly in size and form, they yet have a common character and are of the same matcri.-d, or at any rate that wdiieh is very similar, They are all ground and often poli.^hcd, are almost always carefully shaped and do not appear to have been very much used. The slate of which they are made is either the red, blue, or drab roofing slate common in several localities, or it may be a ligiit gray compact t.'dcose slate. These slate im])lements present great variety in form, scarcely any two of them being precisely alike. It is not pos: ible Ui tli!::!: that so ditferent objects, as, for instance, that shown ;.. 1;, rig. \ rC, and d, or e, of the same figuie, were all intended for the same use, but rather that the variety of form indicates variet}* of use. Some arc so slender and fragile that any use would ..^cm likely to destroy them. For Archneoloiry of Xcw Etif^hiud. Ill instance, in Fi;j;. Ill the lonj^ost jjoint is ncirly firtccn inches lonj^ and only about threc-tourths of an inch in greatest widtli, and 1), in \-\\i. 1-M> is nine inches lonjjf, one and a haU" inches wide and very tliin. It is ditlicidt to I)e- heve that such an ohjeet could do very tnuch service, either as a tool or weapon. S])eeinicns of this sort are sometimes ibund which are much wider than those mentioned, One of these is five inches lonj; and three inches wide and thus a])i)roaehes the large seniielliptical slate knives. It is noticeable ^.'iM^^-'i if.t'AMtfjkrr*:^^ ••••-•■ I2??^?r.' Fig. 14.5. IViid.-mts lii>, I'M. I'^iint Cups, 27a, 2Ma. Conn. ^^ 4fSix^. T\ Fig. 1+0. I'cstlc.x. Conn. that nearly all of the kinds of slate knives we are now considerinj? have been found in Northern New England, in Maine and Vermont. It is also notice- able that the specimens found by Mr. Willoughby in the Maine graves verv nearly resemble those found in the Vermont graves as well as elsewhere in m 19 1 ■r;tf ■>■■ ',■ j '!^'hn 112 Prehistoric Implements. Fig. 141, Skctih tilttT Sihoolcnift. Showini; the prohahlf iiirxle of tisins the stout pestle. Courtesy ot Ur. Wil- liams. il£. 22 .■■.' --* >3 Size. 4 •I I-'iu- !+;<■ I'iIUmI stones. Fit;. 1 !■_'. i'iltcd stones. Coiiiiectijut. Archncolofiy of Sew luif^linul. \\:\ th.'it state. Some of tlic W-nnoiit spi-ciim-iis not fi),MiiV(l are very tmieli like the left liaiul ])oint in I'ij.;. Ill, both in slia])e ami material. May sneli speeiiiicus not lie called daggers' Skmiunau Knivks. As we have seen, the linear knife, like a I'i^. 14-(), passes throujjh a regu- lar series of forms in whieh the width j,'radually increases in jjroportion to the len;,'th, until we come to the oval and semilunar knives such as those in I'ij^. 147 which are from Dr. Williams' collection of Connecticut forms. Similar knives are i'ound in many i)arts of New Ivn>jl and and elsewhere. The same sort of knife is in connnon use liv the liskimo and it is not imj)os- K^li 27 ^^ Size. I'i^. 11+. I'nli>-lifi> ;m(l sliarpitiiiij; Stono. ("oniu'cticiit. sible that such knives were obtained by the tril)cs of the New England rejiion from these i)cople by trade or war. It surely is not necessary to su])i)osc the former occupation of New Enj.jland by Eskimo to account for the ])rcscnce here of these or other im])lements. The liskimo may hfivc lived in what is now New Enjjland JK-fore the Algonkins occupied it, Imt the evidence must be more convincin*; than at jjresent aj)])cars in the stone im- l)lements to be accepted. Some of the semilunar knives are much larger than those at the top of I-'ig. 14-7. Fig. 14S sliows a specimen of the same slate as that of which many of the knives are made. It may be a sort of edged knife or scrajjcr, or it may be sinii)]y an ornament of some kind. i m 114. Prehistoric Implements. Pipes. If, t'ls wc have supi)()sc'(l, the pottery of the aborigines gives the best examples of the technieal skill of the women, we ma}- in the same manner consider the pipes as the best work that was produced by the men. It is true of the whole country that no other class of stone objects exhibit so great .skill and so much artistic feeling as do the pipes. For this reason especial interest alwjiys centers upon the pipes in any large archaeological collection. Probably there is no particular sort of pipe which is to a^v de- gree characteristic of New England. Our pipes are much like those found Pip. 14-6 Sl.ite points. Vermont, a, c. d. and e, S. 1-2. b, f, S. 1-3. a,d. e, red slate, b, drab talcose slate, c, t', grey roofing slate. south and west of us. They do not, however, exhibit so great variety or elaborateness in the pattens used as may he often seen in these latter regions. In finish they often ec{ual the Ix'st of the mound pipes, but they are in com- parison usually of very simple forms. While the Indian often smoked his pii)e, as does the modern white man, merely for ])leasure, it is well known that the pipe was an indisjKMisable l)art of ever}' great ceremony and therefore that it was inse])afably associated in the Indian mind with all that was solemn and imjjortant. The ])ipe was jjrobably his most cherished treasure. It is then, not to be wondered ,hat the Indian put his best art and most painstaking work into his pipes. It is noticeable that animal forms so eonsjMcuously absent in our specimens of everj' class, should ap])ear more commonly in the j)i])es than .'iny where else. Yet such forms are not common even in the pipes and Archaeology of New EngUituL 115 are rather nulely executed when attemj)te(l. Fig. 14-9 shows several ex- am])les of New England pipes, though it is hardly possible to present a group that is at all representative, tor each jiipe is like no other. Many forms not vshown in the figure have been found. The platform ihjk'S, com- mon elsewhere are oecasitmally found in New England. In Pig. 14-9 A, is a little j)i])e so simple in form th.at one would think that it would be a eom- m( 1 varictv, but it is not. It is made of dark steatite, smooth, but not ' "WP'jftMr*^ Pig. 147. .\l llic lop, sf mi lunar slate knives. .\t the hottoin, rude Uuivcs. Conn. %': '-'x ' **««.a^,^^* .:,■■::, .:^,^- id '3 -^'^'^ ":^i!^ff|f:.;,^^ polished. B, is a very peculiar i)ip.' wliicli a])])ears to be fashioned after some (|uadrnpcd. The figure is cvidciiLly a good deal conventionalized. The row of jiits around the to]) of the howl ai)i)car to h.ive been intended, as were those in O, for the insertion of some diflcrent sort of materi.d, but if this is so. either the design was not carried out or the inserted bits were lost. As is the case in most of our pipe^, the material is steatite. C, is an- other animal pipe of rather unusual rurni made of light grey mottled lime- stone. Like several of our i)ipcs, it liris a perforation through the lower end if k '■ f ' 116 Prehistoric Implements. for suspension. G, is another uncommon form as it is only very rarely th.'it any portion of the stem is made of the same piece as ii* the bowl. This is made of a very pretty dark clouded gypsum, handsomely polished. E, is also made with stem and bowl in one piece, the end of the stem being brt)ken off. Besides thesie two I have seen no other New England pipe of this sort. D, is a curious double bowl pipe of dark green steatite. F, is a most inter- esting pipe and is one of the exceedingly few stone objects found in New England, thatarecrn.-imcnttd with carvirgs leiruertirg the human fate. A similar face is carved on the opposite side. The cavity in this ])ipe is un- usually large. As may be seen in C, and G, there is a hole at the lower end through which to pass a cord for suspension. In none of these sjjccimcns was the bowl bored out, or at least this was not the final process, for in all longitudinal furrows are evident which must have been made with a pointed tool thrust into the cavity. In Fig. loO three tubular jjijjcs are shown which are strangely like forms ccmimon on the I'acific const. A hall dozen Im.i;. 14-S. kiulf (>l'(lr;il> sKitc. S. 1-2. \'cini()iit. Fig. 1+9. Stone I'iiits. S. l-L'. Vitiikhu. I'or description of tlii^c, and otluT Vermont iii|'is, see article in I'opnlar Science Monlldy. Vid +4-. p. 'J'AS. of these were taken from the Swanton graves and several others i)reci.sely like them, have been found in other ])laces in Vermont. Dr. Abbott also figures one from Lawrence, Mass., *. Dr. Abbott remarks of these straight pijjcs — "The pipe ttsed l)y the Shoshonesat a ceremotnal smoking and speech making in honor of Capts. Lewis and Clarke is described as 'made of a dense, but almost trans])arent, green stt)nc, very highly ])«)lished, and two and a half inches in length, and of an oval form the bowl being in the same line •primitive Industry, Page 88<>, Fig. 'A22. Archaeology of New Enghind. 117 with the stem.' A small piece of burnt eUu' was placed at the bottom of the bowl, to separate the tobacco from the end of the stem. This was an irregular round figure, not fitting the tube perfectly close in order that the smoke might pass with facility."* Bxcept that the pipes seen in Fig. 150 are larger than that just men- tioned, they ct)rrespond fully with the description, even to the plugs in the ends, for such an irregularly fitted stopper was found in several of the Ver- mont tubes, only instead of clay it was made of stone. As the figure shows, the shape of these jiipes vfiries somewhat. They are all made of a compact, but not very hard clay slate. They vary in length from six to fourteen inches and in diameter from an inch to an inch and a half. The bore is (|uite small at one end, while at the other it is as large as the tube allows. C, in Fig. 150 bears a rude inscription, if it de- serves to be so considered. There is what ajjpears to be the outline of a hawk, beneath which are some rude characters. Whether this is the sign manual of the owner or what it does signify, if anything, it is not easy to determine. .All the tubes fire v.-ircfully made, and certainly, they were not finished without a large amount of labor. Severa' stone pij)es have 1)een found in New England the presence of which is dilfieult of explanation. m t4*^i"i;>^JfSSi-'. IlaiiiiiT-stoiic. Vcnnoiit. S. \-2. ■•^ i* .'t n- K'- L-d )e bd of le c I'- ve es I"t^.ir>3 Ceremonial stones. ConiiiTticnt Dr. V illi;inis. 35 lioat shajK'd stone of l)an(lc(1 slate. 4-0 l);inner stone ol roek crystal. .Ml are nuiih reduced. most curious and interesting of the New England ceremonial stones is one which was found in New Hampshire several years ago and figured in tiic American Naturalist. It is inade of siliceous sandstone of a greyish drab color. The carvings, of which there are sevenl on the surface, are in low relief, the background being sunk lielow the level of the general surface. Tiic stone is regularly egg-shaped, abou^^ four inches long and two and a half in greatest diameter. It is ])erforated from end to end. The carvings con- sist of a face on one side, a tent, or tepee, on another, a crescent, arrows fcKI: ' '-\i\ ■,nire, but others are much lonj,a'r and narrower. Bird-stones are also found, though they arc amonj; the rarest forms in our colLvtions. Fij^. 154. shows one of these which is very finely made of red slate. It was found in one of the Swanton j^ravcs, as were several boat-stones. Another si)ecimcn, made of white marble was found in another ^n-avc at the same place. Pen- dants of various and very different forms have been found in manv localities. I'i'j;. I.")-!-. Mird sloiie, V'eniionl. S. 1-2. [•"ij; !.'>."). Cniviii','. HmcU slate. Ni-\v H.iit roril. Conn. \V. J. Mackav. It is very likely that some of the objects, as those figured by Mr. Willough- by from the Maine graves, see Fig. 113, were used as amulets rather than as sinkers or plummets. Undoubtedly, the coarser specimens of this sort were used as weights, net sinkers, or some such thing, but it does not seem probable that those which ,'ire wrought with so great care as are some of them were made for any such use. In size these "plummets" vary from those that are only an inch or so long and weighing only an ounce or two, to those that are several inches long and that weigh severrd pounds. They are for the most ]>art pear shaped or, more rarely, conical, and still more rarely, cylindrical. It may lie that while some of the smaller and better finished specimens were ornaments, the larger were, <'is Prof. Putnam has suggested weights for stretching thread while si)inning. Prof. Putnam also calls attention to the very close resemblance of the larger "plummets" to some of the smaller pestles so that, "It is impossible to draw the line be- tween the two grou])s, which arc so well marked by their extremes." He .'idds the following conclusion with which the writer fully agrees as it seems the best solution of the problem presented by these objects, "I have for : figures on in Fies not seem are some of vary from nee or two, uids. They (1 still more and better 'utnani has utnam also nimets" to • the line he- enies." He ; as it seems I l:ave for Archaeology of New Enghind. 121 srme time considered them as representing to a greater f)r less e.xtent, ac- cording to size, material, shape and finish, 1st; I'estlcs; 2(1, Sinkers; 3(1, Spinning weights, 4th, Ornaments."* AiiKMii'.-Mi N.'iluralisl Vol. VI, pajje (ioO. In this connection should be mentioned certain carvings which may be regarded as amulets, totems or scmiething of the sort. I-'ig. 15") shows one of these, anoter like this but !■ mailer, was found near it. Prof. Putnam m ■'''^v.r riji. I'lO. Tri.'iii;iulMr ])oiiits. Coiiiiecliiut. Dr. Williams. S. l-l. Fijj. 157. Arrow-points. Coiinccliciil. 1)|-. U illiams. S. l-'J. has described and figured two more elaborate si)ecimcns, one found in Ijjs- wich, Mass., and other, which is a very fair carving of a whale, found in vSeabrookN. H.* •Ahhotl I'riiiiilivc Iiiduslrv, p. ;iHC>. Fiy. ;{(U c 8S,S. I"i". ;!(),-i. ii 122 \]um Prehistoric Implements. CHIPI'KI) AM) I'^LAKKI) ImiM.KMKXTS. In New Enj^land, ms in every locality in which stone ini]jlemonts are found, the various kinds of spear and arrow points, knives, scrajjcrs, drills, etc., far outnumber all other objects. While the specimens of this class which are found in the Ohio and Mississippi v.iilcys and elsewhere as a whole far excel those from New Hnj^jland in variety and beauty of ma- terial, they do not i.i variety of form nor alt(\irether in delicacy of work- manshij). It is not too much to say of our best points that they are as beautifully formed and daintily chip])ed as any that can be found. The main difTcrenee existing bL'tween this rej^ion and those named is in the proportion of fine specimens in any ^iven collection. Here the very line s])eeimens are few as comi)ared with the West or South, but our few best specimens are the cHjuals of any others. The often striking similiarity I". I'iji 158. Points, Coniiectiiiit. I>r. Williams. of stone implements collected in widely remote localities has been already noticed and is familiar to every student of archaeology, and nowhere does this likeness apjjcar so clearly as in the class now under consideration. Men the world over seem to have made their chi])ped and flaked tools in very much the same manner and to have produced everywhere the same results. Anyone who, without going outside the somewhat restricted limits of this volume, will be at the trouble to compare the figures of points, knives, etc., given in difTcrent ch.'ipters will find amjile proof of the above statement. The material used in the manufacture of these objects, varies greatly and often in localities not far separated, as for instance, in northern Vermont In' far the most common ])oints are made of a gra}- quartzite while those of white quartz are rare, but in scnithern Connecticut white ([uartz points are more common in scmie places than any others. Material varies with locality, but form does not, at least to any such extent. A striking peculiarity of the New England ])oints is the almost entire absence of those with serrated edges. Such points are not entirely wanting here but they are very scarce. Hy far the most abundant form, both in points and knives, is the sini]jle triangle, as shown in Fig. 156. This form oecuns in a vast number of varieties and sizes, from the tiny arrow point half an inch long to the largest spear six or eight inches in length. Some of these tri- Archneoloffj,' of New Englnnd. 123 angular ])()ints arc very fine bits of work. No. of* in Pij;. 157 shows other trian^^ular points, while the ruder forms of stemmed ])oints are seen in the ujjper ])art of the same fijj;ure. Still difTerent examjjles of stemmed, and in some eases, barbed ])()ints are seen in Fij;. loH and also in the two ujjjjer rows of Fi^. inu. Althoui^h the forms shown in the figures are from a few localities, yet they are entirely re])resentative of any New Hngland collec- tion. Heeause of the close resemblance between the points of this rej^ion and those from other rej^ions, which arc fij,^ured elsewhere in this volume, it has not seemed to the writer necessary to attempt to figure nearly all the many forms common to New lingland. SCKAPKKS. Less al)un(lant than the arrow and spear ])oints are the scrapers, thoj gli they arc1)y no nuansrare. They vary in size from the little nodular forms like .'}S and '{9 in Im-. KH) to those like 41, 4-2 and ,3."). The tyi)ical scrapjr was flat, or llattish on one side and more or less strongly convex on Fi^. 151). r))|)cr rows, points. Lower row sti;i|)frs. S. 1-2. Vermont. ! the other, the working edge l)eing chip])ed to an abrujjt bevel. The speci- men shown in the upjjcr right hand corner of Fig. 1(51, is a sort of scrajK-r t|uite common in northern New Fngland, and there are also not infrc(|uently found polishers of identical sliajjc, exce])t that in these latter the edge is rounded and worn smooth, showing that they were used in a very different manner from the scra])ers. Drills of many shjipes also occur. Fig. 102 shows a few of these, but they are not of the best, for some of the drills have long slend,.'r ])()ints and arc tine spi'cimens of chipjjing. There have been found sparingly here and f.^l 124. Prehistoric Implements. Archaeology of New England. 125 there in New En>;lan(1, large oval anrl leaf- shaped inii)Iements, some of them vijjjht or nine inches long, which must he considered agricultural tools, sjjades, or hoes. There are also other very large and often clumsy speci- mens which ])erhai)s should be regarded as untinishcd objects. There arc in the IVabody Museum some enormous s])ecimcns of this sort from Mount Kineo, Miiine. F'i.ii. 1<>1. Cliippi'il spifhiu'iiN. Wriiiont. S. l-L' Rini.lORKAIMlY, In this ! do not repent the titles of works mentioned in foot-notes or text. Perkins. ('.. H Archaeology of Vt. .\ni. N.-itnralist. Vol. V. p. It, Vol. XV, j). 425. Vol. XIX. p. 14.3 Vol. XX. 1). 333. I'roc. A. A. A. S. Vol. XXV, p. 325. Vol. XXVII, p. 312. An Ancient Burial Ground in Swanton Vt. I'roc. A. A. A. S. Vol. XXII, p. 7»i Part H. ArchaeoloRv of the Champlain Valley, Am. Naturalist, Vol. XIII, p. 731. The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XLIV,-.^ p. 23K. Putnam, F. W. l)cscri])tion of Stone Knives found in Pisstx County, Mass. Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. V. p. HO, 125. .\ncient Indian Carvinfj found in Ipswich, Mass. Bulletin Hssex Institute,, Vol. IV. p. 2. The manufacture of Soapstone Pots by the Indians of New England. Klevcnth Report, Pcahody Museum, p. 273. .\ Keniarhahlc Indian Kelic km. Naturalist, Vol. VI, p. <)96. Taplcy. 1> Wvnian j. |. Shell-Heaps in .Maine and Mass.ichusetts. Am. Naturalist, Vol. I. p. 560. i^^l vSFXTION V. TirK MiDDLK SorTH AND Soi'TH APPALACHIAN RkCIONS. Lest this term he misleading it is iieeessary to remark that our modern >i;eo|;rai)hie.'d divisions of the I'nited St.'ites arc, in many instanees, not .'ip- pheahle to Pre-Columbian times. The extreme South furnishes prehistoric specimens (|uite ditTercnt from those found farther inland. While many of the forms are the same, or siniil.'ir, yet the ditVerences warrant ine in dcs- erihinfj theentire South under twosections instead of one. I"lori(la,(ieorjfia, Alabama, Mississii)])i, Louisian.n, South Carolina, and p.arts of Arkansas and Xorth Carolina I should consider the South proper. Tennessee, Mis- souri, most of Arkansfis 'iid Kentucky, and portions of West \'ir;.;inia and Iowa, are to be described under my term. The Middle South. The many diversitied forms or types of this imjjortant section prove that it was very extensively occupied. I nnich rej^ret that I am compelled to speak of it so brielly. Col. C. C.Jones in his "Anti(|uitics of the Southern Indians,"* published the first work of importance. In more recent times, (»en. (1. I'. Thruston has issued two editions of his most valuable and interesting 1)ook, "The Anti(|uities of Tennessee." This deals primarily with the Middle South and is justly ccMisidered a standard work. The ])ottery of the rejj^ion has been described at Icnj^th by Prof. Holmes in his various and al)le jjajjcrs u])on ceramics, textile fabrics, etc. in the Bureau of Ethnology and Smithsonian Reports.!' *1). Applcloii iSr Co., New York. 1.S73. il'ii'liisi urif Tixtilc .\rl ol llif IviisU'iii I'liitfil Stjitos. Ancii-iit I'nttcrv of t lie Mis- sissi])])! \';illfv. also .\rt in Slitll, i'vof. \V. 11. Holincs. Hnri-aii ol lUliiiology Kii)oils, ^n-2; H'J-3; cti'. Prof, (jfiiiril I'owkc, Stone .Ail. liin-ciui of Ktlinoloj^v Kejiort, '90-1. Pi|)es and SmoUiii;; Customs. Josi'])li I) Mclitiiie. Smithsonian Keport 1S97. Kev. S. It. Peel, in llie .\nieriean .Vntirinarian; I'rof, H. C. Mtreer; Prof. Kred. Starr, of tiie Pniversity of Cliieaj^o, ;in(l others too nnnierous to mention have written nimn the region. There is no l.aek of iitei'.if're. Tlie Shavvnees in Pie-'.'olnnibiaii Times. American .\nthro])ologist, .^ i)ril 1,S'.)1. The Ciierokecs in Pre-Coliiinl>i:in Times. Monnd H.vplorations, Prof. Cyrns 'I homas. Bureau of lithnolo^jy Kepor». iUM. Prof I". \V. Pui:i,i:ii's numerous and valuiilile ))a|)ers, reports, ete. on soulliern explor- .uions, etc. will be found in the Peabodv Museum publieations, .Xmeriean .Assoeiation Ad- v.irieement of Seimee Kejiorts, ete. The American Race, N. Y. 1H91. Ur. Daniel O. Hrinton. .Vboriiiinal Remains in Kentucky. Profs. Carr and Shaler. Introduction to the Study of .\mericiin Arehicolojjy, Prof Cvrtis Thomas. Robt. Clarke Co., Cincinnati, IHUO. The Middle South. 127 The New England typos, so well dcscrihcd hv Professor Perkins in the preeeediiijjf section, are rdinost wanting,' in tiie Middle South. Celts or polished stone hatehets, also some lornis of arrow ])oints (esj)eei.'ill_v the war ])oint), eertfiin of theelonj^ated or roller pestles, etc., are (piite eotnnion. Mut there are seores of types, or forms, to be found throujj^hout the ;.;reat valleys of the Tennessee Jind Cumberland, and in eastern Missouri, southern Kentucky and West Virginia totally din'erent from anything herelolorc des- cribed in this book. Missouri, Noktiikkn .\kk.\.nsas and Eastkkn Iowa, The specimens from one archaeological territory almost imijcrceptibly shade off into those of another. Where a river, or a l.akc separates sections occui)ie(l by different tribes, the contrast may be more marked. Ivx.ict boundaries can not be drawn, yet one may tind the implements within ten or fifteen miles of a given point, on either side, (piitc different. Taking into consideration these ol)servations it may not be amiss to state that if one drew a line from I)ubu(|ue, Iowa, to Wachita, Kansas, (a disl of some 4r)() miles) that line would mark the change or dividing i)oint ti< 'veen the ty])cs found on the Plrnns and those of the Middle South. It is ■ c likely that certain types of Plains imi)lcments are found east or soutli is line, and some of the large ;igrieultural tools* of Missouri may have been trans- ])orted beyond it. Therefore, I do not wish the line to be understood as iirbitrary. It seems to me that the section mentioned above oecui)ied a "middle ground" between the Plains and the Middle South. Perhaps it should have been described separately. While many artifacts, etc. are like Ohio Valley forms, some indicate an influence of Plains tribes. Others are distinctively of the Middle South. Particularly is this true of the pipes, or;:,inients and ceremonial stones, and on that account I have described them along with Tennessee and Kentucky forms instead of under a separate heading. Many pipes and cerenKmi.als were doubtless brought in through trade, war, etc. It is obvious that foreign materials, or art forms, were eonsidere.l more v.nluable than the products of home manufacture. To what extent abori- ginal barter affected culture, areha'ologists are not prepared to say. That it had its effect, is incontestable. I shall ])resently show several specimens from eastern Iowa which are unciuestionably of Southern origin. We of to-day import art treasures and such things as we do not manufacture at home. The aborigine had no need to secure bv barter any article he could himself make. Colors, designs, forms, rarity of substance, etc. appealed to him more than the practical usefulness of an object. Dr. J. M. Brooks, of Golden City, Mo., seems to live on the boundary of these two districts. He has sent me a long communication and I regret that it can not be reproduced in full. But I might sum up his conclusions as follows: H •Or whatever they arc — perhaps not spailes. 128 Prehistoric Implements. I '■ Hematite celts and cones, etc. cowinion, grooved hematite axes, rare. Some long "roller |)estles" and ordinary "bell shaped" jiestles, .ire found. Cirooved axes are not common. Celts are fairly common. A preponderance of flint im])lements over all other classes of arti- facts. Large spades, hoes and flint celts occur. He notices certain forms of spear or arrow heads made of blue flint exchisivelv; others, 1)1' white or brown flint. Kindred observations might be made by collectors in other regions- Localized stndy of colors, materials, and forms tells nnuh regarding prthistoric times. ".\ lew of their village sites can he located, and, of course, relics c;in be found near them with some degree of i)lentifulness. Some of the nicest specimens have been found in their graves, but it is rather diflicuk to locate burial sites. "The polished stone impi' incuts are mostly from some form of granite (generrdly blue), which is not ,'i native stone, and hcm.atile wiiich is n.'itivc to this country. "Heginning with the chi|)ped flint specimens we may cl;iss them ;is large heavy spe( imens such ;is sp.'idcs, hoes, etc., and spears, perforators, arrows ,'ind miscellaneous. Most of tlieni might ag.iin he subdivided into stemmed .'uid stendess. The latter exist with much more l'rer|uency th.tn the former, (about in the ratio of 2 to 1). "Hammer stones are i)ittcd and unpitted. Manv are oval instead of round. The ma- terial used i:' -enerally a fine grade of s;indstone. They are rather plentilul. "A few 'leads have been found. Some of them were b.-mded sinnlar to the pottery of .\rizona, oihers were plain. M€)st of them were stone. Some of them are of bone and, ot course, not b.-mded. There are few pipes .and of those th.at have been found I li;ive been iniable to examine closely or to get drawings of them. I saw one of stone shaped like an inverted pyramid." Pig-vS. 163 to 177 are from the collection of Chas. J. Beencks, Davenport, owa. These are much more nearh' like the forms found throughout the Ohio \'alley, and the St. Lawrence basin. I have puri)osely omitted such arrow points, celts, axes, pestles and other common forms which have been, or are to be, reproduced in other sections. Fig' 1()8. T'.iis, perhaps, is a. perforator made from .'i larger implement which was broken and then chipped to restore it to use- fulness. It h.as an unusually bro.-id top or b.-ise iind is somcwh.'it peculiar on that account. Blue (Irass, Iowa. S. 1-1. KU, is ;i very common scrajjcr. l'ossil)ly the top or he;id is ;i little longer than in most scrapers. Scott Co., Iowa. S. 1-1. The Middle South. 129 m Fig. 165 is a sliouldercd spcar-hcad. It might lie well to re- mark here that there is a diversity of opinion as to where arrow" heads end an w.is a lance-head or knife, S. 1-1. llray flint, from Blue drass, Iowa. Mi Fig. 1(17 may be either an arrow-point or spear-head, ac- cording to thickness. The showlders, oi barbs, are unusually long and S(|uared at the ends. Scott Co., Iowa. S. 1-1. it 130 Prehistoric Implements. Fijj. 168 is ;i conimun form throiijili- O'lt the I'liiled States, e.-ist of the C.rc.it Plains. Moth 107 and JCiH are indenlefl at the hase. I)unl)tless an arrow-point. Hhiedrass, Iowa. S. 1 1. Fijj. 109 has a lonjj stem and llic shoidders or l)arl)s are pointed. This form is somewhat rare. White flint, Seott Co., Iowa. S. 1-1. Fi.14. 1 7'-' is a sinker or weiijhl. Tliese are not so common as in New Ivntfl.ind and the Si. Lawrenee basin, aliiiongh ihev ;ire oce.ision.diy tonne! This is an oval pelihle, not llal as are most net sinkers. Fonnd at (lillier- lon, Iowa, near Mississippi Kiver. S. H4. Fifj. 171 y hrnad form of siienr-head and from its shai't onid consider tliat it has lieen eliipjied down tnnn a larjjer imiileMnnl whiili liad been broken. However, I m.iv l)e wionj; in this sn>i- Heslion. S.1-1. The Middle South. 131 Fijj' 171 is f'lH' ot' »hc rare forms of rotary and ser- rated spear-lieails. It = ' 'veled to the left, as most of tlictn are. Just vv! . tiiiu implements like tliis should have been heveled, I do not know. Dr. Wilson and others affirm that tlie beveling does not k'v*" •' rotarv motion to the point when shot, luit that snch motioi was o))lained or controlled l)v the feathers npon the shaft. It is (piite ol)vions that a rotarv and serrated S|)ear-hea(l, or arrow-point, wonldmake a l<^rJ;e^ woutiil than an ordinary ooint; and the animal would soon become exhausted Irom loss of blood, etc. I am of the opinion ih.at such implements were used in htintinj.; larjje f;;ime. .■\iiv one who has hunted with modern, small-ealibre ammunition knows lli.it the sofl-noseil bullet is i)refer;ible to a bullet making a sm.all, clean wound. The old style, lar<;e calibre ammunition will speedUy briiif^ down almost any bijj f;ame; \vhereas, the same ainmal will run a Ion ji distanc after having been shot by a hi.i;h velocity, small-caliber bidlet. .A bow is not as elVcclive as a rifle and .-is the |)rchistoric tribes were depcudent upon their bows and arrows, to a jjre.it e.xtenl, they iialurally emjiloyed ijrojectilcs which would brinjr about the jjrsatest possible execution. This must be t.akcn into consideration when studyinj.; Hint implements. S. 1-1. HItie Hint. Scott Co., Iowa. Fifj. 1"'^ isa fjrooved ,Mxeof very fine work- manship tound mar V.illcy City, Iowa. It is ofjireeii stone and wcijjhs (i'-j ])ounds. This is an excellent rcprc eiitalive of the better jjrjide of .axes found in the North- western ])ortion ol the Middle South. The b.-ick is curved. S. 1-2' AxKS, Prsti.ks, Cki.ts, lire. The pcstk's of Missouri, Iowa, Kentucky, etc. afc similar to Ohio Valley forms. They are more numerous thfin grooved axes. The celts are hardly ty])ical of the Middle South, but more like northern ones. Axes arc e(|ually divided between "all round grooved" and "Mat backed." Hut in most Tenn- essee, .\rkansas and southern Kentucky specimens the groove exten1-' <>'■ West Virginia; C is the cone ior.n ; , , '. "T w ;' ^''■"'•''"'■" ^''^'' ^' ^'•'•^^- ^ '•^') i« •'» «"1^- view of a celt; o T r'T" ^'^' ■'":^ ''^' ''-'^^''^ ^''^ '^ ^''-l>l-v l.cvele.1 off near thc^ U1..C. llns type us somewhat unusual and is found mo.stlv in the Ohio Xotes .m Ohio .Arehaeolo-y, hv Cerard Fowke I'a-e 37 _^^^ ^;;;-;:;^'^^ was so,„eti,ne. chipped into lor.n. hnt nsnally gronn.l, the powder heing u«cd TIw MhUllv South. IMf and Missouri Valleys; H is a tino ])lmiiim.'t, shown full size; a l)eaulil"i - and j;:raeeful rclie. N'o arehaeolo/j^ist ean justly elassity such a work of a r (made of exceedingly hard niateri.'il) as a mere net sinker. I is an axe fron; Missouri and is two and one-half times l;;riier than the illustration; J is;, side view of the same. The natives were able to manufacture tools, etc., <) considerable size, for surface hematite occurs in larj^e fra;.;inents. They d ) not occur in other jjarts of the country, save where hrou.i^lit from a dis- tance. K, (Pi;.;. 17S,) shows the common form of un;.jrooved ])lunHnet or eti7.j-sha])ed jjattern. .\s to the small celts, Mr. Fowke observes: "These im])lements were ])r!)bal)ly used as knives or scra])ers, bein^ set into the end of a ])iece of antler, which may in turn have been set into a lar^j^er handle of wood. That some were knives is shown by the cdye, which is dulled to a flat, jjolished surface, extendinff from side to side; and that many were scrajjers is shown by their celt-scraper shape, a half eir.i)tical section, or by the scraper form edfj^e. * ♦ * Some, howe\cr, have the edge synimetric.'d, as in the hatchet-celts. "t General G. P. Thurston says$ (referrin;e body, No. ;i, is a type between the . ar form and the lioule projjcr. No. -t is a botllehaviny a speci- ally made base. This vase is common to the r. ; !• The Mklrlle South. 131 l'"i}4. \S'J, ])rt'si'iits aiiiUMc^tiitji vessels. No. 1 i>.'t well male holtle or small jar dieorated willi painted spiral lines arotind llie liodv and has a ]ieeidiar onl)tless the deeorations on tlie>e had some eere- nionial siKiiilieanee. No. ;! is a tripod j.-ir. No. -t, a tish. .No. a, a howl snrmiMinted liy a deer's hea. 1-."). F'\ inehes hij»h. .No. 2. .\ red bottle restiiij;n])on .'! hu- man lif;nres in a s(|iiattin.tj position, .heir arinsareerossed. I';fli<;ies, ."i inehes hifiii; entire vessel. !)' J inehes hi<.;h. .No. ;5. .\ ptenliar hnman-headed bottle. The projeetion and perforations at the to]) donlnless indieate method of hair- dressing, or a certain head };ear. , : ! ^JJdressniji, or a ce N(j. 4. .\ l)ear standini; n])on its hind lef;s with ;i bone in its niotrth. No. r>. .\ jng witli the outlines of a froj; njion it, but surmonnte( •ilii.iit 1-7 about 1-7 by i\ hnman face. S. I"i'-.l,S.l. shows i; of the hiind tools u>ed in snioothinj; the I lay prepara- tory to makiny vessels. 1 ;nn in- (lelittd to Cicn. ilhistr.ilions from his splended work, The .\nti(piities of Tennessee. Cieneral Thrnston calls them "plastering: trowels" ;ind j>ives .-is ])rool: "Cjion ex.imininj; these trowels closely, we find a thin film of smooth, h.ard-iiressed, red clay adhcrinj^ !<■ I'le orifiinal hard-burned pottery surfaces of some of them, which offers additional evideme ol their use as plastering trowels," Anticiuities of Tenu., pjj. 103. S. 2-." 4i>, ;J ai '' h II % 'M 138 Prehistoric i.vplcnwnts. I" The Middle Snutli. \'M V'lii isr>. I'ouerv Irnm .'I I'l'im-tcry of stuiic jrr.ivcs near Na>ilivilli' Cii'iicral Tliiiislou's c>llc u > 1. ri'iiiK'v-i^'i.', (km lii.'-i-i ol' iijii. Tiirii'.Liiii.) l'ro.{, siinli-li. diu-U IkiwN vviili (li'iciraU'l rims. •■ I lusi' wtif tamiliai- moiUls of i lie old (lotli'i-v makers, csiuiiallv llie smi li>li anil llic liciy I'lu' lalU'i- will I ivnriu- I imily names nr einlili'ins ol' llie siiullleiii li ilies. " * " riie nniliiiin lliimiess anil ie;,Milaril.v fit the walls, the e.irelnl Imi niiiii, the exael lies'- ol mil lines.in I the i^lussv liiiish ot some of these vesselsshoweonsiileralile ariislie skill." — I'hin-lon, |«. 1 I'.'. I'i- l.sCi The Km li.itbl s peei- meil is .-in e(liy\ III tile, I he month lieini.; eiilarueii lur the o|iriiiiiL:. In ;!!^ most 111 tlie-e the month III the Imi - lie IS ill I he liaek ol the hi , 111 file I i-lu-h;inil s|ieer men i-- a very laiije and liioie- (|ne liowl ie]iie i-entini; the liii man lii;nre. I hi- form i- i|nite r;ire for it |iortr;i>s an alinorni.ally f.il person lym;; on his hack. The lej^s are short and iiiji-like. The liottle-sh.i|ied elli.yies frer|nintl\ showl;i» |)ersons in a kueelinj,' jiosiiion. flie former is in the eollcetion of the ( )hio St.ite I'liivei sit\ , the latter is in the jiossession of the Smithsonian Instilntion. S. 1-3. Imi;. IS- Two idols or elliuies from south-west- ern Missouri. I he one to the lell is r.ither mile hnl the head of the sm.-iller si eiiiiun is e X e e e d i n };, 1 v well 111 oile led . lioih of these are ill the possession of the Ohio Slale Iniversity. S. 1- :,. iMK-. i^«;-T weieorij.;inally in inv eolketion. I 1. m i IF ■ III wrmmm 140 Irchistoric Implements. m The .\ fiddle South. Ul V\il. IMS. Cl.iv liloK from Ti'im. ^U)^ll■ graves, i a.,, i lirustoirKcolliitiDi). Tlif owl lorni (to the ii),'lil, lower row) is nilt*. The red ixiiiit ti]inii it is vel ('iiin|iiir- jitivi'ly 1)1 ij^iit. Most of tlic li^hl tolorcii iliiy idols were |iiniiti'd, hut ilie designs iireiiow very taint . Some are luiiielihaeks. Tlie livimp is hirj^e and ntiilorni, luil as Cieneral Thrnston siiys, while it may have iiad some sijinilieanee yet, "we liave not litcn alile to dirKuir it." 1 \\oltUI siifffjesl (h It they represent women earryinj{ hnrdens. swayed l)y the presence of a few foreij^Mi itiipleiiients or utensils. Hy way of example; obsidian Ins l)een oiind in Ohio motinds, yet we do not eon- elude that all of the Ohio tribes used ol)sidian. The prehistoric i)eoi)lcs in the northern jjart of the Middle South seem to have eonlined themselves to the larj.je rivers. In southern Missouri and nortli.rii .\rkansas their ])()ttery is found frecpicntly alonj.; the bayous of the Mississippi. Steatite, or soapstone dishes, bowls, etc., are sometimes found. Hut bein^u: 'n >''l' common in the extremt- South, or alonj^ the Atlantic coast, a description of them will be deferred. Bonk anu Siikll Oijikcts. I ■.) Fij;. ISO shows 24. shell l)cads or small ornaments from various portions of the T'nited States. AlthoiiL'h most of them arc not from the South or Middle South, I have introduced m m ■ i i -ii.-irwriT^TTT-7ri ii I ...jiEMK V >^ ii^mmmm 1 142 jhiston'c Implements. A, t n SlK.ll o, the A„c,c„t Ana-ncans, l,v I.n.fVssor Holn.es. Iutcmu of Htln...!,,,;.. H No. ;5. Momid, I'laric Du Chicn, Wis. No. 4, «.). Mound. Sevii-rvillc, Tiun. No. .-). (J. Cal., N. Mcx. No. 7. Crave, Lynn, Mass. No. H. .Northwest Coast. No. lo. .Mdinid, Sontliern Ills. No. 11 lo 1,-,. .\I,, mills, Tcnn. No. 15. Marvland. No. 1(), IJO. From various localities. No. -'1. .Moinid, Cocke Co., Tenn. No. 2'J. I'.ieilif Co;ist. No. L';{. .Arizona. No. 2+. .V tbssil used as a head. 1 1; en from port, 'M. p-A. 11)0 sliows 4 typical hone awls or perforators. Iron, various j^raves and vill ... 1 ennessee. I hese are con,n,on everywhere throughout the Kast and .sl.uh S ' Fiji, r, (pjr. 1>1 , is an cxhihit of various shell, hone .an.l elav, ornanu-nts and utu, U-nnessee mounds or^.-aves (Barnes' Collection). ' .-', is a typical cookinj; howl, 1 handles. I>, a suKill howl; the l.otton, is pointed ir.slcad ofheino ,„undc,l .^^ ,_c, ^an artd.c.ally shaped hun.an craniun,. (Son.c o, our tribes con,pre..d the '/. an en^r.-ived shell. f. an en-r.ive.l shell (.r mask with perfor.itions. /, a striiijr of |;irj,'e bone heads. ,y. a very finely carved shell. /'. a cl.iy l.idlc. A lon.ii bone iuvl is ue;ir it /. a lonji strin,>,'of sni.ill bc-ids. /■-/. shelf. A 1„„. bone .awl, a pipe, ;! enirraved shells and 1.' shell p,n. Tluse 1- co,nm<.,i ,n the .Middle Soulh .■iml were hair-pins, ' A-<'. shelf .Snn.c intcreslln.u pottery of rather odd lorm. M k. liouble bowl ,,,■ ""■' ^^- >■'-'— '-H .ijje sites ■ils from I nib of itlcr .'ire art' rill " The Mkhlle South. 148 These eiifijravcd shells are oceasionally tbiind in the stone j^ravcs and tlie mounds of the South, but so far as I am aware have never l)een found North. 1 will show several earvinj^s on shells from the Ohio valley in a future seetion, hut they are not to be eompared with the engraved gorgets of the South.* Fi;j. 191. I"rom a nioHiid on William's IsIjiihI. Tciinesstf Kivcr, Il.iniiltnii Co., Ti-un. I'oinul near the skull. l'if)t(.'ssor liKK-rv's . Collection, Crawfordsvillc. Ind. 1-2. I''ii;. \',)2. I'rom a mound on the Tennessee Kivei, James Co., Tenn. I'ound on the rilis ol .•I >l\eletoti. I'l-ol. Miiierv's Col. S. 1-2. Fif». 1 '.>.'{ presents !» eelts or \»)\ ished stone hatehets from .Mr. lleeU with's eidleetion, southern .\lo. .\Ir. lieekwilh's fironp will stand lor the Middle South. .No. 1 is a verv line sjieeinien and hijihiv polished; it is 1 1 1-K inehes lonj;. No. "> is one ol those rounded, jir.-ueful sotilhern lorms of eelt seldom seen .North. ( )|' r;ilhei soil materi.al. .Na.l!, Cireenstone axe. 2 'AS inehes thieU, I-, .'< S inehes liro.id ;iml 11! inehes loufj. The nppei- ]iart ottliis axe is roughened so that it eaii lie seetuelv jiripped or Listened. .Ma terials, mostly j;ranile; hhuk oi >;reen. S. About 1-M. 7 1 L' :! i- *I'riilessor I'rederielv Starr, C.fm-r.-il Thrnston, rrotessoi- Holmes and others tif^nre and de>eiilie in.my enj.;riived shells. mi pi 144 Prehistoric Implements. AxKs AM) PousnKo Stonf, Hatchkts. These arc common and arc not so very different from eastern or north- ern forms. Axes from the Middle South are shown in I'i<; (5 (p^. 22) of Mr. liarnes' collection. A is a very eomm:)n, broad-bl.ided axe. Two spLvinuns of a lon.r, nar- row form arc shown on cither side. Between h and /'there is a I'ceuliar axe •grooved in the center but rather battered at each end. Another one, sharp at either end and <:^foovcd in the center, is observed at r/; c, c, and /'are tyjji- eal rollers or clon will show readers that mo.-t of the axes of the Middle South have a ^i-oove extcndin inches. Blade, over (> inches long and double-edged. Found bv I>r. |ose])h Jones in a large mound, I)ank of Cumberland river, opjjositc Nashville. Flint Wkai'o.ns a.nd I.mim.k.micnts. In Northern Indian Territory, and also in .\rkansas, are extensive Mint (piarries. Material from these was transported througlu)Ut the Middle South. The stone was capable of being worked into large im])lenients and in that respect differed from the I'lint Kidge (Ohio) stone. These remark- able sites have been fully described. r •.\iilii|iiilirs ut IVniK'ssi'c, pi;. li,')'.>, lAn Amiont <)ii.iiiv in Indi.iii Tt'rritorv. lttiri;m ul lulliinl|M>ltiui'-l. '".)! , pjj. 3l;i. i Il()liiu>.^ Dr. (■■rDi-jjc A. horsev has visited tilt sites liir tile I'iild Cidtiiuliiaii .Miisniin. The M iridic South. 145 I- K' V *. ■*'*' ir /t Vifi. I')r> pri'si'iits ;i tvpical Hint cell from Missouri. Tlii tv|)f is iiioro loiiiiiioii ill the western ikiiI of tlie Middle ^^olUll lli.-iii in tile North or ex trenie Sotitli. Tliev ,iie of al sizes, foniis, de.!,'rees ol work niansliip, ele. ,. Onlinriry spcars-arnnvs-knives of the whole Middle South do not v.rv .i;reat:y, an.l it is not necessary to deserihe those of Missouri as ditreren't troni L'.e Tennessee or West \'ir^ini,'i forms. TKleaf. trian-idar, lozenge, rotary, serrated, barbed, shouldered, etc. ot Dr. Wilson's elassifieation occur in nuniber.s. TiK' materials are local cherts, (lint, (|nartz. aroiHitc. slate, ja'^iK'i etc Nodule (Imt (not (|uarry) was laroely used in Tennessee and Kcnttakv' In thcl.Lter state Fhnt Ki.loe (Ohio) materials abound; also, in West Vir ^^xv.i 1. 15ut ,t IS rare in Tennessee and Missouri and verv rare in Arkan-is •'i.i,'. 1U7 S. 1-1 '''A- l"."'^. Si raiulil li/ise, sli. addled and well liarlied, X. eoiniiinn as !• i^, 1 i)7 T lieads. h is I" ns lonii is I'onnd in lioti re(jtienlly rot; 1 arrow and -I ir\ anil sometimes sen aled S. 1-1 J-M ' ) 14-6 Prehistoric Implements. I'it;. 100 Marlic'd, ;iii(l sli^litlv iiukiittd ;it lijisc. I iiivlv cciii- iiion loini ol ])()iiit lor cilliii" ;ii rows or s]icars. S. 1-1. Drills, piTforators (or liair-pins) arc to !);• more tiilly (lescrilicd tiiulii tlic (lliio Vallcv sec- tion. Tlicv arc coninioii tlirongliout tlie Middle Soiitli and some verv tine specimens arc lonr.d. I'ii;. 2(10 is a small perforator witli a broad base and >lioTl. i-Iiar]) point. FijT. 201 a lon;j:, slender hair-pin ornanuiit. I'ijj. 202 a small drill. Tliiy vary as to width oflase (or head) and thickness of hocly, fineness of chip|iinj;, etc. Mr. j. I). Mc(inire has published an intcrestinji pap.er on " Hrillin^ in ^t( nc Witliotit the tVc of Metal" in the .\m. .Antliropoloj^ist. He considers all of them as inch drill. wron.Lrhl from hard material alter honrs ol patient toil, when a i-ommon reed, or a hard stidx, l"ii;.2()l.S 1-1. or a ronylily chipped pciloialoi would serve the same pnijiose ? Fiir. 202 S.1-1. l-i". 204. Fit 'tiiiaaiasti'teiii .'(»(■.. S. 11. The chi'^cl-like forms shown in Fij;s. 2n4-r)(> arc tvjiical. A few like them are found in Illinois pollcrv. and .Mi^^soiiii bill tluy arc iiioslly conl'incd to the inoimds and j^iavcs coiitaiiiini; Tiicy arc usually well polished and cxiiibit evidences ol lonj; am! coiilinmie piece of flint I h tli.iii the i{. n. :\i. wiiioi.ri.KV. m. i.oi is. mo. _'():!. s. 1-1. lrii)i.'s: K'lij^tli. 2iiiiKli-s: wi'lih 4- uielu's; tliii.-Uiii-"S al ctiiltr. 1 inch; wci.ylu. +;< avipirdupdis iiiiisl he si'L'ii II) lie tiilly ,i|i|)reeiate(l. It liiaeel'iilly taiiers in all direelions Irnni the leiiter Id icallv s|)rinkle 1 witli liglil speelis and various sized leddish-lirown spots and stripes. This nvolher lai^;e 1 iete of flint I have ever seen. Ill thisrespeet, tiieli side sums more lieaiitilnl in enil> .and eliies ,ire (|uiie traiisliueiit. One side is slij-litlv more convex than the other, .lud ;illcd rotarv .'irrows and spe.irs. The pie. e shows no evidence ol liavini; been woiii 1)\ use L-s near one einl. is a peculiarity noticed in oilier l;irj;e Hint pieces. ':4j The Mirhllc S'Uith. IVi \''\<^. liO.M is a ni.'if^iiitii-eiil Hint s]im(Ii' dt (.•eniiidniril iiiiiilcnuiil s-oiiic L'K iiulus in liii^lii. 1 am inlchlfil to I)r. \V. II. W licl)ik-y, of St. Louis, wlio kiiidlv ])rf]>aiiMi a jilatc lor iii>tilioii ill I'rcliisloric liniili'iiicms sliowiu;.; tlie spiciiiicii lull size. Tliis is one of llu' lai^ist flint iiii- |iltMiU'iits ill cvistciRe, lit-inji cxcfiltd i)_v onlv a siorc ot llic vrrv timlv ilii] | id ( li.|(i is ol (x- iraonliiiarv Ifiii^lli in tllc ])(isscssii>ii ol'tlic Missoini Historical Soiicty,* tlic 'l\nii. llislorii.ii Soi'ifly, ami one or two easU'rii iniiscnnis. .Ml-. \V. J. Scfvcr, Ciiralor tor llic society, reports lli.-il 47 iiniiieinenls were diseovtred in a fjrave iie.ir Waverly, Iltimplireys Co., Tennessee. The linjjliis of the largest are as loljows: L'7'i., U-', Lil'i, li), 1!), l.SVa, IH^'h IM't, ISii (iiielies), ele. No sneli di-eovery of niafiniliiei't tliiil cereiiKiiii lis lias lieeii made in the history of .\iiierie;iii arehaeoloj^y. Thi' eolleetion is ou e.\liil)itioi\ ill Si. Louis and is well worlli a trip ,Mircs. I'roiii Teiiii.; S.. al.ont 2-7 one, 14- iiiehes loiif,'; the laiisli,iiied, 11."... imlies loiij,'. i.'hc leaf shaped riw Middle South. 11 9 y r.i; ■ '■(■■ t'^ Fifjs UlS-Ci-T S. Show dillcrtiit I'ortiis ot 'flint itTcmonials." Willi the ixiii.timi nl (ii'ii. riinisum, llic .uilliorities sav litit vtrv little :il)<)Ut tliciii. In tiulli. no oiu' lli)ii. Till' miimIIi'^I of Llii iiiclifs wide. rill' itiitijii line ill llic lower I'dW is till' ioiiiifsl; iN'o, l)v 7'xiiK'lu's. .Ml ;iic txii'i'd- iiif^lv well iii.ult. 'I'lic si'vtr;il tv)ii's aiT shown; n have been found and figured in the viiri v)us reports. They are ealled daggers. Were they such? S. 1-2. *^, Fig. ■-•17 is unknown ;ind I p.ass it without eoninient. S. 1-H. Humphreys Co.. 'I enn . r J. The MnUUe South. 101 .^ 1 Ociicral Thriiston sav*: (i)<'ij;c 24-0) "Here \vc have, in nil pn)l)al)ility, the scepters or royal niaees once used l)y the iuajj;iiates of tiierace that built the ancient mounds and fortifications of Middle Tennessee. They may have l)cen the insij^jni.a of iiieftainship or of the jjriestiiood. The most distin- guished persona),'e of the Stone Grave race yet identified, if we may judj4:e by the surroundinj^s and ch.'.racter of his burial, the honored chieftain or priest whose remains were unearthed on the banks of the Harjjeth river by Dr. Jones, was placed in his rude sarc()phaj.fus witii a long flint sword or scepter, (LJ12 inches) in his right hand, showing very conclusively the use of these large imi)Iements. "If the reader will turn to the subse(|uent cha])ter ui)on shell remains, it will be seen that the "fighting figure," well engraved upon a large gorget, grasjjs in his right hand a d()id)le-pointed sword blade or knife of almost the exact form of some of these large flints. The double pointed imi)leinent, photo-engraved in Fig. 21 S is nearly its duplicate in shape and size, offering addition.il evidence of the genuineness of both the ancient gorget and the fine lliiit. The old chief or mythological hero engr.aved ujjon the shell evi- dently belonged to the Stone (»ravt race. Their remains are found in the valleys of liast Tennessee and in Northern Georgia, in the mounds in which the gorgets have been discovered. "La \'ega tells us that the large wooden statues guarding the gates of the rude tcmi)le discovered by De Soto (m the banks of the Savamiah river, at Tolomeco, were armed 'with clubs, maces, and coi)i)er hatchets;' jilso that some of them were .'irmed with long pikes;* thus indicating that the southern Indians, within the historic period, were ae(|uainted with the uses of such <)l)jccts, as insignia of authority. "l'])!)!! pul)lic or state occasions, the historic tribes jKiid considerable attention to forms and ceremonies. The tatoo marks, the number of feather ])lumes, the battle axe or war club, the engraved breast-])lates, the uijliolding of the pipe of peace, were insignia or symbols of rank and au- thority used and respected by them. We learn, also, that chipped imple- ments of chert, jasjicr, and obsidian were used by the Indians of California upon public and ceremonial occasions." (I Look the liberty of clianging "Plate XI" to I-'ig. 21S to eorrc.'i)oiid with luy series). It appears to me ihat (ien. Thruston's theory must be accepted as ;i final proposition — unless we discover something better. Compared with civili;a'd peoples, prehistoric tribes had very few arts. Long ex])erience in flint chipping hrul made certain of the artisans exceedingly proficient. ;m(l they eviiientiy aspired to display their ability and to leave sulistantial and lasting evidence oi it. Manitestly, such objects as Gen. Thruston iJiesciits have no utility and they must have been ke])t by the tribes as sacred pos- sessions. Of modern times, the skilliul worker in iron i)ri(les himscll in a highly dccor.'ited gate or a certain hammered i)attern of intricate design or beauty. The same may l)e said of workers in brass, cut-glass, etc. A ent- glass pitcher is neither as practical nor as substantial as a white china * llisldiy ol Al.il):uii;i ( I'i.'Ui'U). \'<.'l. 1, |);ij;t; (JO; (larcillai^o (If la Viffa, pus. "JTI-, L'M'. 'ill m j3l '■ If'; '''' I'J m 152 Prehistoric I-i i>!i'nvnts. IMU. I" }j JIH. S. 1 .' 'I'lic |ii> iiUmI iiii|iltiiunl (khiikUiI id])) is ol'iliortv flint, 1'.* tiidus liHijj. 11 i^ inilv i;i ul'iiii iiull llm l<. " I lit' sli.ir)ilv iiniiitc d UmiIhiI s|)mi is oI Vflluw jiis|ur:' S iiii Ills lull).' ,111(1 ,1 iiiiiivil HI i'lii|p)>iiiy ,iil. Il is syiiiiiK(rir,illy iirviircl iii;iKiii^: it t(>t;!iv • I'lu' liraiililiil nnintis. honk sli,nn-il iiiipUiiunl, ,i li;ilil lnt wii iliiil, is TVl- iIkIks Inii};- His loncil Soiiilv .•mil Cirii. Tliriwlon s .•(illtvliims. .Ml limiid in l>iiii. I The MhUtlv South. 153 pitcher; yot china ])itclicrs have no jjlaee in ceremonial affairs, nor are they eonsnicuous at weddinj^s or dinners. Most of tliesc artistic objects are of hut slight use in themselves. We |)riy.e them because of their rarity, beauty t'lnd expcnsiveness, and l)ecause they c'i])peal to otir conception of the artistic. Why sjiould not this have apjjlicd to the "hi^jh art" of ancient times? We would not consider one of these ceremonial tlint implements as an evidence of "hij;h art" in our civilization of to-day. Mut, from the testi- mony otthe mounds, it represented the highest attainment of prehistoric man in Tennessee. More lar<;e cllitiy, ornamental or pl.-un ])ipcs arc found in the Middle South than elsewhere, (icncral Thruston, Col. joncs and others show many. Mr. |. D. Mc(iuire in Pipes and Smokin;.r Customs of the .\merican .\borLjines' presents tinures of at least 70 Southern forms. I would advise all students to read his excellent monoj.jr.'i])h. Dr. li. A. Barber is an- other authority on pipes and has written several papers u\nn\ this rc;.jion.!- h'ijis. 219-22 ar^ larijc cllij^'y i)ipcs supposed to li;ivc l)een smoked at councils, durinu: cci". monies, etc. They arc too massive for individual use. I have always thought that they were trib.'d (or clan) possessions. l-'i;;. Jl'.t. S. \ -. I'uimcl ill JuiU' 'S I- ik.u- (".r.iiid \'ii'\\ , l.ouis.i Ci)., lowji, ( 1 L.' iiiilrs ui>l of Mils M I iiif ). M itcri.-il, lilail; ililuiitf. (.'(illtriinii ol |;i>. .\l. Wur. Mr. Mctiuirc says: "I'ipes of this kind arc of the most |»()iidcrous char.'icter of any .\merican tyj^- known, Str.'icheu's description of the pipe would rv.';dly .'inswer for this, and he docs not cxa,yj.ferate when lie says liie ])ipc of a 'Sus(|Uchanuock Indi.-m' w;is'three-(|uartersof ;i yard loni;, |trcllily carved witlia i)ird, ilearc.or withsomcsuch device ;it the ,L,M'cat end sullicient to beat (Hit the braynes of a horse.' thou;ih he has evidently cojiicd John Smith's earlier description, who ;isscrtcd that these pii)es were sullicicnt to 'beat out a man's brains.'" With all res|)ect to these j^entlenien I do iioi l)e- licve such pipes ;is are presented in I'ij^'s. 21!)-22 were individual property. We have little positive or reli;ible evidence of their use. .\s ;i iicrsona! o])iiiion merely, 1 would venture this su}.r;.restion: lVrha])s, they were pl.iced in the center of assend)la^es on occasions of import.ince, and smoked throu;.ih a very long stem. The priest or chief in 'Smilllsniil.in N'liurl, '',l~, pp. .'t,">l iiiclic's loiij^. A toiniiii, or sDnii- sowthtrii liinl. Kij,'. 21'(i. Duck Pipe, Tenn., S. 1-8. (",eii. Thnistoii's lolU'ilioii. \Vcij,;lu. H' i lbs. Dark jiray steatite. Tlie feet are wel)l)e». 222. Iluinnii eflin.v iiipc, from near Kingston, Tciin. (ieii.j. T. Wilder'!" eollei'tioii. S. 1-2. Material, rvtkliiili- l)res here. Mr. J. 1). Mc(«uire* places the monitor i)ipe, the simjile howl and face- shaped pi])cs in the Middle South; also the jK'culiar form of a round or an- gular l)owl and short round base which he calls Southern Mound ty])c; the disk or jcwsharp ])ipe and the biconical, the tuf)ular and the heavy, broad form, etc. Me illustrates all of these forms: i ImjI. 2-'+. S. I-'J. A vi'fv liiu'lv cirvcil pipe iVoiii .Moiit^oiiiiTV Co. ColUrtioii dI Cf)l. Hetiiictt II. Vomij,'. I.oiiisvillf. I ;ini iiidi'l/tcil to Ci)iit three times the size nf the illustrutioii, and was fonnd near I.ookcmt .Moinitain Tenn., many vears ago. It is a ty])ieal council pipe, made of dark. I>lnish green steatite and will hold a large handful of toliaeco. I"ig. 227 conies from Uomnev. W. Va.. and is of clay. It is of long, slender type, common to Western .New V arc of platform tyi)e and are shown ahoul one-third size, l-'ig. 22H is very rare, there being but al)f)Ut four or five s|)ccimen8 in the country. One is exhiliiicd liy the Smithsoiii.'in Institution; another l)y Mr. I';irker. The howl is about 7 inches in length ;iiid I'.j inches in diameter, .Mild would hold .-i large i|Uiintity ol tobacco. The platloiin i? t inches in width iiiid ;d)ont 14 inches long. Fin. 221) is of black steatite am! highly ] (lli^l] inches long. It is in the field Columbian Museum at Chicago. Fig. 231 was found in W.'irren County, Ohio. and iippears to represent a be:ir. It is small ;in(l jippcirs to be an iiidividnal Jiipe. instead of one used in councils. The bowl holds a little more than .-I thimbleful of tob;icco. and during the smoking, the nose is turned down. It is oflilack granite. An Ohio ty|ie, it does not belong in this section but is inserted tor com- parison. '..■it ' f 4 Fig. 232. S.2 3. Steatite pipe fonnd in C n 111 licr I a n d Coiiiuy, KentmUy. Collection ol Col. llciiiiett II. \ Uvil riiiud |; SlaU'S. VI V FiV. l''<.' s. 1 U'. Fij;. XW. rUuh from Col, (Uniitll II. S'or.iip's collfctiori, l.oiiisvillf, K\. Fi;{. 'J.'iri round in sontlirru 1<.\ . I'ij:. 'J'M't. foMivd ill Nfcadc Co. Kv. OkXAMRNTS ANIt CKKK.Mn.NIAI.S. \\\' ;ill know wliiit .-m orn.iiiicnt is. The word "ceremonial" carries no special sioiiiiicaiice ami emphasizes the need ot a |>roper archae()Io<.,ncaI nonicnclainre. The slate, sandstone and ;j:ranite ornaments, charms, gor>;ets, etc., arc not very common sonth ot Kenlneky In Tennessee many ot the steatite ;ind other sott stones .are tonnd. The Liter Creeks. Clierokees, etc. m.ide orn.iments and ])ijK'S ot v.arious l)rij.;ht colored sott stones and a collector nnist needs l)c discriminating. I.imited sp.aee prevents a (hseussion of them I will trc.'it ot'thc use, etc., of orn.anK'ntal stones in the Ohio \alley section. I'ii^:. 2;{7 illustrates 1- ceremonials, (ieneral Thniston says the si)ade- shaped ceremonial is ol polished j;recnstone, 11 inches lonj^;, has a delicate blade, ornamented with notches, lie has seen no object exactly like it. TIk lar^fcst one reported from Tennessee was lo-'j ineiies lonj^; the sm dk'St, .">' L'. In the center <>t" the plate isshown a tulndar |>ii>e. This is a very line specimen. A small ceremonial of characteristic Southern lorm is shown to the left of the tube \t the bottom of the |)late is a crescent ot hi^ihly polished syenite, ll'-j inches Um^^ One tip is slightly broken. .\ The MififUc S'tuth. ir>i> f vm m ■/ ti. l-w/ iifi) . •••i: I 1 'M 'ii I fff 1(>() Prehistoric Implements. siniil.-ir om.* w.'is foiinl Ity Si|uier and Davis iji a SL-ioto Vallt-y mound. An- otlicr is ill tlic collection ot" Dr. Leslie, Chillicotlie.O. All three of these are of granite and highly jjolished. (Iciicral Thruston says of them: (p;;. 21X)) "These symnutrieal eresLvnts are too l'raj;;ile for any practical use as tools or implements. Their j^iniceful lorms sujijj^est that they may have been used a-i symh »ls hy tlu' sun \v()rshi|)inj.; |)riests of the Stone (irave race. \ cres- cent, carved in stone, two inclies wide, and eijj;ht inches from point to point, was discovered some ye.irs a;.jo in a tumulus near Oakland, California. It was supposed to indicate the prevalence of sun worship. A lar^e tumulus in the vicinity was of the typical Tennessee form."* I'ij;. '_'.'tM is .'I tyi)ii'al perfor.'itcd cercinoiii.-il <>( tin- Middle Soiitli, and is also liiiiiid as lar scmtli as the Ciiill'. } ' F\n. 'J'Mi is a ])eciilinr sijool-shaped stone (|)ert"oraled) ol Idooded (|iiarlz iVoMi .MonHoniery Co., Tenn. Sever;d more of tlies-e are t'onnd in tnnseunis and private i.'olleetif)ns. The (|«;irlz is white, li^lil v»'lli>\v, or >;rayisli while and contains lilood-reil veins or dis- loloiiilions. Siiriiinens olMiih nialeriids ;iie alwiiys hi;;hly polivju'd an1.1 is also lonnil of blooded ipiart/.. .\lr. .Norman S]):in};, lal»". The wiiijis air imitf iioiiilt'd ami not mi iiiiinilcil as ill Nm tliiTii s|iiriiiii'iiN. Ki^. I'll' is a |ui'iiliai. rair lunaimiii sdiiu- t inics loiiiicl Sdiithiir Ninth. Manili^lly an nina- nuMil, Vfl liiiw anil wIuit shall wt savil was Winn? Of, wasii wnrnatall? The iirchafl<»j;ii"al wis«' nifii iiltlif inusinins shnnhl snlvc tlii'si- |iriili- riiis liif ns * {• iv;. liKt. S. i;i r\]iii-il ilisiuiii.ijs lioiii various locaiilics. 110. Yi'llinv, brown ti'rrnjLtinous i| larlz. rctin. 'J. Mark jifrei'iist'im-, iVoin a nionnii, ills. H. Oiiartzitf, Cii-orni.-i. 4-. .\r<;illiti'. I'fiin. 5. Not <;ivi'ii 6. Hr iwii rfrrniiliinii-i ijiiartz. Ti-iin. 7. Ouavtzit '. Ohio. H. Onartziif, Ohio. Thisi-iu is irom "A Study of Prehistoric .\iithro]ioloj;y." I'r. Thomn! V'iUoii. SniithMi' ian Kt'iKiit '87- '8. •ft III •As I statffl in the Unlletill (Hird-StDtit Cereiniiiiial) my idea in pii-siiitiiij,' tiirsc miilti- tiidinoiis, nnknown I'oniis is to ])riivokc discussion and thus ascertain the views ol oliscrvers regardinji; thtni. ■ti' , IK* 1(52 Prehistork Implements. ill jf?H Kl Fiji. -'++. s. u-r.. This fijriiic ;iti(' 2+5 were tjikcii truiii Ciiii. Tin iisltin's Aiiti(|iiiti» >; dI TtiiiKss'tf, and tlif s|icciiiHMis art' ill his ]irivatc •.•oIliTlicni. It will lie ohstrvcd tliHt I here is a small ilfiircssioii ill llii- ci-nicr (»f each «lisi-. The siiilacfs piTsciit a sctati-licd ap|iearaiiiT as it sotiiithiiin had liwii rcvolviii;,' upon llu-iii. FiK- ~'4ri. S. 2-3. These I'onc-shapcd objects are (ie(|uent in the Ohio Vailcv as well as thmiijihoiii the Middle South. They are ol'ciuartzite. Kiauile. liniialite, etc. |H 11 BiCAVK, OK DiSCOlDAI. StoNHS. Dr. J. I-\ Snvdkw, Virginia. IlliiKtis. [Dr. Snydi-r, tlic well-known arcliai-olo^ist, kindly i)re])arc(i a ])ajK'r for mv u])on (liscoidals which I take pleasure in ])rcst'ntin^. I can add nothiiii,' new to Dr. Snyder's able discussion, and heartily concur in rdl his opinions. ~\V. K. M.| The urj^ent need of the science of archaeoloj;'. at the present time is a revision ot its nonienclature; especially in the classification of prehistoric stone ini])lenicnts. Such uncouth and nicaninj.jless names as "spuds, " "hunts," "banner stones; "and the vayueand indefinite terms, "ceremonials," "discoidal stones," ".'.mulcts," etc., should he disc.inlcd from our .irch.ico- lo.iiic.d vocahul.'irv, and rcpl;iced with n.inics convcyin;,^ some sjR'cific idea of the form, dimensions, or use of the objects. "Lcif-sh.'i ed," .applied In certain chipped Hints, is another absurdity, .and .about . |)rceise for des- criptive juirposcs as is ";i chunk of rock" .as a mc.isure oi ni.i^nitude; for there .arc leaves of m.iny diverse forms, .and we .are at a loss to know what ])articul.ir sh.i])e of lea i is implied. The term "discoid.al stone" is eipially .ambi<,nious and confusin;^; for amonj4 .abori.tiiiial stone relics, disc-hlic. or circul.ar, stones ol .almost every size and v.iriety occur, ditVcrin^ii' so widely in dimensions .and det.ai's of lij.jiire .as to render iheir classification under one title l).-wil(lcrinj,' .and mis- le.adiiiji. W.itcrworn pebbles, circul.ar .and tl.at, or disc-like, were .abund.ant and re.ady .at h.airl .almost every where — by the Lake shores, or s.and b.irs in every strcrim, .and .amonji the;.jr.avcl beds of the drift formation — rccpiirin^' but little modification by jjrimitivc sav.ajics toad.ipt them to use. .\ii i 1 oerlorate the stone. I'i;;;. 2t') repivsiaits this ty|)e, show- in;.? th." il )ll ) V > 1 ) le side, an 1 a cross sectio i t'lr > i ,''i the di.ametcr. .\s ih- b -I, s.auccr-like cavities o • <.\:\\ side .are ch.ar.acteristie of this ty >• )' " • stones, I would suj^ijest, '):• e > ivcaicnce of de-icription, its sc) M , all others of the j.jroup of r Miid, llat, prehistoric relics 11 >w I- ■ 1 • ' " ler .as "discoidals," .ami i a' hem liicnvi' stones, or /*/- c.'Mc.s, "1 in />;/;j;.s, two, or double, 1 the noun cnw/j//, .a coii- m ti is*f: I I ii si ' &i 104 Prvh is toric Iiujtienwti ts. (1.1, H Ill- cavity, or hollow; or the verb c/ivn, I hollow, or scoop. Iliis iiaiiic, in my opinion, would be far more expressive ol" the shape and peculiar conforma- tion of tiie ol)jcct than its j)resent inexact appellation. To rtirthcr specify thc'it the bicave stone is discoidal, would be su])erlluous, as all l)icavcs, with rare exceptions, are round or disc-like. When asked to what use the bicive stones were ap])licd, the ready answer is, for i)layinjj: games. H«)w is this known? It \s not known; but merely inferred Irom the .'iccounts of early observers a ni thssipate this belici, ;ind coiivinceusth.it those strange aid bcmtiltd relics weier.nt made Inr that purpose. It is altogether prob.able that, in some inst.inccs, niodein Indi.ins tounilching, in the g.imc of (pioits. 'I'lie Indi.iii g;imc, in wliich round hurling stones were .in iniport.int fe.'iture, li.is Ikcu seen .ind described Ity sevcr.d e,"i\ c>;;ilorcrs; .iiiioiig whom w;is .\d.'iir, wlxi li;is given us a concise .-ind. i..i 'l-' ubt. .■iiciiratc ;ic- count of it, as follows: "The w.irriors h;ivc .'inoiher fa voritc g.inic calk d C7;(M/g7»-f, wiiii'li, with propriety of l.ingn.'ige, may be c.illcd "Kniming li.ini l.'iltiir.' They h;ivc iicir their st.ate house a stpiarc ]ticee of ground well cle.iied, .inil fine s.iiid is c.irefnlly strewi'd over it. wIkii reipiisile, to |)ro- niote .'I swifter motion to wh;il tlu'y throw .doiig tiie surf;ice. <>iil\- i-m- or two on ;i siiie Jil.'iy in this ;nKient game. r!n.'y li;ivi- ;i stone .-iboiit two fingiTs bro.'id .'It the edge, .'ind two spans .ironnd; e;Kh].irty h.'is .i jioje ol'.'ibout eight feel long, smooth, and t.'ipcring at e.ieh end, the points ll.ii. They set oO .ibre.isl of each other .at six y.ards from the end of the play- groniid; then one of tlieiii hurls the stone on its edge, in .as direct a line ;is he cm, a i'onsider;ilik' distance t<»w;ird tie middle of the other end of the S(piare; when they li.ave r;in ;i lew yards, e.ieh IK xt I edge somewhat sloping." Lieutenant Timherlake (17<5r>) says it is "a round stone, with one llat side, and tlie other e(»nvex." CatUn, who saw the game played inueh later, says the hurling stone used was a "round stone ring." It will he notieed that none of these writers, who deseribe the Indian game, mention the hurling stone as having Intend indentions. Those .\dair saw used, "two lingers hroad at the edge," were eertainly not ol theeom- mon torm ofhieavi-s represented hy I'ig. 21-7. He says the CluiDf^kc stones were not buried with the de.'id; l)ut it is well known tliat l)ieave st()nes Ire- olisIi it, tli.'it in the silly ;ind stupid g.'ime <)( Cliiniiikc wnulil Ik' entirely useless; when .-i pl:iin round stone, with tl;it, or eoiivex, side'<, would answer the purpose belter. Not one ol' the bie.ive stones pre- sents .abr.Msions, or m;irks ol attritions about its periphery, that would in vari.ibly be present had it been useil by hurling on a ii.ird el.ay or sandy surl'aee. .M.any ol' these stninge relies, by reason ol their diminutive size, and the I'r.igile maleri.'d of whieli they li;ive luen I'Drmed, eould not possibly h.'ive been used in .any sueh game as L'Iiiiii,l:Ire than three lunidred ol them h.ave Iteen found within ,i radius of twenty miles .aro\md Meardstown, <;n ihe Illinois river, and they h.:ve occurred .about in this pro- j/ortion throughout the v.dley of the lower Illinois, .and borders o! the .Miss- issippi. They .ire heriMUosl eomnutnly found .about the old village sites ,ind camping places, .associ.aled with stone .and bone implements and camp refuse. I h.ave two sm.all bicave stcmes th.it were turned uj* by the j)low in this (Cass) county, on old Indian e.im|)sites, .several miles .ajKirt, havini' ■■ 'it w •> ■■xa m MM I *■% I' ri- '■. KK) Prehistoric Implements, (Hie- liollctw of each ii smooth ".r'tcrworn j)cl)l)lf, as shown in I'ijj;. 21-S. The contact ol" the stone and pebble may have been accidental; or may 1)e evi- dence tliat tlie two were used together in j^aming, or sonic other |)iiri)ose; but, in both cases, tlie two had l)een so lonj; toj^ether that the calcareo- tcrrnj::inons earth in which they were "nibechled cemented them so lirmly that some force was necessary to separate tliem. l-iK. -ju;. li«. L'J-K. FiR.a+O. Tlie real Chiw^kv stones used by the Indians, and in every way well adapted to the re(|nirements of that jffime, are not unfrcij lently discovered, particularly in the south, where that j^amc was most in vojjue. The speci- men of it shown in ri>;. 24'9 was found in the debris of an old Indian villa>i:e in Phillips county, Arkansas. The stone is a hard, yellowish .|uart/ite, three and three-fourths inches in diameter ("two spans around"), and an liknve (if Discoidnl Stones. 10 >i itK'li and thrct'-(|uarU"rs in tliickness in the center; willi l)<)tli sides eonvex, and ed};es s(|uare, an ineli, or more, ("width ot'two tinj^-^ers") wide. Tliey are classed as "diseoidals," and are seen in all tnuseunis and other laruv eolieetions. The old idea, sonietinies still advc'inecd, thc'it liieave stones were intended for paint mortars, is scarcely worthy of notice. Oidy an idiot woidd think ot ni;diinj.i a mortar on o])|)osite sides of the same rocU; or excavatiiiji. lor that i)ur|)ose, both sides of a circular stone l)ut an inch in diameter; or ol constrnctinj^j a mortar olday.ixtttery. or shale. The cavities ot the linished hicaves are never stri'.ted, or ronj^hened. as wotdd he the case it l)rou;,dit in contact with stone pestles; but present the rej,fnlarity of proijortion.'-. and smoothness of surface, that could only l)e produced by a rot.itin;j; instru- ment, probably of wood. In a few of the bicave stones it seems lli.il this rot.'iry i;rindin>; processcontinues aslony ;is they were in use. iiradually carryinji the cavities down deei)er; but in tlic j^reater mnnber the cavities were evidently ', sal soda, for ,i few hours, the j^reasy matter will be ixtr.icted and seen tloatin^r on tin. surf;iec of the li(|uid, and the stone will be cl> an ;md britriit is in its •►rivinal uatur.il state. This tact, toj.;ether with their yreat numbers, tht-ir wide distribution, their various dimensions, lomis. .and (le;;rees of fine liitish, and their presence in old viila;.;e sites .and cimp reluse, stroniily su;.;^esi the prob.ability of their economic use as domestic implements. Tome they .ire the moM incomiuehensible ol all prehisturic stone relics. In our i;.iiior.mce of primitive Indian lite we know of no industry or art i>ractise;.'r Hrowii. of Norway, Iowa, has a larj,'c' cahiiul. He possesses a very rude ;.iroo\ed axe found I'J feet hi'low the surlhei.'. The j^roove is wide and sliallow. He rejjorts ornaments and oilier ol)jeets typieal ot the Plains and Miildle Soutli liorder. An ornament (like the fourth one to the ri;;;ht ot /> in V\'^. .'?) had lonj.; |)roieetions al the lower end. There were live notehes near the jn'rloration. Several larj;e flint spears, hut smaller than I'iji. U'J.'{, have been found. Hematite is not rare. He reports one eopper spear-head. .V ;ienlleman residinj.^ in Wajielow County, Iowa, makes drawiu;j;s of sueh sjieeimens as have already been shown. In addition he illustrates nulc axes (not polished) and larj^e, rou^h knives. Mr. Iv. H. Collins, of Cherokee, Iowa, has many eurious ohjeets in his eolleetion. Some earvinj,'s on stone a])pear to have been m.ade by Plains tribes. Several odd sha])ed eatliniie pipes; a fme bonelish hook, rare in his region; a earvin^i of .1 bufr.do done on stone; pottery handles and decor- .'itions, etc., he has l)eads and other ornaments from this rijirion. jasper wis freiiuently found in the South, but is usually fashioned into arrow or spear l)oints ;ind seldom made into ornaments. In some of the jiottery has been observed earbonized fruit anil food.* A valuable paper ap])eared in the Ameriean .\uthropolo;.jist, volume .">, paj^e (>7, by i'rolessor Holmes, entitled "Studies in Al)orij,Mnal Heeorative .\rt.'" His ri'uiarks on the pottery of the South .\ppalaehian e;'.'"i henware are jiartieularlv valuable to students of this seelion. Cu])ped and pitted stones are very numen>us in the Middle South but will be deseribed in a later seetion. Mr. [oe. (i. Vouufi, of Hellevue, Iowa, kindlv m.idefor me ;in illustration of the larjj;est broad spear-head I ever saw. Vx^i,. '-2',\ reproduees it lidl size. It was found near Mellevue. The material is a peeulin (piartzite; j,M'eyish with -I tendenev to pink shades in spots. It is a very beautiful spjeiuien and doubtless has few eipials in .North Ameriea. In this statement I waive the lonj4, narrow eeremoiiials of obsidian, llint, ete. .\ few nearly this larjie have been diseovered In \\'isel in liiidrii'iil .iiiil ntlicr tin ins, iil ilit1i'i«-iU Ifii^llis. 'I'lic Mli.illiT iims, olliii (iiilv a U \v iii»li»> l< \\)i. Iiaxt- I »«ii tl ( 17 lit to In- iiriiamriii - A vaiittv ol iim-s aii' .iMiilitil to I hi' larjitT olijiits, tlu- ninst plaiu ilili' hi-ilt); tli.il l>\ tile iiu'ilu'iiK' nun toi- ilu' initciKkil iiiii' ol iHm-.im'. Tluii ii>«- lor Miiokiiijj. or .•i>- w liistli-s or r.alU lias also liini Mii.:),;i-sti'-iMl lor thai ]iiii|iom'. I'll is rcin.'irU apiilics to tlit' 1 11 1 it's wliiili liavt- 1' vliuili it al holts ilrilkil almost tlif 1 11 tilt It r^ ill .mil tlit'ii liiiisiit'il »illi out' of siiiiilli-i ilianitttr. :ir,il also to tlit' t'lass wiiitli liavf liiti iiital holts, haviiit: littii ilrilltil Ironi Imili ftnls, .iinl thin stoo|vil out willi a tool so iliat tht' holt- I'tiiiloi ins soint'wli.'it to tl f oiirliiii- .inil is sinalli'st in tiif ttiittr. TlifM- oliiitts. it iimsiral in- st I nnit'iils. wiTf not whist fs linl li iiin|itts, tor tlif sunn 1 1 tan oiilv It' iiiailc l>\ lilov iiij; in iIk' saint' iiiaiiiici as art instniiiicnts ol that tiass. 1 lit' inalirials art' iiMially m apsli iif, l.imiltil slale, ami t'hiorilf, altlion^li s)it'i'iiiit'ns of sjiiulsloiii' an- not wanting." .\lr. J.l). Mi'tiiiirft seems L(> I'oiisiili'r that the tiilics wfrr .ill iistil tor smokiii);. *Kol the .XiiU'ritan .Miorigiiu's, SiiiilliMiniaii Kr| orl, '1)7. CONTH'ATION OK TIIK MiDDI.K SolTII. Col.DNKL V(HIX<;'S Col.l.KCTlON. I have always said that Knitucky has been slijjJitcd by arcliacoloj^nsts Wlu-n thi' surveys jj;ct to work tht-rc they will frnd it otic of the richest sec- tions in the .Mississii)|)i Valley. Very reiiiarkal)lc speciinciis in point ol linish and desi^^n have come to lij^ht, and I suppose Col. Heiuiett H. Voiin;;. of l/ouisville, has the largest .'ind best exhibit in the st.'ite. Truly, it should l)e considered a private museum. C«)l. Voun;.; has very kindly made lor me numerous illustrations ot some of his treasures and I only rcj.;ret that lack of space i)revents my printin;.j all his remarks in full. One of the stranj.iest thinj.(s in Middle South archaeoloj.jy is the hij;h art exhibited in the exceedinj;ly small jioints foiiiid at Moccasin Mend, Teinics- see river. The various illustrations of these little jjjems will >;ive readers an idea of their beautv, so f;ir as outline is concerned. lUit it is to be re.urettcd lliat the colors cannot be shown. In short, the illustrations do not do the objects juslicc. Col. Voun^ has the larj.jest collection of these small Tennessee arrow- points in this country. Not more than ."jOO have l)een found, and he li.is in his cal)inel a collection of .'{">(). Tlicy have attracted ;itlention and cre;ile:;itt. ;ind Hint are still found in K'oj^c (pi.intities; but wli.itcvcr r.icc ni.ide tiicin h.ad evidently .attained the hij.jhest possil>le skill .and perfection in the manul.iclure of arrow heads .and ol)t.'iined ;i knowledue which had not been communiciled to other lril)es, for in the s.inie locality, williin a inmdred miles of this point, no similar articles h.ave ever been found. I m.ike (|uotalions from Col. Voun;.;'s letters of description "'I'hc most unnsu.al of the objects on this card is the llinl lisii hook, wiiicli h.is ;i well deliiied b.iib. The sm.ill drills at the top of the plate .-nid one .it llic bottom ;ire very uimsual, some have scpLare, sonu h.i\e rounded licids. .\I1 of tliese came from Willi.ims Island in the Teimessee river, .at Moccasin Mend. They .irenot only of splendilcttwnts. without the usi- oriiK'tril impk-ini-nts of sonu' kind, cither tor the puqiose ol' s.'iwiiijj: tile in.'iteri.'il iVoni which these points were made or for the purpose oi'euttiii^ tl\eni." F'i;,'. i;r> U \\". A ^ ^ F'if,'. -r>l. S. II. Col. \oimj,''s C'olliTtioii. Some o( Col N oiiii!,''s sni.illcst . }I< sent inc '_".! ol llicsttor Mis)iiition rind I do not licsil.-ilr ill sa\ ill).; tli.it tluv aif iiiai vtis ol skill and lieantv. I i-an j^ivf no reason for tluir uianiitav tiirt', itorcaii 1 itiui rive lui\y llu\ toiild lie ilii|i|r<(| dmvn so small. I-ij,'. LT.L'. S. l-:<. Tlictwo lon);cst ol tlic arrow htads in tins lolUctioii wcif found on the p trail wliieli led Iroin .\leiti|iliis, Tenn , up Uiroiiyli Kentiiekv to the Ssih Siiriny^ at iiltK rent Imtlali/ 7 The Mi(hlk' Smith. 171 I ioks. It is I'xacllv (i iiii'lics in li'iinlli and is vtTv hiaiiliUil; it was i-viili'iilly \isfil toi th» killing III IiiiII'mIo. "111! iiixt iMif is "i iiiclu's ill U-iii;lli ami was likewise rmiiiil un (lie liiiD'aIn Irail. wliili llio liiird one is 1-' i iiielies lony ami was alsn .iiiiiid l lieie. "Iliese l)iitValii were liie lirst ami liesl cii)iiii<(is thai ex|p|<>rvil Keiiliieky. Tra veliii^; liniii tlie praiiifs <>l the West to the sail liiks so almiidaiK in Keiitiaky, they had trails as Iniij; as r>(MI miles, 1111(1 when in nuxlern limes railroad en^iitieers Intiiid it neeesi^iiiy to survey the liest riiiite loi railways, it »vas disi-oveied ih.at these Imllalo liy llieii early r\|i|<)i .it iims h.ul iilreadv traeed the liest lines lor travel, whether liv loot or liv rail." ■)' ii 'I .-r::^T7- -^'TxiTj^S'^vx:!. '■^m^ I'i);. L'.'.;i S M. The Hilled ^; eaiheail 111 this eiil Is .s iiulirs loiii; and J iiiehes wide. Il was loiiiid in Wnodlord iciiinly, KeiiltK li\ . It is an iiMiisiial sli.ipe ;iiid was iimie than iikely nsed .as a s|ie.ii lu;id in I he destrnetioii ot linlialo. Tlie others i.iiiu- trom Cenlr.al Kflitliekv. ■■:1 ^^^^Miit^. ate lav I'iH. 'J.'il-. S. .ihmit 1 :i. riirsi drills and spear heads e;ime tioiii tin 'reniicssee river near Williams Island (not lar trom the lamniis .Moee.isin Mend), .i short dislaiue helow (."hat lanoojja They are made ol' various lliiils and .ij^.-iles. The S|,ir.i| )ioiiil:- were loiiiid in a j^iave iie.ii the livei li.'iiik i If'' ill.' line Fit;. -■>"' S. 1-1. Minute point Iroin l»r. II .\1. Wlielnley's eolleetion. St. l.ouis. It was (ilso t'oiiiid .It .Mcx'ciisiil Mend. Contrast this one with the iinmeiise lioiiuh iiLpleiiunt shown ill I-'i^. '2^y^ and yon will I'orin a eoneeption ol' the raii^'e and variety ol pieiiis torie .•\inericaii Hint weapons and tools. 172 I i!. i ti I'rchis t or if I in f tie nun t s . !■' I y. '_',".(;. S.I 1 Siii.ill .iirriw lu;i(l I'mii. 'sf-issii pi. This is ,il (Mit .-is mii.iII .is it« IdiiikI Mill III Tt'iiiU'SMc ill llic Sriiitliiiiiil is ml . ..diiifd liy w.iv ni|i:iriMOi. KiK l.'.'i7. S. 1 ," This iivf \v;is fniiiiil tu'.ir SoiiuTstl I'lilii^ki iniiiitv, K»n- I iii'kv, close to thi' w.'itcrs III tile (.'iilllliciiiinii rivir. It is iiiiHlf ol shi tc .-itiil is till - iisu.il in th.it il h;is ;i j^M'oovc oil it ;iiiil ;i (jii'f ill wllicllthi' iiioiit h, iiosi' iiiiil f\ l'^> .iiT |iiilritlv (lisliiut mill (.;ivis this iixe thf ii|i|i('!ii'aiU'(' nt ii sktUli.ii It it. liniii- liliilly |ioUsliv'il. fii.f I I .'l^4f^ ' ,j f'in. -•'•N. S. 1-1.'. Cul. \i)(iii),' siiys "It IS II iI;ij,'j;it; yon f.'ifl liftciniiiif this l>\ llic ilcprcssioii iil. the Uasv whi-rc it wotilil lie Uvlil i'l 'lir li.-mil -Mill. S. 1- S(o(iC kiiik Col. \oii i-ii sent iiic llitsithrec liilfs|KTimriis. TIk'i .lie ;i il.iil leililisli liriiwir stoiif. iiiiUiiown. vei V lii^jhlv (lolisheil .-mil e\iniliiij;ly nirf. T The Middle Soiilh. V'\)i. '.TiU. S. 11. "IdiiiiDt ktmw v\li;il thin \v;i> IIMli till I Milt tllis to till' SlIlltllMlllMII lll>.lillltl(lll llll llu'iii til ill tci iiiiiir till 11,'iliiH' anil I hiiriii til ul tlit Kliiiif. lull lluv iiiiijtl mvr iiu' nil >.;m>liu till \ vl.ilf- liiriit III svliMl it wiifi iir wliiH' it laiiu' trdiii. TIum lliHT .ntulfs Wfir tiiiinil in a iiirlii- nl .1 link in I'liu- tniiiiiit.iin. Hi'll I'linntv. Kv. At ilit saiiu lime srvi'al aniiw luails were liinm'. I have Iiitii iiIiIc In ;,'«'I uiiIn niu' III the ari'iiW'lieaiN. The >tiiiie is very nniiMial anil the rnii>h i?- alMi virv titif. Thev were lininil li\ amal iniiiei wliii^-ave tin 111 in a |ili\ ^ieian, lioiii whiiin I jjiit iheiii at Jelli'ii, K \ . i know nntliin^L; ol tlieir lii>i'ii\ cxeept the i«laleiiietlt>< nl 1 lie ineii at* >;iven In ine, Imt they are verv haiiilsinne N|ieeiineiis and I value I hem hijjhly." ThlK iilijeet is j^rniiveii anil has a very sharp e.l),'e. Ci»l. Vouiiji sinils iiK- ;t(l(lili()n.il iiiitis lunririiin;^ his pijirs ilhisliiiUd on panics ir>.") ami \r>S. I'nrorlinialcly. iIil-si- i.jiiiu' too lalv lo lie iiisi-rlcil in their ])n)pcr places. 01' I'i;.!. '2'J'> lie says, "This pipe was toiindin N'ieholas county, Kenliu-kv, on the h.inUsot'lhe LieUinn river, near the lllue Lieks h.-iltle field. It is lo'- inelies lonjj, and \vei;j;hs -I-' ■_> pounds. On ilsliaek it haslwo holes lor smoke, whieh are united at the bottom. The tohaeeo was evidently pl.ieed in either of these two holes or howls, and the pipe stem was inserted on the o|»posite side. It re|)resenls a huj^e jj;reen Iroji sneh as are loimd in Ken- tucky, with white helly. While the artistic ]toints ;ire crude, they are yet a most raithlnl representation ol this animal. The pipe was pl.iccd mi the nronnd and Iroi'i it the smoke came thronnh the hack." ()t I-'in. 2.'{r>. Col. \'oun;.i says: "This pipe has ;m unusual history. It was lound in a mound in Hart eiuinty, near the U.inks oj (".iceii ii\er. The mound was hnilt on the hottmn lands ol' (iieeii river and was covered with very larye tiinl)er; on the top (•! the mound in which this jiipc was loimd was an immense heech tree. The liceeh tree was blown down and in the roots of the tree, this pipe, in several pieces was discovered. It was taken out and the pieces were ingeniously put tonether hy Col. Koht. .Mum- ford, lately deceased, who was one of the most distinj^uished ;ireli;icol(ij.;ist in Kentucky. Alter preservinj.i it lor many years, he j^^ave it to me. It is 17 inches lon;i. the stem is S inches in circumteretiee and the huwl is l-'i inches in width." It weij^hs S pounds. It is made Irom oolitic limestone. Ok.sa.mkxts. ktc. i-kom Mk. Wiivk's Coi.i.ia tio.n. Ikl'ore eompletinji the Middle South section I desire to present 11 stone ornaments or eereiuonials from Mr. James Wier's collection, Muscatine, Iowa. Some are oecasionallv found hut most of them ;ire rare. >m m h.H IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) 1.0 I.I m _ S IIIIIM L6 lis 1^ — IIIM IIM 12.0 1^ 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" - ► my ^ w /a '/a e3 o ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 t

? or or Fig. 264. S. 1-5. Fi.r. 265. S. 1-5 .\rk:iiisas mound i)ottery; Fof^tie & Pogiie collection; Cincinnati. iMg. 206. S. 1-5. Fig. 267. S. 1-5. The ixnter.v is like that from the Middle South illustrated elscwlierc in this volume. Fig. 26 k .\ tall jar with eiilarge inches in diameter and hij^hly polished. .\s far as I have been al)le to make iiuiuiry, only one ceremonial of bird shape has been found in tliis locality and that I have not seen." TllK LoWKK PoTOM.\C, VlKCI.NIA, ETC, RkCIO.N. In the lUireau of Ivthnolojiy Ke])ort for 'DH-'O-t, Professor Holmes had a jjaper of ir)2 pa!,.!:es,entitlcfl "Stone Im])lements of the Potomac-Chesajjcake Tidewater Province." rn(|uestional>ly. Professor Holmes is the most care- ful, thorouijli and com])etent of all American Archcolojjjists. Beyinninji with the ^colo^^ic features of the reji^ion, {.^ravels, deposits and where bowlders and other materials occur, he traces the evolution of the sjjcar, .arrow ;ind axe-iieads, from the raw material to the com])lete form. I rec- ommend liis pa])cr to all students and collectors. He also deseiibes stone bowls, ornaments, pipes and all the other stone objects. I am indebted to Professors McCiec and Holmes and the Hurcau for permission to use some of the illustrations from their r.eports. No jrood ])ottery is found here. The ornaments, ])ipes and ceremonirds are rare, .\side from projectile points, axes, hammers, soa])stonc dishes, etc., there is little evidence of art. The tribes left enormous deposits ot oyster and clam shells. Indeed, these continued with more or less rejj:ular- ity for many miles alonji the Potomac, Chesa|)e,ake, James, etc. In ])laees the shell hcajji are 5 or (> feet in thickness. Where food was so easily ob- tained, it is natural that the natives would become shiftless and make no fidvancement in the arts. The axes differ sHj^ditly from those descriljcd I)y Mr. Berlin or Professor Perkins. Professor Holmes says of them: "A broad distinction in shape is based on the manner of hafting.* In one jj;rou]) the j^roove extends entirely ar(nmd the imi)lement, while in ;inother yrou]) one laterrd edye is stminht, beini;- so arranj^ed as to permit the wed,!j:inj4' of the haft I)an(l. There are no si)ecimens, however, varying so far from the tyjic forms as to brid<.;e the ga]) between types. The S])ecimen seen in ,v, I-^ig. 2().s, is Hat and rectangu- lar in outline, with encircling groove in the middle; /; is similar, but with the groove more shallow on one margin, and ])laeed al)out one-third of tlie way from the top; c has a wide encircling groove near the toj) and a nar- * Stollf llll|lllllKIIlS ol llu' I'nllHIIMl', Li':. •;■ ' It ^'Mi '!'i 180 Prehistoric Implements. I-'i^. -'ON. S. 1-3. rmvinK^ tc.wanl the point; d has the f^njove very low on the shaft and the l)la(le IS wide at the ed-e; v has one straight sido for wed-e hafting and -i wide projeetniK shoulder l)eh)w the j-roove in the opposite edge: /has the groove bordered h\ low ridges all 'round." I-ig. 2(;s might well stand for a North Carolina. Distriet of Columbi-, or Long Island, group. The tide-water points are <|uite similar, wliether trom Staten Island, or Charleston. Wilmington, or Raleigh. i.l it ii The MkkUc South. 181 » - 5 U ti'.\r -I 5 •i; ■ I'l 31 I- •K 209. S. 11. Speci.'ilized quartzite Ijlades from Potomac Vill.'ijte sites. Tlic^e show tlit niori- ionin;(.ii forms i'otiiul aloi)}^ tilt toast from tlif mouth of tlic lliidsoii io North larclina. ^rok■^><.r Holmes ^ays that this };rou]) iiithidcs nearly the full raii<»e of projeetile ];oiiits. He found many rough notched axes .'ill along the eoast which were used in soapston^- (|uarryinjj, as well as about the camps. IP 1 1 I'! 1,1 I'l^ IH' ■.■■, ATPEXniX TO SRCTION' II. .; Mi.\Ni:si»TA Aktii'acts. ' Hv I'UDKKssoK T. H. Li;\vis,Sr. I'aii.. [After !")() jjc'ij^^cs of tliis hook had Ikvii |irinLf(l I rcrcivid tlu- follow in.i; intcrostinj,' ])a]K'r. Rather tlinn omit it, I insert it as an appendix to See. II. No one is more familiar with the upper Mississippi \'alley than I'ro. lessor Lewis. — \V. K. M.| Minnesota, eoini)aratively s])eakin,e i)revailinj» types. The beveled knife nhown in I'i^. 90 is also found in the st.ate, but they are j»ener- ally narrower in pro])ortion to their lenj^th tl)an the one tijj[ured. The ;;;i UK- forms are also found in the counties alon;j[ the Missouri river below Kansas City. The materials from which the chij)ped implements are made arc man^-, and amon^ them there may be reeo;^nized chert, (piartz, .ijranular (pj.'irtz, m )ss ar^.'ite, chalcedonny, obsidian, slate and micaceous slate. Most of the mat-MJals here named ;ire also rejjresented by various colors and modifica- ti ):i:.. Oae material which has been described .as obsidian, and which is well represeated in v.arious forms of im])lements, is dou')tless, in nearly cvory instance, nodular Hint ; the nodules bein>; found in the drifts. Twenty chipped im])lements of sceminj^ly unusual materials or structures liavia;^ been submitted to I'rof. N. H. Winchell, state ji^eoloj^ist of Minnsota, lu' ,;if ive, after a limited examination, the following cl.assification: Silicified fossil wood, Hint, (juartzitc, light ])ink (juartzite, hem.atitic quartzite and ferrugenous (juartzite. (irooved stone axes are found in nearly every part of the state, and vary in wei>i;ht from a few ounces to fifteen pounds. The recognized forms arc as follows, viz.: (1) Round head, with straight sides and square or rounded edge; {2) the same, with a very narrow bit as compared with the width at the groove; (;{) j>ractically the same as the first, but broader and having pr()jec.:ing ridges along the groove; (4) with the groove extending around th^ top, except on the side next to the handle, the surface of which may be either Hat or concave; (5) those with nearly flat sides, edges and l)ole, and nearly stpiare corners; (G) a similar one, but very long and nar- row in ])roi)ortion to their length; (7) another, lacking the usual groove around the head, but having a groove along the sides and over the pole. The latter are all heavy, weighing from ten to fifteen pounds. Axes having two grooves and those having notched sides arc occasionally met with. Only the more radical tvpes are here described, there being many intermedi- ate forms. 1 Pii'Es. Nearly all the clay pipes have very thick stems, and the bowls are generally ornamented with incised lines or indentations, and occasion- ally by bo.sses. The monitor or platform pipes are small and few in number. The round and nearly square bowls, the so-called "ceremonial," and. one similar to the tribal pijjc of the Dakota Indians, but lacking the flange, is also found. Hammer pipes made fromstoiie (see Fig. 8G), and of about the same size as shown in the illustration, are found in this state and along the Missouri river from Stanton to old Fort A. Lincoln. It is possible that this form originated among the"house" Indians in the region mentioned ahmg the Missouri; for it is here that the mauls and hammers are most abundant, and, while but few of the whole pipes have been found, many fragments of them have been. T ■n SECTION VI. The East Ali.kchany. Mr. A. F. Rerun, Allentown, Pa. Hamitat. Between the years 1 500-1 (KM ) the Algonkin stock to which hcU)njj;e(l the Lenni Lenape or Delaware tribe of Indians, oceui)ie(l the Atlantic coast from the Savannah rivc" on the south to the Strait of Belle Isle on the north. They were neij^hbors to the Eskimos, and some of their sub-tribes wandered as far west as the Rocky mountains. They surrovnded (m all sides the Iroquois, often called the Five or Six Nations, who with the Hurons from the west presented the finest type of the North American Indian family,* and who occupied the lake region of central New York, the valley of the Suscjuehanna li or down throujrh the state of Pennsylvania, alonj^ the eastern shore ot Chesapeak'r bay into the southern part of the state of Maryland.! It is a fact, well known to \.ntliroi)olo^ists, that b 'fore the Indian occu- pied this jjeojjfra])hical section, the Eskimo, now the most northern tribe of Indians, wandered over it as far south as North Carolina. We are told in a tradition of the Tuscarora Indians, who claiined that the arrived on the Virginia coast about the year 1300, that they found there a race who knew nothing of maize and were eaters of raw flesh. The Northmen in the year 1000, found the natives of Vinland, probably near Rhode Island, of the same race as those-with whom they wore familiar in Labrador. J Such implements as those Arctic jjcople now u.sc have fre(|ucntly been picked up in the northern ]y,xrt of the state of New York i| and elsewhere on the Atlan- tic coast. Than this, to the red people, there was no more attractive secti(m. The northern part contained many large and small lakes. In every direction flowed large and small streams, while coi)ious springs everywhere dotted the surface. The central and southern portions, with the excejition of lakes, were equally well watered and the Atlantic ocean for miles b.-ithed its shores. Forests covered the ground for miles, and game was plentiful in ever\' section. East of the Alleghanies, in the valleys of the Delaware, the Potomac and the Hudson, throughout the swamps and forests of X'irginia and the Carolinas, their osier cabins and palisadocd strongholds, their maize fields and work-shops of stone implements, were numerously located.!; •Aiiti(|ni tics of Tennessee. Thrnstoii. Page 12. fTlie Lenape and Their LeKtiwis. Urinton. Pages 13-14. $The Myths of tlie New World. Foot note, page 23. Urinton. IIAboriginal "hipiied Stone Implements of New York. Page 11. SThe Lenape and Their Legends. Page 10. Urinton. Willianj M. Heauchain]). . I ;■ u !:«' ■fM' ■ l'^ '^ w^ t ^'i Si m Hi- 186 Prehistoric Implements. Material. With Ihe exception of numerous imported implements, (tr those brou The East Alleghany. 187 I J i often uncertain. Mr. Holmes tells us in his excellent pro(luetif)n, page 73, that at least one (|uarter of the implements found in the Tide Water region were made of this gray slaty stone. In the collection of Dr. T. R. Stewart, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, are a number of nicely wrought implements of this material. This town near which they were found is distant, as the crow flies, from its south-eastern source, 110 miles. In the writer's collection is a finely flaked rhyolite leaf- shaped knife, four and one-(iuartcr inches long, found near Weatherh', Pennsylvania. This town is distant in a straight line, i'nnn the same source 128 miles. Thus arc similarly scattered, im])lenients of this rock over the northern parts of Pennsylvania, as are jasper and Jirgillite over the tide water region. Imijlements of argillite in blade form from the valley of the Delaware 150 miles to the North, and jasjjcr from the Lehigh Hills, 120 miles away in the same direction are also found associated with rhyolite specimens. Dit)rite or greenstone, serpentine and other tough iJorjihA-rytie stones from which were manufactured polished and pecked cutting and scraping tools, often ceremonial weapons and ornaments, similarly treated, are also found here. The softer minerals called sh.-de, and slate from which the greater number of polished ceremonial weapons and ornaments were formed are here too found in jilaee. Slate was also sometimes used in making arrow .'ind spear-heads. In his very interesting and entertaining bulletin in No. 16, the Rev. Mr. Beauehani]) tells us that most of the material for the finer arrows, knives and speat-s came from without the state. Amo.ig these implements occur jaspers of every hue, white cjuartz, chalcedony, argillite, schist and sand- stone, as well as the finer flints of bluish or brownish gray. Yellow jasper was a favorite material, especially for large implements, and it is comparji- tively fre(|uent in caches. It was probably brought from another state.* Every material mentioned above occurs in the Lehigh Hills in eastern Pennsylvania which arc nearly one half pure quartz, and the different strata, where exposed, afforded the Amerind an abundance of material for the manufacture of his imj)lements. From these hills, extending from the valley of the Delaware river near Riegelsvillc, Pennsylvania, in a south-west direction to Reading, Pennsyl- vania, in the Schuylkill valley, was (|uarried the jasjier which was trans- ported in nodules and blades, hundreds of miles. From Rattlesnake Hill! to the vicinity of Reading, at different stations, have been found many de- pressions from which was taken this, to the Indian, valuable material. .\t the suggestion of the author, who had for some time known of the sixty dejjressions at Vera Cruz, and the one hundred and thirty-eight at Macungie in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, Mr. H. C. Mercer made a scientific examin- ati(m of them. An old stump with 195 rings at the side of a ])it at Vera *.\l)oriKiiial Chipped Stone Iinplements of New York. Vol. +, pti^e 18. tTlie.se depressions, nine in number, were first ilement to tlie right is made of argillite, and was found in the glacial gravel deposits at Trenton, New Jersey. The largest iiviplement shown in the upper line was taken from aqueous gravels near Wilmington, Delaware.* Corks and Flakes. Cores are blocks or small boulders of flinty stone from which were forced by pressure, or with a single, sudden blow, thin flakes from which were fashioned arrow-heads, scrapers Jind other small ehippcfl tools. Those "friniitive Man in Ohio, opposite p. 2. Moori-heud. U' !. -t ■ ^' "■••■i; rii; ' '5 i^i iiti 190 Prehistoric Implements. tound here are of small size and the writer has seen none that would form a flake four inches long. The material used is of such a nature that long flakes could not be produced. The finest cores, and flakes formed by pressure, are found in the United States and Mexico in obsidian or volcanic glass districts. This material breaks like the cretaceous flint of Europe, where. flakes have been found a foot and more long, and is therefore similar in form to the Neolithic flint knives found in Western Europe.* The Aztecs, who knew well how to work obsidian, had workmen who made knives of obsidian in a wonderful and admirable manner and tne ingenuity which invented this art is much to be praised. "The Indian workman seats himself upon the ground and takes Fig. 273. S. 1-1. Fig, 27+, Fig. 271. S. 1-1. Fig. 272. a piece of this black stone which is more beautiful and brilliant than alaba- ster or jasper, so much so, that of it are made tablets or mirrors. The ])iece thc3^ take is about S inches long, or rather more, and as thick as one's leg, or rather less, .and cylindrical; they have a stick as large as the shaft of a lance, and 3 cubits or rather more in length, and at the end of it they fasten firmly another piece of wood 8 inches Umg, to give more weight to this part; then pressing their naked feet together, they hold the stone as with a pair of pincers, or the vice of a carpenter's bench. They take the stick which is cut smooth at the end with both hands, and set it well home against the edge of the front of the stone, which is also cut smooth in that l)art; and then they press it against their breast, and with the force of the pressure there flies oft" a knife, with its point and edge on one side, as neatly as if ono were to make them of a turnip with a sharp knife. Then they •Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 287, p. 8. Kan. The East Alleghany 191 I Id It ;(1 Ell id It •k id )e sharpen it on a stone, usinj? a hone to give it aven' fine edge; and in a very short time these workmen will make more th^in twenty knives in this man- ner. They have a ridge up the middle and have a slight graceful cvirve towards the point."* In western Europe they have been found measuring 131/2 inches in length. The Aztecs made razors from obsidian flakes, and also in war used an implement made from a stout piece of wood 3Vlj feet long and al)out 4 inches broad, on each side of which was fastened with gum very sharp flakes of this volcanic material about 3 inches long, 1 or 2 inches broad, and as thick as the blade of the invading Sp.inish swords. So keen of edge was this weapon that once in the hand of an attacking Aztec Indian, it entirely beheaded his Spanish adversary's horse. The first stroke was only to be feared for the razors soon became blunt. t Two very fine flakes, the hirger of spotted yellow jasper are shown in Figs 271 and 273 in full and side view 5. The larger measures in length 3% inches. On the upper end of it, in Tig. 272, can be seen the bulb of per- cussion caused 1)3' a single sudden blow. This interesting feature is evident in many flaked implements. The smaller flake also of yellow jasper is 2% inches long. It is ])artly chipped along its edges, and may have served as ;i knife. Both of these specimens were found at the large jasper (piarries jit Macungie, Pa. and are owned by Prof. J. R. Merkcl at Muhlenburg College, Allentown, Pa. Fijj;. 27") is a core of dense red jasper 2"i inches loiitj, from which a rir.ml)er /7>. of small flakes have heeii struck. It was ■f/ found at Allentowji, Pa. and belongs to the writer Flaked Impi.emknts. — Akkow Heads. No implement used by the Amerind is so plentiful as the so-called arrow- head. It is found where in deadly feud one hostile tribe was arrayed against another in plowed fields, along the banks of flowing streams: on the shores of lakes and other large bodies of water, around once copious springs and wherever in cjuest of sustenance the Indian hunter wandered. Mounds, graves and shell heajjs too have i)roduccd many. Quickly made and their loss a continual occurrence one can easily understand why found in so great abundance. Although frequenth' beauti- fully chipped into graceful form it is more often found flaked in a rude and bungling manner. This is obvious from the fact that the material used in the manufacture of their chipjjed implements was often of a texture which did not allow fine and artistic work. Not every Indian was an adept in the production of chipped implements. There were men who did no other work •Prehistoric Times. Lubbock, pp. 89-90-91, who (juotcs from tiie Spanish writer Tor- (juemada. tHislory of Mexico, bk. VII, p. 307, Clavigero. ■4i 11 i:('t I' m 4 Is::' 192 Prehistoi ic Implements. but manufacture this sort of ware. It is a well attested fact according to an Ojibway tradition, that there was a class of men among the northern tribes who were called makers i' arrow-heads. It is said that, among the Indians of Cherokee, Georgia, in ancient times, were men who devoted their attention to the manufacture of spear and arrow-heads, and other stone implements. As from time to time they accumulated a supply, they would leave their mountain homes and visit the sea-board and intermediate regions for the purpose of exchanging these implements for shells and various articles not readily obtainable in the lo- calities where they resided. These were usually old men or persons who mingled not in the excitements of war and the chase. To them, while en- gaged in these commercial pursuits free passage was at all times granted. Their avocation was deemed honorable, and they themselves were wel- come wherever they appeared. The finding of many chipped implements, the material of which is foreign to this geographical section, is conclusive Fig. 276. 1-1. evidence that in times prehistoric there was carried on an extensive abori- ginal trade, if not one of peace, then b}^ the more forcible one of conquest, in which the victor took from the vanquished that which appeared to him useful or ornamental. This practice prevailed in North America, before that part of the New World was settled by Europeans; and the subject of primi- tive commerce is of particular interest because it sheds additional light on the conditions of life among In'-gone races. The fact that such a trade was carried on is proved, beyond any doubt, by the frequent occurrence of Indian manufactures consisting of materials which were evidently obtained from distant localities. In many cases however these manufactures may hjive been brought as booty, and not by trade, to the places where they are found in our days. The modern Indians, it is well known, sometimes undertook expeditions of 1000 or 1200 miles, in order to attack their enemies. The war-like Iro(|uois, for example, who inhabited the present state of New York frequently followed the war-path as fjir west as the Mississippi river.* Knives of ol^sidian vs^rite S(|ueir and Davis v.'ere taken from mounds in the Mississippi valley,! and Dr. C. C. Abbott tells us that obsidian, in the form of nrrow points, which were always Ijroken, have licen picked up in New Jersey. $ 'Ancient Aljoriginai Trade in North .\nicrii'a, Charles Kaii, Smithsonian Report 1872, j). 348. tAncient Monuments, Miss. Valley, p. 215. JStone Age in New Jersey, Smithsonian Report 1875, p. 303. li) The East Alleghany. 193 ■ !'• The collection of Mr. Justin V. Nilis, of Edgeniere, Pa., contains a fine, perfect tri^injjfular flaked implement of blue translucent obsidian, a figure of which is here shown, which was found a number of years ago while clear- ing a field near Nichecronk Lake, Pike County, Eastern Penna. The writer owns Ji very prettj' obsidian knife, now on deposit in the Archaeological museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, which was taken from the Tennessee river. In the collection of Mr. D. S. Kern, AUcntown, Penn., is a little leaf-shaped knife found on the surface seven miles north of this city made from ag.'itized wood. Both this material and ob.^idi.in are found only in the territories, the upper Missouri river and Mexico. Tlie traveller Carver was told by the Winnebago Indians, who then lived in what is now the state of Wisconsin, that they sometimes made war- excursions to the south-western parts, — then Spanish possessions, — and that it re(|uircd months to arrive there.* The Indian propelled his arrow-tijjped shaft with wonderful force and exactness. So strong were these Red ])eoi)le, and so dexterous in the manipulation of their l)ows, which we are told were as thick as a man's arm, about eleven or twelve spans in length, that they could project their arrows a distance of two hundred ])aces.t The Spaniards under the adventurer Dc Soto experienced this to their sorrow while arrayed in l)attle ag.'iinst them. Their armor was pierced by these small points and many of them were wounded and killed, the arrows passing completely through their bodies. At the battle of Manilla two hundred Spaniards were killed; of the remaining living one hundred and fifty received seven hundred wounds. Cabeca de Vaca, a Spanish writer, who accompanied this unfortunate expedition tells us that he saw the butt of an elm tree which had been i)enetrated by an arrow the depth of fi S])an. Among other instances he mentions that of an arrow shot by an Indian which pierced through the saddle and housings ard penetrated one-third of its length into the body of a Spaniard's horse. So proficient in archery, says Clavigero in his History of Mexico, were the Aztecs at the time of the invasion by the Spanish adventurer Cortes, that it was usual for a number of archers to assemble and throw up an ear of maize into the air, at which they immediately shot with such cpiickness and dexterity, that before it could reach the ground it was stripped of every grain. $ The chevalier Tonti, who travelled in the now western part of the United States two hundred years ago, alluding to the force with which the aborigines projected their arrows says: "That which is wonderful in this, is the havoc which the shot sent by the salvages makes; for, besides the ex- actness and swiftness of the stroke, the force of it is very surprising, and so much the rarer, because it is nothing else but a stone, or a bone, or some- times a piece of very hard wood pointed and fastened to the end of an arrow with some fishes-glue, that causes this terrible efliect. •Carver. Travels, etc., Harper's Reprint, Nevi- York 1838, j). 42. tCiirver. Travels, et:., Harper's Kejjrint, New York 183S, p 42. tLife of Herii'.urlo Cortes, .\rtliur Helps, Vol. I, foot-note, p. 76. 8 ■:ii If. 'Mm w^ 194 Prehistoric Implements. "When the savages go to war, they poison the point or extremity of their dart so that if that remains in the body death follows of necessity; the only remedy in this case is to draw out the arrow through the other side of the wound, if it goes quite through; or if not, to make an apperture on the other side, and so to draw it through; after which they know by instinct certain herbs the application of which both draws out the venom and cures them."* Wah-na-tah, a Dakota chief it is said on one occasion sent an arrow with such force after a female buffalo that it passed entirely through her body, and killed her calf on the other side.! The late Dr. Walter J. Hoffman, an anthropological writer, of note, and during life an intimate friend of the writer, while a surgeon in 1873 under General Custer saw a Sioux Indian drive an arrow clear through a l)ufFalo. He also asserted that in the command there was not a man who was strong enough to draw to its full length an Indian bow. In the magnificent archaeological collection of Mr. H. K. Deisher, Kutz- town, Penna., is to be seen a dorsal vertebra of a buffalo through which a hoop-iron arrow-head has penetrated the point projecting on the other side a quarter of an inch. A figure of this interesting specimen is shown here. It was found near St. Joseph, Missouri, about 1878. Fig. 277. Flaked implements were made both by percussion and pressure, some- times aided by heat, and many interesting accounts arc given in various works b}' writers who saw the Indians make them. While numerous flaked or chipped implements clearly indicate their use it is impossible to classify correctly the greater part of them. Manj' small objects classed as arrows may have served as cutting tools. These fastened in short wooden handles with pitch or asphaltum were in use a decade ago by Indians then living in the territories. A very fine series of these interesting knives still fastened to their handles which would also have served well as spear-heads or arrow- points, are shown in Vol. VII of the Wheeler survey on plate 4, opposite page 60. They were all found off the coast of California. $ A comprehensive and practical classification of chipped implements has been attempted by Dr. Thomas Wilson, curator of the archaeological sec- tion of the U. S. National Museum at Washington, D. C. The specimens in that collection he divides into four gtand divisions according to forms al- •Antiquities of the Southern Inciians, C. C.Joiies, pp. 245-46-48-49-59. tArchives of Aboriginal Knowletige, Schoolcraft, Vol. IV, pp. 95-6, Phila., 1860. Jin this valuable work Dr. C. C. Abbott has written very entertainingly on chipped stone implements. The East A/hghany. 195 ready well known and separated.* Each one of these primary divisions is classified into a number of subdivisions which are here shown. Division 1, leaf-shaped. In this classification the leaf-shaped is placed at the head as being the oldest implement of its kind. This division includes all kinds: elliptical, oval, oblong, or lanceolete forms bearing any relation to the shape of a leaf, and without stem, shoulder or barb. Class A, is pointed at both ends. The widest place one-third, or one-fourth from the base. Division I. Class A. Fig. 278. Llass B. Fig. 279. Class B, is more oval, less pointed and with base concave, straight, or convex. Division II. Division II, triangular. This division includes all specimens which nc corcbng to geometrical nomenclature, are in the form of a tria^l wttha" the bases or edges be convex, straight or concave. Thev are wfth ^rstem and c.,nsequently without shoulders, though in some specimens th^xt em concavity of the base produces barbs when the arrow shaft is attached Fig. 281. soni lArrow points, Spearheads, and Knives of Prchistori,. t;,., t . ,. ,-.„.. ian Institution, U. S. National Mnsenm 1897 ' *^"""''" '<«^I'' "» the Smith- Ks •sip !' w 1 pi li • n i< .1 n ::iji ; 11 1 196 Prehistoric Implements. Division III. Division III, stemmed. This division includes all Vtirieties of stems, whether straight, pointed, or expanding, round or flat, except those with certain peculiarities and included in Division IV; and whether the bases or edges are convex, straight or concave. Class A is luzenge-ishaped, not shouldered or barbed. Class A. Fig. 282. Class B, is sboHldered, but not barbed. Class B, Fig. 283. Class C, is shouldered and barbed. These Mr, Wilson says, '"cover the commoner forms oC arrow-points and spear-heads throughout the world. Certaiji other forms, few in number, or restricted in locality, and scarcely entitled to divisions by themselves, are nevertheless fitund in sufficient numbers and with such definitecharacteristics that they cannot be ignored. These he has placed in a general class under the head of "peculiar forms." Class C. Fig. 284. Division IV. Peculiar forms. Class A, beveled edges. Class B, serrated edges. Class A. Fig. 285. Class B. Fig. 286. I I" n.s, ith or HIS cr. :ss The East AUeglmny. 19: Class C, biTurcuted stems. Class C. Fijj[. 2.sr. ' Class D, long barhs, squareat ends. IVculiar to lingland, Ireland, and found in ('icorj{ia, in the United States. "Onr interest in this '•lass," savs Dr. Wilson .V.n, , • . ., . """ "■ ^'« -^''- in »»" adn.iral.le work from which the author qnotes so liberally, "arises from the faet that, while thev areconfmed to restncted localities n, Europe as mentioned, they should have a,,peared in America in an es»:„!,'77"'' •".r'''''*' "•''""'■^■' '^' '''''' of Georgia," An elegant .^ecinnn sin.ilar to he stcon.l shown ,n Class D, with a straight stem is shown bv Sir Fohn l-vans as Fi-. .Sl8- borir Th "f '" ";*^''"':'"'''' •"«""'^ "t K"'l«tone, Ivnglan.l. in front of the face of an unbnrnt body. I he base of the barbs which are as long as its stem are chipped almost straight form- IStttier;'"" h" '":"»'''="*■''" '''^^'^- ^" ^--l-t.H-y .ul assigned by archaeolo- gists to the first epoch o the Bronze iieriod. Peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama. These arc thin anil narrow ru:le flakes struck from nuclei and left nearlv in their original condition except that a rude stem has beeii chipped, and where necessary they have been brought to a point, "as the material from which they are made is hard and refractory. The workmanship is rude." Class E. Fig. 289. Class P. Fisf. 2:)0. Broadest at cutting end and chisel-shaped. "Thev are thin al- most flake like in appearance, not made pointed, nor'are the edges worked down by secondary chipping. The cutting edge is at the front, at the broadest end. and, thus propelled, will make a wound large onough for the arrow shalf to follow. It is a fiuestion whether these small flmt objects were really the points of arrows. Several of ^''■■'" f'"" • '" P'-HK-ean I oth.r parts of Europe were fastened in short h in: les, an 1 m ly h:ive serve 1 as knives. A cache containing several thousand speci- mens was found and .snow on exhibition in the Museum of Antiquities at Copenh ,2-;i arc y^. shown two. The laruer is lieveled lo the •J|j; rifjht, a pecnliaritv ^^eldoni noticed in this material It was once lastenid to the handle. This is shown by the two small grooves which were worn into the iipiiei part of the stem as shown in t*ic lifjtire. It was fonnd on the snrfaec near Allentown, I'a. The smaller specimen was (onnd in Viif. 2ii'A. Schuylkill County, I'n. Both IhIouk to the writer. In the State of New York are found s])ecimen.s of similar form, sometimes barbed, and often with notched stems which arccalle I by .Mr. lieauchanip double-e('geil slate knives. Of these he writes in his reports* "Without discnssiiiji; this (luestion at length, it may suffice to bay that these two forms of knives are in present use anions the Eskimo, and that that people lived on the (Udf of St. I, awrence 3'>0 years ago, whence, at a still earlier day, it would have been e.isy for them to make hunting excursions into New York by Fig. 292. water. Certain il is that south of .New York one of these articles, the lunar shape or half circular knife, has never been found,! ;i>id the other but rarely. * * In tact iicre they are rarely found far away from the larger lakes and streams tributary to the St. Lawrence." Fig. 294 and cross section of same. This semi-hinar knife is froni New England, but it will serve to illustrate the Pennsylvania torms. ^Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines, William .\I. Beaucliani]). S. T.l).; Bui. 4-, pp. t)4-5. tMr. Rcauchamp errs; Dr. Charles Kan, in Prehistoric l-i^liiiig, p. K-o, ^lK.ws■ a ii.iisir shaped knife V2 size. Fig. 332 which was fonnd on the bank of the Schuylkill river near Norris- lowr.. Pa. Another obtained bv the writer now in tl»e Smithsonian, was found near a large creek five miles north of Allentown, Pa. The half oi another and similar specimen was found un the bank of the north branch of the Susquehanna near Williamsport, Pa. I do not know where it now is. The East AUcghimy. 10{) \ Class H, a iinsynimctrif, or in otlu-r words, "lopsidfd." This piTtdiarity a]i|i,iri'iitlv destrovs thfir arti'c'livi'iicss as a iiro trtilf. It is sti|,>){cstfd that fasti'iicd to a short iiandk' the concave jiart may liavc hccii used Cor ^cralllll^; jmriion'S, ami the convex cdjic /ts a knitc. Of llii^ class I'ij,', !!<.>"> of jasper, lielotiKs to Mr. Dcishir, and tlic pro- iionnced perfect spctiinen of lirown jasper siiown |in l-'ijf. 20(5 is owned l)v Mr. Iv. J. Sellers, of Ki»nt/lown, l*a. Two very rare forms of flaked itniiKments are here shown as Fiji. -'.t7-H. They are made ol jasper and nicely flaked. Hotli were foiiiul in the lA'hij.;h Valley near Allcntown, I'a. The perfect one is owned by Mr. Austin V. Hrnsh, ot thi*^ city, and the other by the writer, who owns ahont twenty ))erlect specimens, the finest of which arc now on deposit in tlu'i nuisenm of the I'niversity of Pennsylvania. The three i)oinls mentioned here were all found in the territory over which wand red the Lenni Lena|)e or I)elewarc Indians and some of them were nndonhtedly the makers. .M)ont one hnndred of them are shown h\ collectors in this vicinity, and all are niamitlisoiiinn Report, 1875, j). 278. The East Alleghany. 201 Fip. 303. S. M. Another iii- tcrcstiiijj ini I (lenient, S'i inclies lonjj rnu! almost 3 inches wide at its stem, is nicely flaked from ytllow jasper. It is covered with that j^lossy patina produced by age and very often seen on jasper inr plements and so much admired by archaeologists. The relic was found on Great Island in the Sns" were n<( doidjt used as tish-spears. Attached, however, to a short handle they would have served e(iually well as dtiggers. The first is of black flint or basaiiite, S'x inches long and 7-H5 of an inch thick through its centre. The second made of <|uartzite has a length of ^^'h iiicl:'.- - and is 5-10 of ,'in inch thick. Hoth were found by the writer on the surface of Lclugh Island in the Lehigh River at A Hen- town, Pa, and belong to his collection. The broader spear-heads too may have served as well in spearing large fish as that of ani- mals on land. m ; '.I -I S. 1-3 1 202 Prehistoi ic Implements. I i The sturgeon (Acipcnser) frequently attains a length of eight feet, while some gars (Lepklostens) taken in the Delaware have measured five feet. With sueh fish to deal with the very stoutest of the himtiug spenrs we have deseribed would ahme be of use; and even with them it would ap])ear a laborious task to fintdU' subdue and land these large and powerfid denizens of the water. Just as the broad-bladed, stout hunting-spears were fre(|uently, we think, used in ea])turing the largest of our river- fish, so it is jjrobable that these long, slender forms of spear-points were oeeasionally used for the smaller animals, for wliieh they are as available as an^- stone weajjon that could be devised; yet we doubt not the jirincipal jjurpose of their manufacture was that of spearing fish, and that the other uses to which thev were i)ut were governed by the custom of adaptation to circumstances.* Every collection, even of moderate size contains heavy, though nicely ehijiped im])lements having the arrow or spear-head form, varying in length from lio to 2VL> inches and of almost the same breadth which were used as points for s])ears. Fir- H(i((, represents one to nn of llicse iiiiiileiiunts. It m;iy l)e the lower or base part ol a once hnjier s) eei- lueii w.as eliiuped into its present shape. Iniplenients altered in this manner are ol'ten lonnd It was picked np near Locl<, I'a., and is in Dr. Stewart's eolkelion. The writer believes they answered the purpose much better than those long imi)lements. In a life and death struggle I)etween man and animal there was no danger of the loss of a short point. .\ favorite and manly mode of taking fish, says Col. C. C. Jones, was with the bow and arrow, and with the dart or sjiear. .\gain he writes and ([uotes Father Hnnnepiiri^ who pays the following compliment to the dex- terity of the southern Indians dwelling "upon the River Meschasi])i." They "are very sid)tle and have such lively and piercing Ivyes that though the fishes glide very swiftly in the Waters, yet they fail not to kill them with their Darts, which they vigorously thrust a little l)cforc into the Water when they shoot out of their How. Moreover, tJiey have long I'oles with sharp Points which they dart from them with great Accuracy, because of their l)eing so sharj) sighted; they also kill great Sturgeons and Trouts, which are seven or eight feet under water." *Keport Smithsonian Institution, IH'i.'), p. 288. tA Lonlinuation of the New Discovery." eti., p. 102. London, ItiU.S, in .\nti(|iiities of the Soutlieni liidiuns," p. 32«. The East Alleghany. 203 Knives or Ci'ttinc, Tools. These implement are found from the simple partly sharpened flake, tem- porarily used to the most artistieally fmished leaf-shaped object. So varied in form arc they and so often do they assume the sha])e of the arrow or spear-head that it is very dithcult to classify them. Dr. Charles Kau says, "collectors, for instance, are very ready to class chipped stone articles of certain forms occurrin'U!-euni. VViishinj;- ton, U. C. The skull was orifiiually riceived by the Smithsonian Institulidu i'loni I)r. L. (i Vales, ot" .Mameda County, Calilomia. It shows a man of advanced ajje. A lonj- Hint arrow-point has leuetratcd the skidl throufili the left orbit, and the figure shows it in iiliue as originally found im|)acted. .\nother human skull from Henderson County, Illinois, ))ie)nd through the S(|uamvsae hone on the left si(!e by a drill-like arrow-head, can be seen in the I'nited States National Miisetmi at Washington D. C. Fig. 312 shows a wing<(l drillshai'cd objecl o( jasper natural size, and is in the collection of Mr. Deisher. It was found on the surface near Moseleni, I'a. It belongs to the stemmed variety and shows no signs of wear. mmi The East Alleglmn\ 20'; Via. 313. Thi.s iiitercstiiiy little ol)ject I/l- s lit, me W liile Uie npiier i)art of it is linely ciiiijped into a needle-like point, its liase is ronjrh r.nd nnfijiished. It, mav have lieen used as a gravinjj; tool. Frj?. 314-. A jasper specimen shown fnll size and loinid near Kntzt, wn, I'a , lielonKs to Mr. Deisher. I introdnee it here beeatise ot Its drill-like shape. Continual use mr.y have worn down its long point to its i)re.«ent form. V\'A. 31o is a finely ehip,)cd T-sha])ed nlijeet of mottled l)hiejasiier 3 3-10 iiiel es Ion-. The I.a.se or T part is one nieh wide, and the lonj,' slender point at widest part a little more than an ineh. It is sli-htly indented at the ha.se. This fuu- speeimeii belongs to Dr. Stewart near whose home it was found. in ■■3 ■2 I'i;::. 310 was found in New F.n-;laii(l. It is peculiar, originally heeii a very long drill. ust have Stkatitk Tools a.\i) Vessels. The Indians of the Atlantic coast used extensively steatite or soap-stone in the manutaeture of their various kinds of vessels, for eookin^r and other purposes, which was either obtained on the surface or I)v (piarrvin^r. The material is plentiful over a larj^c section of tcrritorv, and wherever it occurs the outcrops of it have been worked by them. The implements used in pro- eurinjj: and makin^r steatite vessels are somewhat varied There were brought into service no doubt, wooden levers which have disappeared m 208 Prehistoric Implements. S m, >, mauls, hoes, picks, grooved and ungrooved axes and other implements that served as shovels. Many of the grooved axes found in the vicinity of these quarries show signs of very rough usage. They, with other heavier tools. Fig. 317. S. jibotit 1-9. were used, no doubt, in detaching from the mother rock the blocks to be shaped into tools which were then finished by smaller tools into vessels ready for use. These are shown in Fig. 317 in the fine series of picks and chisels small and double pointed, which are owned by Mr. Thomas H. Windle, Coatesville, Pa. These tools were found in the l^ast in great abundance at a soap-stone quarry about 2 miles S. W. of Christianna, Lancaster County, Pa. Both picks and chisels are made of an The Bust Alkffluiny. 209 fit sc Is. eruptive rock and arc very touj^h. This material is found abundantly in Eastern I'enns\-lvania. The chisels measure in lenjj^th from 3'l> to inches .and wci^h from Vs of a pound to 2 pounds. The ])icks are jieneraliy shorter than the chisels and \veiij;h from Vs <>1 a pound to "> ])ounds. Mr. Windle has found a few chisels of jasper and white (|uartz. There are several ways in which these tools were used, says Prof. H. W. Holmes.* In the lower part of the cut are also seen three nntinishcd ])ot-st(me vessels, which were found near a (piarry in Lancaster county, Pa. They also helonjj^ to Mr. Windle. Soapstone or steatite althoujj^h rather a soft stone is tough, and, if free from veins, can be worked into any desired form. It will resist a high de- gree of heat without beinj^ destroyed. It was, therefore, a very desirable material for culinary purposes. TJie fmished bowls, which are fj^cncrally shallow and oval in form, have at each end car-like projections which served as handles. They ditVcr, how- ever, in shape and size and in ])osition. When the vessel was deep the handles were ])laced near the base. If shallow, they ()ccu])ied a place nearer the rim. These vary in size from small eu])s to those havinji' a diameter of almo>L I'm icct, .'ind over one foot hii,di on the outside. m m ks er |ne )V he of Ian \'\fi. ;iis. s. .-iiioiu 1-5. I-'i}j. ;U.S ii-pre-i'iits two of tlicsi- l)iist-slia)ii."(l sloiics now in tlie nijjartiiiiiit otAnli.'Ko- loi(v an 1 I';ilai.'ontol()gy, rnivorsity ot I't-nnsylv.'inia. I'liilat fl] lii.i. Tlicir catalc;,'tit nnnil iis arc IO.OT.t; wliicli is 12Vj inches hijili, and lO.OiS'J, which attains a licight of 20 inches. Anvil Shapkd Stones. Of great interest to the archaeologist are the above objects, also called Indian busts, found along streams flowing through the northern part of Buck's county, in eastern Pennsylvania. They vary in height from 5 inches ■'*.>toiR' Iniple.nciits, p. 112. Fifteenth .\iinuai Report, lUireau of lithnohjgy, Washing- ton, ;). c. ' 11^ ■5 '\ im ■ J i I rll 210 Prehistoric Implcmcn ts. to 2¥j feet, .'ind arc made of ar^illitc l)()ul(lcrs tound //; loco. Mr. Charles Laiibach, of Kiejj;clsville, Pa., a well-known ;:;e()l();.jist and archaeologist found a number of these relics at Fairview, which were nicely carved, and, in outline, he informs the writer they resemble somewhat the features of the Red people. A few months after the discovery of these above noted, Mr. II. C. Mercer, another well-known writer and arehaeologicrd authority, thoroughly investi,!j:.'ited the above locality and adjacent country, and was fortunate in discovering more of them. These are ^o be seen in the archnco- lo^^ical museum belonjj^in^ to the I'niversity oi I'emisylvani.i. .\t (irst they were r.'ithcr coldly received by archaeolo;j;ical cxjjerts, but their j^cnuineness becominji: ajjparent they were classiticd as above. Their use is unknown. .Mr. Laubach, after a thoroujjh investitjation of them, arrived at the con- clusion that they were utilized in some mortuary ceremony, or were made to commemorate the life and service of a ,^rj:it and depart j 1 chieftain. Net Si.nkkks. These implements are found on the banks of rivers, lartjc creeks, and other bodies of water where nets were used in takinij^ rtsli. They are teener- ally flat water-worn stones of different sizes .and various forms, tcndinj,\ however, almost always to the oval in sha])e. They have notches artifici- ally worked into their sides o])posite each other by a few simjile blows, and are correctly tcrmetl "net sinkers." They vary in weij.jht from half an ounce to 10 ounces, and once in a while are found weijrhinjj^ from a ])ound to more than 15 pounds.* Mr. T. M. M. Gernerd, of Muncey, Pa., owns a very fine collection of them and has pvil)lished some interesting? papers on .archaeolojj^ical subjects. The fre(|uency of sinkers in this vicinity, says Dr. Rau,"i" indicates that the Indians were niuchenj;ai;edin fishinf? at this i)oint. (Sus(|uehanna river). The sinkers found here are almost exclusively made from the material called .uraywacke which belon^ys to the ueolotiical formation whereon is situated Muncey. The longest specimen shown IwDr. Ran is a flat stone of irregular outline, S inches wide across the broadest part, and l''s inches thick in the middle. It weij.ilis 2 jjounds and 14- ounces. It may have served for weijrhinjj^ a set-net. From this region have been t.aken many sinkers weighing from V2 ounce upward. These small and light specimens were no floubt used in connection with hook and line. *Mr. Nat. E. Booth, of Southolcl, Loiijj Island, reports a grooved siiikcr or anchor from that vicinity weigliinp ISVa jionnds. It is flat on one side and slightly convex on the other. The groove completely encircles the upper part of the implement. Its shape is similar to a plununet. Il'rehistoric Fishing, p. 157-59. 1^ riw liust MIcL^hnnv. L'll Tho .'{ sinkers shown here j^ive a delinite idea of the tbrni of tliese imple- ments, alth()u;^h many fomid are not of so ovoid a shape. Most ol" tliem are notehed either on tlieir sides as represented in the first, or at the ends as ean l)e seen in tlie last. More rarely do they oeeur niehed both at sides and ends as theeentral one shows. Mr. (lernerd tells us that speeimens are some- times found with but oneartitieial noteh, a natunilone, on the opposite side, serving; the recpiired purpose. One was found havin;f several artilieial nieks, due, no doubt to a jjlayful whim of the maker. "We have sometimes ])ieked up these sinkers (piite a distance from the river; but only on the banks ol' the stream have we found them in large numbers. They are still (1SS9) fre- (juently found, althouj^h thousaixls have been earried away by relie hunters."* Dr. C. C Abl)ott found in the summer of 1S7S, a series of these (".'{) notehed p(.bl)!es in the wasting northern shore ol Crosswiek's Creek, about 2 miles from its mouth, at Honientown, New jersey. They were in an irre.milar heap, in ^()me instances one just above the other, but in eonlaet. They were '2'.* i'lclies below the surface, v I'i.y. ,'!'_'() shows one In llie writer's eoiieetio 11. In the eatchiii.tj; offish the Indians used hooks of either stone or bone as well as nets. The Moravian missionary, (ieorire Henry Loskiel.S writin. J. M. .M. (lernerd. vPrimitive Industry. C. C. .Mibott. ]). 238. ij: V |u iti-iliie< hi ■tw-vf- I m id A- 212 Prcliistot ic ItiifjIvnictUs. (;■. '^ i [, .,: ■il ' two parts, vcrj^in^j: towards t-acli otiicr in an aii^lo. An opciiinj^ is left in tilt' middle for the water to run off. At this openinj; they i)laee a larjic box, the bottom of whieh is lull of holes. The Indians then ^m) up the stream and (\rn^ a hu>,'e brush and vine affair down to the dam, tints drivinj; the fish ahead and into the box. Uy this eontrivanee they sometimes catch above a thousand siiad and other fish in hall" a day." Robert Hcverly writes: "Helbre the arrival of the /i/j,v//.s/j there tiic In- dmns\.',n\ I'ish in such vast plenty, that the Hoys and (iirls woidd take a ])ointed stick, and strike the lesser sort, as they swam u])on the I'Mats, The larj^cr I-^ish, that ke])t in (lee])cr Water, they were i)Ut to a little more Dilli- culty to take; Hut lor these they made Weir; that is, a Hedjj:e of small riv'd sticks, or reeds, of the Thickness of a man's I'injicr, these they wove to,i,fether, in a Row, with Straps of (ireen Oak, or other tou,i,di Wooiie of tile finest eelts or eliisels ever handled by the writer, and there is nowhere, in ;,ny eolleetion, either puhlie or private, one to exeel it; was found in ISIO on Chandler's Island, in the Delaware River four miles .'ihove the Delaware Water (iap. With it were olitaincd.Jit the s.'inie time, heads and other small (ilii».'i!-; j.tih; i;s the eontints of a ;.;rave. It is .''/''s iiiehes lonji and llj wide at its top, and^^radually inereases in breadth to its euttiii;.; edj^e where it measures li inehes. At the toj) is also its thickest part. Here it mcisuies 7-l() ol' an inch, and tapers down etjually on both sides to its cuttin;,' ed^e. It viral objects are owned by I'rof. .\. |. Waycholf. Dr. C. C. .\bbott ascertained throu}j:heor.es])on(lencc th.'it in New Jersey were found in .ill 12.S coppL-r objects, 11 celts, "> s])ears, S arrow-jxiints, i;> bracelets, 70 b^-ads and 21 frayin.'iits of nu'tal.* In the Annual Report of the I'eabody Museum of American ,\rehaeolo,i(>()v<'il around its nppt-r i-tid. Il is iiia(!i' iisini, and was loiui 1 m-ar Kiil/lowii, I'tiin. ! I'iPKS. There is found no work of .\horij.;inal .\rt which so ni'ieli coium iiids the attention of arcliaeoh)>iists and collectors aliki' as do tiic pipes m kK' Iw our l)rehistoric .\nicric.'in races, and which arc discovered in mounds, i^ravcs and often ')n the surface. Ivvcn more were they ai)prceiated and held in esteem by tiieir makers and owners, which isconvinccd by thc,yrcal amount of artistic work done upon many of them. With the .Vmcrind, even at the present day, was there no lial)it so uni- versrd as that of smokin_ii'. Tiie narcotic inlluenees of tobacco produced feeliniis of hilarity, and often that of into.xieation when the smolic was in- haled, and it was also often a solace to the smoker iji his home f'.urmj;' his iiours of relaxation and rest. Xor w;is he without liis favorite ])aslime even when ;iway ai war or on the ciiasc. He bi'Iieved that tolsacco was ol' Divine origin, coming as a direct j^ift lor his especial l)enetit from tlie (ireal Spirit, whom he believed to be also addicted to the habit of smoking'. JMir tlie construciion oi' his pipe which tlie .Xboiij^ine vahudso hi.^hly the choicest material was selected. Often iVd he "io far away from his home to procure liic stone from wliicli he made '.t; and in siiapin^ ar.d polishin,^ it spjnt days and even months. I'^vpericncc tau,!.iiit him what sort of stone best withstood the action of .almost continued heat, and as it was his almost constant companion, one can well understand why, when possible, it was so elal)oratcly made.! Tiie most primitive pipe of all was a strai.yht tube, many of which have been founil in aborij^inal burial places, from Mexico to the (ireat I^akes, and from the .\tlantic to the Pacific oceans. Pipes of this class are fij.jured in other i)arts of this volume. • I'tilislud St(MK' .Krliili's, ftc, Vol. IV, p. l.';i. \\ illiain .M. Ikatiilianiii. S. T. U. 1 1'ijifs and Snndung Cuslonis of llic .\niiric;in .M)(irijiim>, |. !•. MtC.iiitr, > iiiill.M iii:,n Ril)orl, IS'.)7. i, ]). :((!.".. fw m The East AUci^bnny. 21;') IS ill \' IK- no lis It. int IS. These smokinjr utensils ot various kinds ot stone as well as those ol elay or terra cotta, from the size ot a thimble to those havin;^ a eapaeity ot one and even two ounees and of nianv difierent designs both in human and I-'iy. .'ilTi is ,1 !-iii,mil.iv (loiilili'-t'atfd \n\K- dI day, sti-ni \vai\tiiiu. s'iMvvii lull si/c. It WMS roiiiul tiiaiiv \i-ar> a,L;i) iirar Mtiiiii'V. I'tiiii. fill- laces a))|ifar <>\vl-lileoj;rai)hical section. In a perfect condition they are far from mnnerous, lispceially may this lie said of those of terra- cotta. This is easily accounted for. In making them they u.scd tlie same - -. a I \m 1 ■■■. i| 1 1 I 216 Prehistoric Implements. material as that from which their pottery wns made, which appears to have been a mixture of sand, chiy and broken or pounded shells. I'i])es of this material were, no doubt, used almost individually, and not in any ceremonv or other function. Fig. 8'_'iS. This s|)tTiiiicii, also of day, sliowii "s size was tbiiiid nearly o))])osilf N'mucy, I'a. on llic ^<;lUll s:(!c of 1 lie West Biaiieli of tlie ^nsinicliaiiiia Kwer. '1 lie Inin an laee is depleted on on • side only. It is somewhat ornaiiunted on the opposite side. Its entire •.teiii is missiiifi. i'liese two pijies are also owned by Mr. t'.emerd. r'iij. ;52',) is an aniiti il pipe shown natnral si e. Il was found on the surf lee 9 miles north of Allentowu, I'a ;ind is owned bv .VIr. 1. V. \au;le, Allenlown, I'a. The funnel-shaped bowl whiih faees the effigy and the stem perforation of same sha])e were hollowed out with a broad drill. It is 3 inelies long, 1 ineh tliieU and weighs H onnees. The lail, as the figure sliows was jierforaled for stispeiision. This, savs Mr. .Mel'.uire, "is tlu e.ise with so many of the pijies fmiiid in eonutries where dei'p snow lies."* Hollow and solid pieces of wood with the aid of sand and water were used in drillino pipes. Also often large and stron;^' stone jierforntors. Those pi])es with rounded hollow terminations in either stem or bowl were drilled with a solid wooden implement. I'ig. H80 ])rtsents (i pijies of various forms from the eolleetion of I'rof. .\. J. Wayehotf, \Va>nesburg, I'a. No. 1, is ol blaek sl.-ile and shows a we learved bird-head Surfaee find, Carniii haels, I'a. Ulaek slate. .\o. 2, a ))latlorin or monotor pijie of iihie sandstone, found ii miles south-east of Waynis- burg. Mroken, one-fourth being lost. lidgc of i)latform ornamented with transverse nolehes. No. ;{, of grayisli-brown ste.'itite. I'rom ;i grave near Hlacksville, \V. Va. It is ^el('(lm th;it the stems of this elass of pipes siiow signs of wear of the teetli, henee one must infer that ;i small stem of wood or bone was inserted before use ir smoking. No, 4-, is of skilled workmailsilip, representing a horned owl. Its wings, legs, tail, be. ik. large eyes, horns and breast are plainly outlined. .Made of steatite, ]iolished. Found near Waynesburg, I'a., in a stone eairn. *.\meriean .Vboriginal Pipes and Smoking Cnstcms. Kep. of Nntional Museum, Washing- ton, I). C, p. t-'iO. The East Alleghany. 217 I to V) Np-.-'' is ■>" ovoid bowl of red hc-m.-itite reprcseiitiiiK the hnm;in fiicc Tlic eves the nose m 'tIu. vl'^u"";'. "'"''"^^ '!"•' "> ■ >'"M,th -J, artistieally represe.Ue.l The lipVa e o n- thel,as^of'u';eoiJ,'u';';;„;re."-'^""'^"''- ""^" '-^"-ti—e eo.,ie.l. The sU hdle .s at It is^,n:,riJ»n!n.*'"":'' '•''^«>' l^'l'^- )v'lh a continuation of the neck which forms a short stem. R' f,lH4 'in^ It:" !Ml!; 21H Prehistoric Implements. Fi.L,'. :i;{l. This llj;tirf rcprt'stiits ;i citrioiis < (irnhiiiriticii of lnini;in and aiiiiiial foriiis. Tlu- Ix.wl is llial ol a liiiiiiaii lu-ad. rnid the sU'iii tlif licad and tht jaws of a rcpliliai) .iiinial, i)i-rliai)s tliat of an alli^alor. TIk- niau-rial is soapstunc. It was tonnd near Jcrsty Shove, I'a., and l)cloiigs in ihc Gcincrd Collciiion.* Piff. '{.'52 also a plalfonn pipe, made of soapstone, was fottnd near Muncy, I'a. Kcsenililing very ninch the Indians foot-gear, its owner, Mr. Gernerd calls it a "Moccasin" pipe. Its base is curved. In Fig. .S33 is shown, 'u size, a beantifnl iiolished broad l)asc "Monitor" ))ii)c of l)lack steatite, fonnd on surface near Kutztown, Pa. Of this class of pipes Mr. McGuire discotir>;cs cntert.-iininuly.* This pipe plainly shows the steel tool lines noticed hy Mr. McC.nire in his description of modern forms. .\ rcniarka))Ie ,'ind nnitpie feature noticeable on this pijjc is the letter S plainly cut into its bowl in a single nnbroken line. This letter w;is on the ])i]ic when fonnd .-ind it h.is the same appearance ot age as have the stri;ic. It belongs to the l>r. Wanner collection. Kutztown. l';i. Fig. .'?'{4- is ;i large rcctangtilnr ))ipe i-j size made of it yellow stc.ntiie. It was fonnd on the surface near Ktitzlown, I'a,, and belongs to Mr. II. K. Deisher. The bowl shows stone chisel marks. The hole for the stem w.is drilled with ,i slender stone tool which is distinctly shown by the concentric circles in it. This specimen lindonbtedly belongs to the order of calnniet pii)es. I'( I'K *The editor is much indebted to Mr. Gernerd foi the loan of several cuts. t.\merican Aboriginiil I'ijjcs :ind Smoking Customs. Report National Miisenm. 1897. The Bust Alleghany. 219 Fijj. 33"! represents a larpc flaked jasper implenicnt, wliicli is supposed to have been used for dijj;}j;iuj; purposes. It shows uo sifjus ( i wear on auy part of its finely flaked surfaces, and its edjjes are as shar]) as on the day it was finished. The specimen Ijelonf^s to Mr. Irwin I'-. Naglc. It was found on the surface at Northampton, I'a. S. 1-1.'. Polished Stone Hatchets, or Celts. This implement is obtained in every portion of the Western World. It is found ehi])i)e(l or pecked into form with euttinjj;^ edjj^es only shaqjened, but more often with itssurfaee entirely ground, in some instanees])resenting a beautiful polish. Illustrations in the St. Lawrence, Southern and New England sections show Bast Alleghany ty]K's. Ceremoni.\l Weapons. Gracefully formed, and in almost all instances finely polished, banner stones are found herein various forms and sizes. Hut why they are called by this unsatisfactory name has often been a mystery to the writer. There is nothing about them to indicate that they were carried on a pole at the head of a body of men. They were made from banded Jind other slate, soa])stone, and often from the harder and tougher kinds of stone such as diorite .and greenstone.* The greatest numbers are perforated lengthwise thrcmgh their central part.f Many of these perforations show the spiral *.Many are found with perforation wantii.^ and others partly drilled. It is suiijiosecl that these were unfinished. +Tlio.se here made of this tough material arc rarely polished and seldom perforated. ■r m ' ^BtWik i^S ■B^ni -fk K^fi \'\ du^$ »i BkWb A I 220 Prchistoi ic Implements. . ■■■ ■ , ■ i ^- ii; lines caused by a stone drill. Others found still have remaininjj; a central core, indicating; that the\' were drilled with a hollow tool. A wooden drill cut from the elderhush, or a piece of southern cane, would with the aid of sand and water, have done j^ood service in an undertaking of this kind. These objects are only found in America, antl are of early date. The Iro- (|Uois knew nothing about them,andthe later Indiansmadenouseof them.* Their uses arc an almost complete mystery. Thfit to them was attril)uted a supernatural power cannot l)c doubted. 1 cite here an instance in vcrifi- cati(m of this theory, i own a perforated liutterfly shajjcdi banner stone of steatite given by a Dchiware Indian 130 years ago to an early white settler living 7 miles N. \V. of Allentown, for a small c|uantity of tobacco. The Indian, loaded with skins and furs, which he had obtrined in the mountains towards the north, was then on his way to the trading post of liethlehem, 12 miles away. He carried this object because he believed that while on this mission the pos.session of it would bring, while hunting, good fortmn. i o him. Fiff, M8(> shows a fiiiclv wrought aiul polished l)aiiiicr stout '.j size, tn; de of slate II was ioinid near Kutztowii, I'a., and hilougs to Mr. Ziinnicrnian. I I Fig. 337 shows two views of an unfinished lianinier stone of diorite or greenstone, Mi size, whieh ^~^- was ])artlv firilled with a hollow tool. The core, an evidence of this, 's still visible. It was found in Isl- ington, N. V. and belongs to Mr. W. T. I'enton. Fig. ,'l,'!,S, ij size, is one of the most interesting of lerforatcd h.'iinier-stones. It eoiitr\ins two extra l.-iterrd holes, ;i feature never before seen liv the writer in i)erfeet inii)lenients of this kind.i Many notches oceur on both siki) I.mpi-emf^nts, Etc. Ceremonial objects, either solid or hollowed out on one side with holes at each end bored from one side, are very rare in this section. In outline they are both rectangular and oval, with cavities often shallow, but in some cases so deep as to be shell like in ajipearance. Most of them were made of slate. Tougher stones were sometimes used in their m.-mufacture. They appear to be more plentifid in the State of New York than in finy other portion of this section.* Bird-stones of banded slate are rare here but fre- quent in Canada and New York.i- Pierced Tablets or Gorgets, a.nd Pendants. Another form of implements or ornamental wcajjons, variously used in ceremonial functions, and carefully finished, are ])ierced tablets. They are mostly made of slate, often of a harder and tougher, stone, and are pierced with one, two or more round holes, which in most instances have been drilled from both sides fiirming a funnel sha])ed perforation. Those con- taining two holes are jjlentiful, but specimens having only one hole or more than two are not often foiuid. Thc}' occur in every portion of this section and are of many forms. In New Yorkt- and New Jersey § they are found in graves near the breast of the occupant. 'Polished Stone Articles, Reniielianip ]). (51. tTlie nird-Stoiie Ceremonial, Moorehcad. tl'oiiehed Stoiie .Articles in N. Y., etc.Ht'atichanip, Vol. 4, p. 079. §Stone Age in New Jersey, Abl)ott, Sniitlisonian Report, 1H75, p. 327. mi aM (.1 P IJ H ■v^v,;; m ■>•)') Prehistoric Implements. Fig. 840 ifiiresents .-i rcctaiif;ular beveled tablet iiolehefl on all of its sides. Hotli perforations show si<(ns of abras- ion, wliieli is an occnrrenee niiicjue in these ohjeets. It was fonnd at Kepanpo, N. J., and l)el«)nj?s to Mr. J. I'reston Thomas, Whitford, Pa.S 1-1. In Fijj- .'HI, is seen an obloiijif tablet 'osizc with but one bi-eoneave perfora- tion. It is made of a greenish eoloret' slate and belongs to .\Ir. Brobst, Ke.id- ing, I'a., near whieh i)laee it was found. In the head, or tipper jjart of the relie part cf whieh is broken off, were etit ;i mmiljerof nieks or tally marks, either for ornament or ])erhaps to commemor- ate some tragic occurrence. Fig. o , Kig 340. ^■M^/i^' |-oo.sSfe''^!l;i% ff^?^;^=?., Fig. 342. S. 1-1. ». The Enst Allczhanv 22.'i 'Js^ ST" "*■■■• I'ii?. .'5 1- 'J ic|)icsi'iits, full si/.f, oru' of llu' iiiDSt iiitcvslius,' iiiyraviMi iicri'or.itcd t;il)k'ls I'vi-i- fotiii 1.* It is ill two parts as tij^iiic shows. It w.is foimd on the stirtacc in a liilil I'-.- inilis oa-t of llovlrstowii. lUii'Us lonnly. I'a,, )iy Mr. Itcrnaril Ilaiisill, and now I iloi ;js to Mr Ik'iirv I'a.xoii, ot' I'liiladi'ipliia. i he larj^er ])ortionor the speeimen was pieUeil up in the spriiij: of 1S71. .\lter nianv fruitless searches the missiiit; portion was found liv the ^air.e | eixin ai the saiiu- spot '.> years alterw.'iril. Tlie en;4ravinj; on the inipleinent re|]resems an elephantine animal, probably the liairv inaiinnoth, in eoinbal willi a luinilier of Iniiians. '1 1 i tion of this nni(|ue implement sec: 'fhe Lenape Stone or I he Indian and the .\laminotli; U. C. .Mereer. livery lolleetor and areliaeolo}i;ist should own this valuable ])ublieation. Tlicsc ornamental objects are rather rare. They ajjjiear to be more plentiful in the state of New York than in an^- other part of this seetion. '■'ijj. 3+3 represents a rare arrow-liead shajied iicrforated speeimen, full size, fotnid near Neadiiij;, I'a. It is made o f red shale and is partly chipjied. Other parts of it are ground. X ! t- • I i- Li.. X , '. ' Fiji. 34-4 shows the two faces of a lilaek |ier- forated nicely polished horn-stone s]!ecinun, hd1 sir.e, upon which have been cn-jiiaved two aninird like finurcs. This object was found near I.auiys Station, I'a. and belonjis to Mr. Austin li. Unsh. Another very interesting perforated siieeinien, triangular in form, is shown in Fig. 3+5. It is made of a dark slate. I'pon its surface are tut a luiinber of lines which meeting form ang'es. Two of its sides contain a number of notches. It was fonnd near Virginsville, I'a.. and belongs to Mr. John Firobst, Reading, I'a. S. 1-1. n''f"? Y 224. Prehistoric Implements. Pkndants, Cui'pki) ok PiT'iKi) Stones, Etc. These implements rcmnd, oval and often irrej^jular in form with one or more (le])ressions on their sides, are ])lentit'ul everywhere. Their uses ean only be eonjeetured. Those of oval or rounded shape are often battered at eaeh of their ends which seems to indicate that they were used as hannner stones. Another theory is that they were used as a pivot for a rotating tire drill or for jjcrforating other stone objects. Col. C. C. Jones calls them nut stones, especially those having more than one depression.* IMummets are, in most instances jjcar-shaped imj)lements, synnnetrically made from a tough and close-grained traj) stone, and well hnished. Some are grooved and others are perforated at their smaller ends. Once in a while is found one which has neither groove nor perforation. Fij;. ;-l+() rt'jjri'stiits one of these i)liiiiii)iets fotind near Kntztown, I'a. It belongs to Mr. Deislier. Another interesting plummet niaileol' screen- stone and j^rooved is shown in Fijj;. ;^4-7. Tlic groove slif.ws no sign ol'ahrasion. It lias on one of its sides a cavity as shown in figure. The spec- imen lielongs to Lehigh University at Helhlehem, I'a. It was fonnd in the lower part of Lancaster Connly, I'a. Fig. a+7. Fig. 34-6. Ffg. 34-8 represents two of these mysterious implements, (ciipstones) one rounded and the other oval, from the col- lection of Mr. (iernerd, found near Muncy. Fa. Beads. The Indians made beads of stone, bone, clay and wood. Those of wood have disappeared, and those of stone and shell are most abundant at the present time. Those of clay are rarely found. Shell lieads were used for "Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 315. The East AUci^lmny. ornamctjtal purposes, as mont-y, and to make belts wliieh were used on eerenionial occasions. Heads made of shell were both made in the forms of cylinders and discs. lionc and shell beads .-md ornaments are shown on i)ajj;e 14-1 of this work. V\^. 3+9. Tlircc l)ca(1s 'ij size of steatite are sliowii in V\\i. ;M-!). Till' siiiMlifst toiiiid near Knlztown, I'a., lieli)nj;s to tile eolleelion of Mr. H. I). Zinmiennan. Tlie jjiooveii s))eeinien was roiind in Virjiinsville, I'a., and liet(in;,'s to Mr. I. Hover, of tli.at viliajrc. The notelicd disc or bead, also fo\ind at Virfjinsville, lielonjis to Mr. Iteislier' Ha.m.mkk Sto.nks. So well known to every archaeologist and collector is this common imi)lement that fij^ures of them are not necessary. They vary very nnich in size. The writer has found them weij^hing from a few ounces to more than five ])ounds. They were undoubtedly used in flaking flint tools, and from continual use many of them have attained an almost globular form. They are made of iasj)er, tpiartz, (juartzitc and other tcmgh stones. % (.3 Fiji;. 350, represents a partly grooved lianinier of s;»ndstone liavintr also on one side a shallow cavity. It was found near .-Mlentown, Pa., and belongs to the writer. Thk Wo-.i.vn's Knife. Its. L-Ol- Thesc semi-lunar shaped knives only used l)y women and which corres- pond to the present saddler's knife, are a ])attcrn derived from those used b\' the Eskimo. Although (juite numerous in New York, in New Jersey and Pennsylvania they are exceedingly rare. .»: i for Fig. 351 represents one of these iniple. nients made of banded slate. It was found near .Vniityville, .\ew York, and belongs to Mr. S. R. Austin. .n-ri] ''*F 2'J() Preh is t on'c Ituplctnc nts. ToTTKRY. Tlif Indians oftliis j,a'(>j,n-a])liif.'il section know liow to ninkc term cottn ware. The state of New York lias lurnislied nriny nieely ornamented vessels still in perfect condition. In Pennsylvania and New jersev hut few perfect pots have been found. lM-a;^nnents -are. however, plentiful. .\ nuni- l)Ct of these showlnj; different desii^ns are figured here. S. 1-2. rmgyggg^. Fijr. 3-.2. Groovki) Axks. The Indians made a jj;eneral use of the imijlemcnts known to every one as grooved stone axes. Not only have we authorities who cite this fact, but it is also proven by the manj' specimens found in every section of the United States. The Missionary Loskiel states that the hatchets were wed or S inches long, sharpened at the edge and fastened to a wooder h.andle. They were not used to fell trees, but only to |)eel them or to kill their enemies.* Many of these objects .are found with rather Idunt edges and this causes Dr. Rau, the late learned author and curator of archaeology in the Smith- sonian Institution, to claim that they were not used to cut down trees, but merely served in a "girdling" process from which the trees died, and were aftevvvard leveled with the aid of fire. t Dupratz says that in using axes it wasIm])ossible to cut down trees but merely to bruise them close to the ground so that fire jilaced there might more readily destroy the bruised fibres. 'i: *Histofy of the Mission of the United Brethern, p. 54. London, 171)-t. iSinithsonian Contributions to Knowledge No. 2S7, ]). 21: JHistoire dc la Louisiane, Vol. 1, j). 166, Paris, 1785. 1<; !: Tht Hnst Alk'jrluiny. Adair tells us tliat wIk'ii with theClicroktr Indians he saw them difulcn the tivjs by cuttiii,' thr )ir,''i tlu h irk, ail tli it th.'ii th -v liurnoJ tli.-in when they cither fell by deeay or became th<)r()U}4:hIy dry.* lUit a short time aj^o the writer had in his hands a finely wr(Mi;;ht j4;r()()vcd diorite axe found near his home, with a cutting edjie almost as sharp as our iron axes of today. During the shar|)enin}.f prueess the edj.je was finely polished. M.'iny such sharj) axes have been found. Prof, (leor^e H. Perkins, of the I'nivcrsity of Vermont, informs us that the explorer, Champlaiii, in his aeeount of a journey which he took with a party of .M^onkins in l()()i) mentions several times that stone £ixes were used for fcllinj.j trees, ,'iiid the account shows that the cuttinjj: must have l)een done with somewhat of cxpediti(>»i. So well did they understand the felling oi trees with their ^M'ooved stone tools that in a few hours a suH'cient number of trees were leveled to form a barricade, which was .always the custom when su|)])ose(l enemies were near, throu^fh which oOO of them would not be able to break without much diniculty and j^'reat loss of life. In another passa,iic he speaks of the Irocpiois as euttini; down trees for a similar p'ur- ])ose.;- In a most iiiterestin<; account Lafitrai tells his readers that stone axes were in use in .\mjriea from time immjm')rial. "They are made of a kind of very hard and touj^h stone .ind it reipiircs much labor to m.'ike them fit for use. They are i)re])arcd by the process of ^rindin^ on a sandstone, and iinally assume, at the sacrifice of much time and labor, nearly the shape of our axes, or of a wedne for splitting' wood. The life of a savajj^e is often insuHieient for aecomi>lisliin_i4; the work, and hence such an implement, how- ever rude and imperfeei it may be, is considered a precious heirloom for the children. When the stone is finished the difViculty of providinj^ it with a handle arises. They select a youn^ tree, of which they make a handle with- out cutting it by splittinii^ one end and inserting the stone. The tree grows, tightens around it, and incloses it so firmly that it hardly can be torn out.i" A wythe of proper length i)erha])s two feet was bent around the groove, or a forked sajjliiig served the same pur])ose which was firmly bound where both ends met with strings of raw hide or material of some other kind. Their impleiiK'nts vary greatly in sizeand weight, the smallest probably ])laythings being not more than a few inches long, weighing but a few ounces, and the largest often more than a foot in length and weighing as much as 2(> pounds. So heavy an axe was recently found in Pennsylvania. With reference to their grooves they may be classified as follows: 1st those in which tin' groove, which is invari.ably near one end,!? com])letely encircles the implement; 2nd, those in which the groove apjjcars only on the two broad sides, the other faces being often tlattened; 8rd those in which three sides are grooved, the fourth face being fretiuently flattened *Hislory oIiIr- Viiicricrin Iiuliniis, \> W~i, Lotulon 1775. fPlit.' .\infricaii Vatur.ilist, Vol. XX, p. 339. jMoi'iirs (lu^ S;uiv;igcs .\iiieri(|tiniiis, Vol. 1, p. 110. iiiKTc arc soiiK-linics roiinil col)l)K'-stoiie axes, always .showing very rough usage. Tluir grooves arc almost in the eentre of the axe. »i *i*!^ 228 Prehistoric Implements. It I' .'ilon^ which when the axe was haftcd a wcdj^e was diivcii to better secure the haiuUe; 4-th, those which have two grooves side bv side; and r>tli, those wliicli are sini])ly notclied. The latter are, so far as the writer knows, rouiihly made, often merely chipped, and sometimes but rarely made of a silicious material. In most of the specimens of the .above classes grooves are cut into the body of the imjilcmcnt. There are, however, s])ecimens wliich show on both sides of the groove, which reaches only the bodv of the imj)lcment, a prominent ridge made to add more strength to them. I'ifi. 'A~)<\ rf|iii'Miits .'1 iiDlclii'il .Mild tlalu'il Mxc of (ili;iltzit<- ^lltl\VIl ' ;; sizi'. Till' not li was- lirst llakcd and tlu'ii roKiuIcd liv llii- |ll(il■^;^ i;l ink- ing. .■\.\i-s ol lliis t'lriss arc not ottcii t'oniid luMC. 1 1 was loiiiid near Kutztown, I'a., and lie- lolly's to the 'leislier eolieetion. Akticlks of Honk i.n Nkw York. The last few years have l)een ])rolific in articles of hone in New York. At Onondaga and Oneida lakes hundreds of bone harpoons have been found Most of these have several barbs on both sitlcs, variously arranged. Some are pointed at each end. The larger variety, with barbs on but one side, occur mostly on recent Irtxpiois sites, but the other kind occasion.ally ap])ears with them. Barbed bone fish hooks have been found in Onondaga and Jefferson counties. One of these is from a site oecui)ied about the year KKK). All the others vSeem a little earlier, but the known age of one gives a hint as to that of the rest. The barbless hooks are smaller, but apparently of the same j)erio(l. Hone knives of beautiful form and fuiish are found in several places. The Bust Alleghany. 229 sonic'tiiiR's with jK'rforations. Anion^ other articles a few bone ])ii)es ap- l)ear ola reeent date, and many bone eotnbs. A e.'irved bone olyect, nuieh decayed and j)arts vi it niissinjj^, was obtained from i\ inches lon^, was also found near thi.s town. It was somewhat decayed. These objects belon. (t. Hrinton, Mr. Stuart Culin, Mr. Charles I.auiiaeli, .Mr. !•). \. M.aihcr. Smithsonian Contril iiti<.ns to Knowlodye. Kci>orts of the Itnrciu (if Kllnioojiy . Kcporis of the Smithsonian lnstitulif.ll .and r. S, National Museum. KeiioTls of the Museum of the I'niversity of I'cnnsylvania. Reports of I'eahody Musetnn, Candiridjic, .Mass. Before closinjj; that part of the work alloUed to him the author wishes to express his jjrateful acknowlcd,i;metit to those who so kindly assisted him in his laliors. It is to he hoped that they will find their reward in .1 conviction that they have aided, in a manner, to adv.incc the ciniohlinj; .md fasiin.ilini.; science of .Vrchaeolojiv. I{specia'l_\ does he desire to mention >lr. II. C. Mercer, of Hoylestowu, I'a., Dr. Thomas \\ ilson of the I'. S. .N'iitioual Muscmn, Mr. \V. »l. Heauchanip, of Mahlwinsville, N. V., Mr. .\.J. WaychofV, of Wayneshuru. I'a., Mr. Stcwait Culin. of the museum of the ruiversity of I'einisylvaiiia. I'rof I^dward H. Williams, of I.chijih ruiversity, Hethlehcni, I'a., Mr. Charles I.aidiach, of Keijjelsville, I'a.. Mr. H. K. Deisher. of Kutztown, I'a., Mr. Thomas II. Windle, of Coatcsvillc, I'a., Dr. T. H. Stewart, of Lock Haven, I'a. and to Prof j, K. .Merkel, A. M., of Mnhlenhurf; collcj^c, Allen- town, Pa., who so jjenerously {^.i veins valua hie lime in editing the many pact's of the author'.s iiianuseri])is. ■i'l 'I '1 the lat me :es. ill 1 r ' ! -a I SECTION VII. Akchaeolocy of Califoknia Dr. Lokk.nzo Gordi.n Yates, F. L. S., Etc. Southern Caufor.ma In travcllin<; southward from San Francisco, towards Point Conccpcion (the northern hniit of the "Lotus Land" of CaHfornia), we see evidences of chantije in the eliaractcr of the aborijj^ines. These eh an Ljes are so marked that, we soon become convinced that the Indians of this rej^ion were of a different race from those which inliabited tlie central and northern ])ortions of the state, and as Point Conccpcion marks the boundary hne of the northern and southern floras and faunas, so it seems to betheijoint from which the Hne of demarkation may be traced between the race, which seems to have l)een of .\siatic orij^in, extenchnu: from .\laska to this point; and the southern race which is supposed to have mij^rated from Central America. There wJis, however, mor*' or less interniinjjrlin^, laj^ijinj^ over, or intru- sions of the two races as is the case with plants and animals. In the case of aborij^^inal man, he being migra*^^ory and less influenced l)y local surround- ings, and climatic conditions, as for instance, man born in temperate zone can migrate to, and flourish in, cither the frigid or torrid zone, while many animals, plants, etc., generally thrive only under conditions similar to those of the place where they originated, except under artificial conditions, — conseciuenth' races of men contiguous to each other, are much more liable to internii.\ and overlap their original dividing lines. In this instance the dividing line seems to have been from Point Con- eepcion, northeasterly- to the Tulare region and Sierra Nevada moun- tains. The tribes of the interior were more nomadic, and the relics of the Tu- lare and rjjpcr San Joa(|uin regions show a more marked admixture of the two races than elsewhere. The Indians of the Tulare Lake country, made annual excursions to the Bay Region and the .sea coast, and some of 'theii" trails may still l)c traced to the Hay of San Francisco. They also had trails 'icross the San Rafael and Santa Inez mountains, to the Santa Barbara coast and southward, where they obtained the stone ollas, cups and bowls occasionally found in the Tulare country. These excursions had for their object, barter with the coast Indians, and the collecting of marine shells for shell money and ornaments. They also laid in supplies of sturgeon from the Bay of San Francisco. The camping places along these trails may still be seen, and an occasional relic lound there, but they furnish more indications of what the Southern Californin. 231 il. in n tcnii)()rarv occuji.'ints used as ibod, anil of the rough material they trans- ported to their regular eanijjs. At various jjoints along these trails pietured roeks, caves with Indian pietoglyjihs ineolors, and monumental cairns may be seen. ': lie great centre of ahoriginial poinilation, seems to have been the coast region along the line of the Santa Barbara Channel, and the Islands dis- tant from twenty-rive to one hundred miles from the coast. Wiien in ir)4-2 the famous Portuguese navigator C.abrillo sailed from the west coast of New S])ain ( .Mexico), and discovered this region, he found tile islands tiiicklv ])0])ulated, as was also the adjacent coast. The historian of Cabrillo's ex])edition says "they anchored ojijiosite a vr I'ey, very licautiful and very jiojjulous, the land licing level, with many trees. ' * * Here came canoes with rish to l)arter, they became great friends. * * * They pointed out to us the villages, and named them by their names," These navigators imforni us that, they found seventeen po])ulous vill.igcs or towns within a distance of eleven miles along the shore of the Santa Barbara Channel. The islands were thickly inhabited by tribes who, though sjieaking different languages or dialects, were closely related to those of the mainland, and were branches of the same family or stock. Hahitation. The mildness of the climate of the islands and mainland occupied by these ])cople, was .such that very little, if any, shelter was needed during the dry season. Caves and rock shelters were convenient and jilentiful for stormy weather, but in addition to these, houses were built of the ribs of whales by i)lacing one end in the ground, and bringing them together at the top, then covering the whole with seal-skins sewed together; this formed a wind and rain-proof covering: an opening was left in the ajjcx of the cone. When comjileted the building resembled an immense bee-hive. I have found the remains of some of these houses, where the ])ortions above ground had decayed, the lower ends of the whale bones remaining in the ground in a good state of i)reservation. Tthnsii-S. They manufactured and owned more household utensils, tools, weapons ;ind onuiments, of better material and su])erior workmanship than tribes of other regions, and as tr.ese ornaments represented money, and were largely used as such, the .'UiKmnt of marketable jiroperty owned l)y them, represented the com])arative wealth of the people. Being less nomadic than many other tribes their utensils were made for continuous and iicrmanent use. The region they occuiiied, furnished an abundant supi)ly of food material, easily obtained, giving them plenty of time for the m.'inufacture of material re^iresenting the ornamental or artistic phase of savagery. Their weajions and household utensils, unlike the generality of the coast Indians give evidence of taste in the selection of material, and skill in their manufacture. <'1 »if ^1: m 232 Prehistoric Implements. They used few baskets; their cookinj^ utensils were worked out of solid rock, of a talcose character, similar to soapstone, easily worked, but capa- ble of withstanding the action of fire. They cooked their food in these vessels, placed on the fire, instead of cooking by means of heated rocks dropped into the water, or food contained in water tight baskets, as was the custom with other tribes. Some of these vessels called oUas were sym- metrically made, and sometimes ornamented with incised lines, or by in- laying with shell beads around the rim. These olkis were sometimes used for mortuary ])urposes by inverting them over the heads of their former owners. One fine specimen in my collection, I found in a burial mound near Santa Barbara, it was some three or four feet below the surface, and in an upright ])osition, covered by a flat rock, and contained the remains of a child of two or three ^-ears of age, and some badly decayed shell orna- ments. See Fig. 354-. Fig. 354. Stone ollas; Yates' collection. S. alioiit 1-10. Stone Cui's AM) Bowls. Their drinking cujjs and other vessels nf)t intended to be placed on the fire, were made of serpentine highly polished and sometimes elaborately ornamented. The material from which these vessels were made is found in great abun- dance on Santa Catalina Island. The outsides of the vessels were worked out of the ledge in situ, and then detached, and the interior worked out by means of stone chisels and serajjcrs. Some of these tools were attached to wooden handles by means of fisphaltum. S.'inta Cat;dina Island seems to have supi)lie(l all the vessels of this character found on all the islands and the adjacent mainland They were transported by canoes and rafts which were covered by brush and tule (a species of rush). Food Material. The shoi-es furnished an abundant su])ply of niollusks, crustaccous and other invertebrate animals, both as to (|uantity and variety. The waters of the channel supplied an abundance of fish at all seasons, and at certain seasons it teemed with whales, which during their periodical journeys used the channel for a resting i)lace or playground, and even in my time I have seen them in large numbers. Seals, sea-lions, sea-elephfints, sea-otters and other marine animals were abundant, while the land supplied pine nuts, Southern Cnlifornin. 233 ;s. H I) C Fiji. ;^>">-">. S. 2-7. .'I. Fine sciTJited obsidian ,s])car-lH';ul Lake Co., Cal. h. Spcai-head ofaiKillite, noli-lu-d. iVoin under Talilc Mountain, Tuolinine Lo., Cal. H" , inches lor.fi. f. Spc.-.rlicad of hard, close-drained trai)i)ean rock, jjolishcd, same locality as the last. 8x2V:iiiK'i>-. Fi>r. 350. S. varies 1-2 to 1-11. .\t the top, Ohsidian arrow-points from 1-os \u- geles Co. \ext, .\pache war club of rawhide shrunk onto a round stone. Many of these round stones have been founil on the villay;e sites, Next, Throwiufi stick, shaped like a boomerang used for killinji ral)bits etc.* 2 feet by l-'t inches. .Next, Hattle-axe or war club, made from fnitcr portion of lower jaw of whale, evidently vcrv old; unicpie. Santa Kosa Island, Cal., in Smithsonian Institution 1 7''j l.>y () inches. Next. Knife bl;ide of hammered cojipcr, frfim a ^rave in the Santa Inez mount.iins. Tlie only copper wcajion li;ivc seen in southern California. In the collection of (ieo. H. (lould. Next, Sword or Ceremoni.-d, of liue- •^rained san islone, with jjioovc nniuinj; the entire lenylli of back. San Mi,nuel Is- land. (Drcxfus Collection.) Next, Sword of wood, with handle in- laid with abelone shell {llnliotio nilcscciic) vSee Wheeler's Rei)ort Vol. VII. ]). 232. 18'., inches. •See Dr. IlolVninn's Notes to Hugo Keid, ".\cconnt of the Indians of I-os .\nf;cles county, v^ Cal." in Uniletin of Hsse.x Institute. Vol. XVII. p. I. •11 i" m 234 Prehistoric Implements. acorns, wild cherries, berries and seeds of various kinds, deer, elk, and a variety of other (|uadrupeds. Water-fowl su])plied e^gs in abundance, and their skins were used for clothing. Wkapons. Consisted of war-clubs, spears, bows and arrows, javelins (?) throwing sticks and harpoons. They have been found in such variety of forms that in my "Aboriginal Weapons of California" (in manuscript) I have figured more than three hundred different forms. Nearly all the forms of weajxins and implements of flaked stone found in other regions, have been found in southern California, besides many forms ])eculiar to this region, but un- fortunately while there have been a great many collectors, the great majority of them collected for coin, and tons of material which would have been invaluable to the museums of this coast, have been sold to enrich the museums of the East and EuroiJC, and to touiists and travellers from all parts of the world. Hence, one of the richest known localities for prehis- toric relics, has been practically depleted. Fig. 35H. S. 1-2. Fishing speai-lii-nd of silki- ficd shale. San Nicolas Island ( Vatcs colltction.) 4. Harpoon of l-'-nc (whale) San .Nicolas Island. 5. Fishing-s))ear of a ]X'culiar olive-gray indurated shale, polished. San Nicolas Islanil, (Vates collection). ^.S.^CuO^ Fig. 3r>9. n. Tomahawk of wood, New South Wales. /). War club used liy the I'ah-l'tcs and Mohavcs. c. War club Southern California, (after Hoflinan). (]. War club, Southern California, (after Hoffman) 3+ by I'/a inches. From Smithsonian Reports: much reduced. ■H H .IL. ar-hohler" pipes of ser])entine and steatite for whieh this region is noted. Fij;. 302. S. 1-2. HiiirpiiLofljom-, IukIiIv polished, iiscil for <,rii.'iiiiftit for the litad, llie I'lids show "^roovos to liold the cfirds l)v wliii li fuallicrs ;md shell orn;iinciUs were att;u'he. Itone iinplenient. San Miguel Island. (i. Wand or charm stick. (Phallic?), used hy Mediiine .Men, hone of cetaccm, 11 inches lonj;. 7. Harpoon-head, of hone, harhed on one side. San Nicolas Island, il inches l»)nji. S. liHijiy of luininn fi>;ure, carved out of whale's hone. Snn Nicholas Island. r Ik Fig. 363. S. 1-3. Saws, of hone, called "Sa-chos,"' hy the Na))a Indians. Had heen broken and buried with their owners, as was the custom; made from ^caI.ul^lr bones of deer or elk. The portions grasped bv the han.ls «)f the workmen are worn to a glassy smoothness, showing that they had been in use for a longtime. One of them is of the "Lightning Tooth" pal- tern of modern saws. From ancient graves in .Alamedii county. (Yates collection). Southern Ciilil'oniiii, 2a 7 V\\i '.\M. S. 1-1. 1. Fossil ;j;roiiiifl to resenil)le charm stone. 2. Two views of a i)eeit)iar stone of jjray amor- phous talc, with evidence of a corrl havinj; been tied about the centre, showing the cord to Iiave been dipjjed in soft bitumen. San Nicolas Island. 3. Stone implement of crystalline talc, one hole drilled at each corner, and one in centre of each side, the centre one on np|)er end and on upper corner drilled straight through. The other holes are drilled from face and e l,no, mt-ctinj^ :ind forming a right angle. San Nico- las Island. Fig. 3(5'). S. l-'J. 1. Fish, made of slate, ti.se unknown. Might hav.' been a toy, amulet, ornament, or fetish. San Nicolas Island. 2. Stone figure of a killer whale, or "Killer." Orc.-i rccti- p/nwys. Cope ? San Nicolas Island. 3. Stone cauoe, i)robal)ly used for ceremonial purposes, '"'an Nicolas Island. yf:>»yu Co Fig. 388. S. 1-2. 1. Ornament of bone; Santa Harbara, % 2. Ornament of Tivela shell. '^H t ^1 i| if I' J !il I j » :i3s Prehistoric Implements. Fij". X.GC). Mrcast))l;ite or oniiiim-tit made of tlic lips of '"Ahtloiic" shells. (Il.-i- liolis rutis-cviis,) cdgfs oriifinuiiti'd, loiisid- cnd)l_v an Nicolas Island. 7. I'ipe ol'stcatito. pcculiiir form, jicncral out inc indicates that it was meant to rciircj-ciit a wlialc, holes drilled at dilTerent an>;les. See dotted lines. anta Harl)ara, (Hayward eolleetion.) H. I'i))e, of hard trap roek, from nnder Table, Mountain, Tuolumne county, with stones])car-l)eads. i). I'ipc, of h;ird, slaty rock containing small lilack crystals; unique. Alameda county. m i' , •«»••«>)< Fij;. 87(1. W. 1-4. t. I'i])e of indur.-ited hluish- trray t.-ilc. Santa Barbara county. '2. Pipe, of seri)entine, liurned, or of clav? striated or ril)l)ed inside, canse;uk views; iini (|ue. Sanl.'i Itarliara coiintv. •1-. I'ipt*, ('f same iii;ileri;il as 1 ;ind ,8, s.'iiid wurnmi la'okeii surface. ,">. rni(|iie pipe, of ochraccons indurated clay, I)i()l).'i))ly made from :\ waterworn rock, l.rokeii at lower end; mouthpiece ol bird's liune. (>. I'ipc, of vesicular tracliytic rock, br(dicii at jiincluie of drill-holes, sluiwiu}; evidence of curv.'itiiie at lower end. 7. Of same materi.il .'is 1 and 8. San Nicolas Island. .S. of s.'ime material. Sant.'i Harb.'ir.'i. '.I Pipe, m.'ide from a boulder. I'ramiients found in different parts of .-i burial j^rouiid, proba- bly broken in making. San Nicolas Island. 10. rnlinished pijie, of greenish crystalline talc. S.'in .Nicolas Island. 11. Of dark, mottled serpentine; belongs to same group as 1. San Nicolas Island. 12. Of serpentine, ornamented, simil.'ir in outline to Table Moimtain pipe- San Nicolas Island. 24-0 Prch is toric Itupk men t s . ! 1 1; til' iiiotitlipii'iv. 1+ I'ipi'. 1)1 iiiiliit'iiU'il t.'ili', willi li>;iir«-s of sliarks in uliil. S.iii Niiolas Im.-iihI. 1"). (»t MT)ieiitiiif, tiiicly iii»li)>licil, )iiissil)ly used iis ii iiipc, .'is "IS." 1(J. I'ipi? IiIkIiIv polished .'iiid (inKitiuiited. 17. l'i))c with lower ii)d l)roi, sections showing form Santa Kosa Island. The rock of which this drill is made came from one of the .Vnacajia Island, some thirty" five miles cast from Santa kasa Island* +0. rnfinishcd l>ipc. S;in Nicolas Island. 50. Stone Drill, flint, prohahly nscd for drilling the bowls of ])i])cs 51 for drillinj; the holes for the stems or inotitlipicccs. San .Mij?- iicl Island, Sij inches in lenf;;th; '.\ inches wide. 52. Stone drill with wooden handle. San Nicolas Island. — .\ number of fine pipes from this region are illustrated in Wheeler's "Kci)ort of Surveys West of ihc lOOth .Mcridi.in. Vol. VII. Ar- chieology," ;in;cly in tlu' social life, rcli^jjious ccivmonit's and li%Mslalivc CDUiicils, l»iit was also OIK' of tlic few luxuries of otir ahorij^inal races anil peoples, The jjossession of a pii)e was second only in importance to wea|)ons of war and the chase. Hence it is not to he wondered at, that much time and labor were expended in its manufacture. The i)ipes made hy the ahorij^dnes of southern California are as dis- tinctly typical and characteristic as are those of any other re;,Mon of like extent, and have been found in such nund)ers as to make the remark of the Manpiis de Nadaiilac, in " Prehistoric America," peculiarly applicable tvf, tlir ini Ijioketi cud with a hand otiiictscd, oniaiiit tital lines. 7. Same ni.iterial, hexagonal t'onii H, •), 10. Same iii/Uerial, dtillliole dI iini- Ibrm size throii.tflinnt (1 mill ). is euived lu eoi respond witli llie ouler line t-l llie liead. How. or hy wlial means the ahorii;ines were enahled to drill siieli small holes ihronjih the entire lenjitlt of the straight heads has never heen satislaetoriiy answered, and the ((nestion of how eoidd they have (hilled the cnived hole in 11, is still more of .a jjuzzle. 12. l'ni(iue form, drilled hy a stone drill, each end hnshed hy a small head cemented in with asphaltiim 115. Spheric.'il head, drilled and hushed in same manner as \'J, with iniised lines dividing; the sphere into four e(|u.'il parts. (12 and i;< were eolleeted on Santa Kosa Island, and are now in the I'liitcd Slates .National Mnsetim). 14-. Drill- holes hnshe, IC), 17. Made from shell of //;i ///<(/> nitcK-ccns; drilled, ornamented, herrinjj-hone pattern. me in Alameda County. Professor Berlin refers to it in his section (p^. 200.) Had this imj)lement been found under other conditions, it would have been classed as an undoubted drill. Pkkhistokic M(>.\KY A.NI) Ok.namknts. Beads of stone, shell and metal were .'imonji; the most highly j^rized belongings of the aborigines, and by these, their social status was measured, *Keport of V. S. .\at. Mnseuni for 1H97, paj,'e 95H. '■ L M 242 Prehistoric Implements. and with thcni they purchased their wives and other personal effects, their necessaries and luxuries. 1 have already reniarked that the ancient inliabitants of the coast rej^ion of southern California were exceptionally well supplied with ])ro- perty of this character, both as re;i;ards (piantity and variety '>f ioim. In northern California and farther north the Dentnliiini or "Tusk" shell, which came to hand ready made, formed the bulk of the jjurchasinj^^ medium, in central California; beads made from the shells of Liixidomus and Olivellf}, and in southern C.'difornifi with its j;reater choice of av.ailable material, manv other sj)ecies of shells were utilized for the jjurpose, as shown by the accompanying figures and description.* Fi«. 3-4.. S. 1-2. IH. He.id or money, made from shell of Liplumiilin h'cllcttii. The aborigines of this rcijioii mtulc their finest l)eads from the columellii of this large spiral univalve, hy grinding the whorls off. the s])iral c'e])ression marking the line of growth were decpt ncd, and the dcjjressions »hns intensified were filled up with asphal- tum. A hole was drilled from the i\-\k\ to conneet with the umhilieiil canal at the base, or larger end, which was bushed by cementing a DeiitiiJiiini or Tusk Shell, into the base, thus reducing the size of the open- ing to that of the drill-hole at the .'iDex. 19. .A fine specimen at •■(, a portion of the asphidtum has been broken away, showing the natural opening in the centre of t!ic ciiliiwcll;i. Xt It. m;iy be seen the (lentiiHiim bushing. Mr. William H. Holmest illustriites and describes one of these olijects which he classes among "Pins," which is pr<)l)ablv an unfinished bead. 20. I'end.'int or ornament, riiade from shell of I'lirniiulux iiniliisiis, wood .'mother large, s])iral univiilvc. l)Ul without an mn- bilic.'d opening, crciiiil.-itc. 22. Head mad- '" im shell of .l/v£j7iis c;(//7nr«/Vi;;(;s Con., the Californiiin Mussel, speci- mens of which I h.ive found on Santa Kos.-i IsL-ind which were ten inches in le; gtli, and of corresponding thickness, the (lei)ressions re))resent the lines of growth. Mr -,. S. Haldcman in Wheeler's Kepo. t, Vol. VII., p. '2iW credits this class of beiids to the V" /ii. {I'nclnilcsniti). 'J'A. .Made from univalve shell l.ticnitiim cix.iulutu. Other varictit- of form were also made from this shell. \ yj, I • TM.It «(. * Notes on the .Vboriginal Money of California, by Lorenzo G. Yates. .American Natura- list, Jiinu.'try 1H77. ■|-".\rt in Shell of the .Vncieni Americans" in Second Annual Keporl ol the Hur^'au of Ethno- logy. Washington, 1HH;>. m Southern Californin. 243 Fij>. ;57r>. S. 1-2 +(i to r>4 incliisive, repre- sent some of tlie maiiv varied forms into wliicli the aborigines manufactureil the beau- tiful shell of the Unliotis (.Mhclniw). Fig. 370. S. 1-2. 55. Head ol l)ltii>li fluor-spar ? 5(>. Head of agate, shows marks of stone drill in drill-hole elearlv ilistingnish- ing it from those of Ivnropean maniif/ietiire. 57. Head of serpentine. The eross-see- tion at n, shows a groove around the edge. 5S Head of fluor-spar ? 5i). Head of agate. <)(). .Stone liead? with small holes 5. Of dark blue metamorphic roek; use unknown. (5(5. Of Mcr|H-ntine. May have been used to finish or polish the interior of beads, like (io, and <'.!. (57. Of ser|)enline, hole of uniform si/.e. unfinished head ? fcj i fv' :-i iij'ii (>M. Of same material as the Inst. I 244 Prehistoric Implements. i !'• I Fig. 377. 70, 71. S. 1.2. Reads tnadc from liiiinc of llinnites ffif^nnteiis, gray. 72. Waiupum, in.'iilc from shell of LnxuUtttitis Xiittiili, cour., the dark lines show outside surface of the sliell. 73. Implement used liy Indians of Napa and Lake counties for drilling money or wampum. 74-. Flint drill. Sonlhern California. 75. Drill of transparent (inartz, ijrobably made from a crystal. 76. Head of serpentine, Santa Barbara county (Dreyfus collection). 77. Head, of dark green serpentine, drilled from each end, but with diflerently shaped drills. San Nicolas Island. 7H. Stone bead, used a.s- money by the In- dians of !,ake and Napa counties, the material of which it is made resembles catlinite, the stone so highly prized by the aborigines of the older states for making pipes. Lake county, California. HO. Made from shell of Tivcia, (Dreyfus collection). Fish Hooks.* The extensive eoast line of the mainland and islands of southern Cali- fornia furnished ;\n .'vbundance of fish to its former inhabitants, and lar^e numbers of fish-hool'S have been found in the graves and village sites, many of them, however, in such a jjoor state of preservation, that the lamina- of the shell of which they are made fall apart when disturbed. These objects were formerly called ornaments, and ear-rings, by some collectors and writers who argued that, the ])oints were not in a position to catch or hold a fish. The natives of New Zealand use hooks of similar form (See 14, compare with 9). Fig. 37S. 1,2,3.+. Implements from prehistoric caves in South of Franct, similar to those used by the Hskimos for citching water fowl. Objects of this character are often found in our mounds which were probably used for the same purposes or for catching fish. They are used by attaching a line to the centre, the bone being baited with small fish, into which tlie implement is inserted lengthwise. 5, 6. Fish-hooks of chi])ped flint tbund in Sweden, 7 Kish-hook of shell from Samoa. H. Hook made of tusk of wild boar. Swiss l.nkes. I). I'^ish-hook of shell, with barb to prevent the bait from slipping off. Southern California, l'). Fish-hook of flint and bone. Cireenland. II. Fish-hook of beaten coi)per. Wisconsin, li. Fish-hook of bronze. Lake Morat, Switzerland. See The livoUition of Fish-hooks by L. (». Y., in I'opular Science for March, 1809. iM; ■N I?' Southern California. ^'^'lio.'.i Figs. 378. S. 1-2. 245 ':W '■■ n f : ml 246 Prehistoric Implements. '!V I'ri il? 1' i l.'l, 15, 22, 23, 25. Illustrate the method of manufncture of the shell fish-hooks of south- ern California. 14. Fish hook of the natives of New Zeaiaiul. Size rednced. 16 to 21, and 9. Represent shell fish-hooks which are exceptionally well made, and in a remarkably jjoo'l state of jireservation. San Nicolas Island, California. 24. Finely finished tish-hook of bone. San Nicolas Island. 26. I'nuslially large fish-hook of shell. All the above ilescribed shell hooks arc made from the shell of llaliotis rulescens, s. VV. and belong to the Yates collection. Scarificators,— "Delicate Splinters of Flint." In Vol. VII, of Wheeler's Report, p. 09. Dr. C. C. Abbott calls attention to u delicate form of splinters of flint, and suggests that "such fragments may have been used for the amaturc of bone harpoon-heads similar to those found in Europe." My first find of the implements was made while exploring in burial places on Santa Rosa Island, in the interest of the Smithsonian Institution in 1S76, when our party found a deposit of perhaps a qu.'irt of these im- plements, (which were, however, nearly all stolen from us). They were finely made of yellowish-brown jaspery, or fiinty rock. They were all together when found, having evidently been buried with their former owner. Not finding any other specimens in our extensive explorations, extending over a period of three week's search for relics, I wasconvineed that they were not ol))ects of general use, but were part of the paraphernalia of a medicine man, among the natives, and that their manufacture re(|uired the exercise of an unusual skill, and would 'only be made by certain individuals of the tribe possessing the necessary (|ualifieation. Some ten years after this discovery I luid an opportunity to interview some of the few representatives of the former aborigines, and from them le.'irned their uses. They said they were used by the medicine men in the cure of diseiise, by scarifying the skin over the affected part, and applying one end of .'i bone or stone tube (See Fig. 370) over the scarified parts and exhausting the air from the tube by suction applied by the lips of the opera- tor, thus causing blood to be drawn from the wounds made by these splinters. Dr. Abbott's theory of the origin and uses of these objects will not apply in southern California, he says, (loc. cit.), "similar splinters of chert and j.'isper are (juitc comnum everywhere, and it is probable that they are only a natural product of the chi])ping of masses of these minerals when fashioning various implements" .'ind that, "they might readily be utilised as awls, or for perfoniting substances soft fis limestone." The large number, (some hundreds,) found 'n the graves on Santa Rosa Island, and those since found in other localities, are made of the same ma- terial , are of the same general form, and were made in the same manner; that is, by t.aking a H.-ike having the re(|uired sharp edge and curve, and chipping off the thick portion of the flake until of recpiired size, thus forming a five-pointed, siiarp-edged imi)lement suital)le for the use design.ated. They all have one knife edge, and arc triangular in section (as may be "■^n it Southern California. 247 seen by ilhistrations in Fig. 379). The difficulty of manufacturing them may be imagined when it is considered that, each one is the thin knife-edged porti(m of a large flake, and the most difficult part is to break off all the superlluous thick part of the flake, leaving only the narrow, three-cornered, sharp pointed implement represented. Hugo Reid says of the Indians of Los Angeles county, that local inflam- mation was treated by scarifying with pieces of sharp flint and procuring as much blood as possible from the part. (See Overhmd Monthly for .\u- gust 189G). ^^ Fi^. 370. S. 1-2. Scnrcifif.'ilors used in coti- iiection with hone and stoiu- tiil)cs Cor the tre.'itniciit of diseases. Santa Rosa and San Nicolas Islands. Ae.^.^cJli Ld a a- !■; id IK )e The Report of U. S. Nat. Museum for 1892 Cfmtains a paper by Thomas Wilson, on "Minute Stone Implements from India" in which he describes and illustrates a series of implements which seem to be identical in form with the specimens found in southern California. He says of them: "There is a marked difference between the two edges of the crescent. The crescent edge is thick and has been worked into its present sha])e by the secondary chipjiing of the most minute kind, while the straight edge is the cutting edge, sharp and thin, just as it comes from the nucleus, and is without any secondary chipj)ing." TruES. Tubes of Ixmc, stone, ,'ind wood were doubtless used for various ])ur- poses, the most imjjortant of which was, in connection with scarificators, in the treatment of diseases, also as recei)t.'icles tor vf.rious herbs and other charms. The medicine tubes were filled with tobacco, humming-l)ird feathers, meal, etc., Jind (lei)osite(l in certain places as oflerings to the par- ticular deities they wished to conciliate. A tube about five inches long, filled with feathers and tobacco and or- namented with beads and fe.'ithers of the blue-bird, and of some from a bird of yellow plumage, formed the great oflcring to one of their deities. Some were used as receptacles for bone needles, and others as drinking tubes. Among some of the tribes, young warriors while on their expeditions preparatory to being admitted to the councils of the tribe, were not allowed to let water come in contact with their lips, nor to scratch themselves with I 1 248 Prehistoiic Implements. m m n t. ^1 111' \/ /■. their juiils, and in order to comply with these re(|uirements they c<'irried with them on these cxi)e(litiotis, a tube otreed or bone, and a piece of wood or bone to be used as a scratcher. Some of the large number of bone implements found in the graves may have been used for this purpose. POTTEKV. The ((uestion has often been asked: Did the aborigines of California make or use pottery? So far as known no prehistoric pottery has been found, but after the founding of the Missions, the Fathers instructed the Indians in its manufac- ture. The late Henry Chapman Ford, while excavating in a burial place some twelve miles east from Santa Harliara found a few ijieces which ai)peared to be of Indian make, although it is jjossible that it might have been brought from New Mexico or Arizona. Mr. Paul Schumacher in 12th Annual Kcjjort of the Pe.abody Museum, p. 521, says of the Techuhet Indians of Los Angeles county. "Among the Kahweyahs (C.ahuillos), who unlike the former Indians of the coast of California, make household utensils of burned clay instead of soapstone." Baskktky and Pasket-Mortars. The manufacture and use of liaskets was m)t so general among our coast Indians as it was with those in the interior, and owing to their des- tructal)ility such .'is were used have not been preserved, although an occa- sional fragment is found, having been preserved by a coating of pitch, or of asphaltum. Some entire baskets have been fcmnd in caves in the mountains. These baskets seem to have been used as receptacles, for sacred or cere moni.'d objects and were evidently very old, but whether of prehistoric, or more recent time, it is impossible to determine. In exjiloring some of the caves on the islands, and at village sites on the mainland, we occasionally find an irregularly shaped stone with a tlat sur- face upon which asph.altum has been melted in the form of a circle about a foot in diameter, showing evidence of basket-work having been ind)edded in the asphaltnm while it was soft. These .are the bottoms of b.-isket mor- tars, m.'ide by attaching n bottomless basket to the rock by me.-itis of asphaltum, thus making a light weight and efficient mortar, and a Labor- saving device. Flaked Stone Implements. In southern Californi.a, nearly .all the various known forms of fi,'d-.S, .'}()l,and MSO. Others will ajjpe.ar in the Northern California section of this book. Obsidi.'in. tninslucent ch.alcedony, .agate, etc. points .arc so thin .and well m.ade that, except for the slight undulatory surfaces, they might have been cut and polished by rock, finely made. .Maineda Co.. California. 7. Hard, ])ure white iiiii);;iiesian rock, containing cryst.'ils of a dark iiiiner;il (serpen- tine?), .\l;imeda County. This spceinien is lieautifully ]iolished, hut hroktn at hotli ends; the lir.'ak at the upper end ])asse(l thiotigh the perforation. S. Dark, slaty rock, finely finished, perforated, showing free gold in considerable (|uaiitity near the upjier end; Napa Conntv, Ciilifornia. 1). I>ark nietaniorphic rock (sandstone), finely finished with a neck at the upper end, .Napa County California. 10. Perforated, oval in section, made of arragonite, the softer layers of the rock being weathered out by long exposure, or dissolved out by water, leaving the harder portions in projecting lines, which are much more apparent in the original than shown in the iUnstraiion. 1 1. Of very hard slate or trap, perforated, with a depression running from the iierforation on one side, over the top to the other side of tlie jierfbration; this piculiarity is not shown in the illustration; .\'apa or Contr.'i Costa County, Cal. Sec "Ch.'irm Stones, the so-calleil I'lunimets or Sinkers of California." Lorenzo 0. Vates, Santa Barbara. Cal. ISDO. Akkow Stkaiohtrnrrs ok S.moothkrs. Amonj; the tnany implements of serpentine .'ind steatite, the arrow straijjhteners or smoothers were, in their form and finish, amonj; the most artistic. In shape, they vary from a spheroid to n p.'irallelo^ram, and from the irregular form of the original ])ebble or stone from which they were made, tt) .'i Hat disk. S(mie are clahonitcly ornamented with incised lines and figures in relief The main feature is the groove by which, with the aid of heat, the arrow shafts were straightened and smoothed. These im])lements have bjcn extensively figured and described in various archaeological publica- tions, .and for this reason, together with lack of space, I have not represented them by illustration. (See Wheeler's Report, Vol. VII). Rfniu.Nc. Stones. .\nother class of implements which seems to be peculiar to southern California, and the u.ses of which have not iH'cn defitiitely decided, have been calletl rubbing stones. They are usually, of coarse sandstone, or grit, in the form of a flat oval, varying from one and one-half to two inches thick, .about five inches long, by three and one-h.alf wide, either plano-convex. Southern CaUfornin. 251 concavo-convex, or double convex, .nnd fit intf) the hand in a manner to suggest their uses. Probably one of their uses was to work down and smooth the outer and inner surfaces of the stone pots and cooking utensils, for which ])urpose they seem to be well ada])ted. ■ii m Fig. 381. Charm Stones. S. Little less than 1-2. Fig. 331. 29. Of Hematite, hncly polished, found in Santa Barbara County, California, ass Prchistoi if Iiupkments. I Itv NIrs. I';ifk;inl; this spcciincn is f)f llic siiiiii' sIimiji' iiiMl inali'iial as those of tlic rnstcrti I'liilfd Slates and other coinitrics. 30 and .'U . (Xsiinilar mnterial to 1 . and I'nnnd in the same locality. ;!<>, enliie. Ilatlened on one side, with nolehes at IjuiIi ends. HI, a I)roken |)ortion ot a similar ini]iUineiit, the iioss sections showinji a slijjlit dilVeienee in their t'ornis. .'12 and ;i;i. (If hard shale, originally ornamented with leathers, used lor jimiioses similar to those ot'tlieeharm stones. I'rom the islands near Santa H.arlmra, Cidilornia. H4-. Hematite, polished, I'rom Tennessee. ^1. Copied from liwhank's l.ilc in Mrazd, ]iajje4r>l. li. I'rom p;ij»e ■4-ti+ of the s.ime worU. 1 to ,'!(• inelnsive. with the exception of UI), are Irom specimens in the writer's eoUeetion ,ind r.'present a portion f)nlv of the .-iitieles of this clniraeter contained therein. 31.' ;ind 33 :irc from specimens in the collection ol .Mr. II. C. I-ord. Where not otherwise stated the materi.al of which the charm .-tones ;irc composed is either a li;\rd tine jj;r.'iined ;irj;ill,'iceons sandstone, or ;i Iraji roc'k. The ti«,'tn"es .are all reduced to ;i little less th.'in one-lnilf size. [It is Imt jnst to state th.'it 1 was compelled to omit portions of Pr. Yates' text and tignres. I wonld tlnit each edilui coidd h;ivc liecn jiiven more spnee. W. K. M.j IIIHI.KMIK.M'II V. The Medicine Men of the .\pachc. Oth Ke))t. Unrean of I-thnolojrv. Meiisnrcmcnts of Crania troni California, llilh .Ann. Kept. I'eahody Museum. 2nd Kept. Hnre.'in of lUhnolojiy. The ,\l)orijiin;d Relies c.allctl "Sinlicrs" or "riiimmets." .\merican Jouiii.al of .\rchaeolojjy, \'ol. 1, No. 'J. I'crlor;itcd Stones from Cali- fornia. Kept. Mnrcati of Ivthnolojiy. 1.HX7. Indians ol Los .\nj.;eles County. C;d. Hnllctin of I-^sscx Iii'-tiltite, \'ol. XVll. .\it in Shell ol the .\ncicnt .Americans. .Annual Kejiort ol 1'. S I'urcau of l;lhnoloj;y, 1S.S3. Various papers in .\ineric;iu .Anthropologist. .A Study of the I'limitive .Methods of Urillinj;. Kejiort off. S. .National .Musctmi, 1S".)4. Pipes and Smokiui; Customs of theAmericJiu Aliori- KiiHS. Ke])ort V . S. .N;it. Museum, I.SUT. I'ielo>.;ra])hs of the .N. .Am. Indians. 4th and lOtli Aunu.il Kejiort Hure.iu of lUhnolofjy. Chipijcd Stone lm]>lenieuts. Hnllctin lissex Institute, Vol. XV. < (hserv.M turns on Cup-sha])el .and other I,;i|)id;irian Scnljiturcs. C< ul. to .\. .\\\\. lithnolojry. Vol. \' . Prehistoric Kishiuj;. Sinithsoniiin Con- trihulions. 1 SS4. Method of Manufacture ol Oll.-is. Mort.ars .'iiul Pipes 11th .Ann Rcpt. Pe.ahody .Museum p. 2."iH. The .Anti(piitv of the K.-d K.'icc in .America. kei)ort I . S. .Nation.'il Museum for IS'.)"). Prehistoric Art. Kejiort for ISUC). .Arrow-|ioints Spearlie;ids, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. Keport for IS'.t". Prehistoric .M.an in Californiii. Santa Harbara, Cal. 18S7. Ch.'irm Stones, (so-called" Plummets" or "Sinkers,") S.ant.a Il.arhar.a. l.siM). Fr.afiineiits of the History of ;i Lost Trilie. American .Anthro- |)oloji;ist October 1M!)1. .Altori^'in.al VVc;i|)ons of California. Overland Mouthly, M.arch l.SSK>. The Deserted Homes of .a Lost People. Overland, May,lSiU(. Indian Medicine Men. Overhand. .August IS'.Ki. Indiiin Pictoglyphs. Over- land, Mecember 1S90. Pipes jind Smoking. Overland, J.anuary, IH99. The Evohttion of Fish-Hooks, Popular Science, March 1H9U. Hourke. Ca])t. J O. C.irr, Lucicn. Cushiu).;. I'rank H. Hcush.iw, H. \V. l— Holfman. W. j. Holmes, W. II. McC.uire, J. I>. Mallery. ('i.arrii-k. Ptitnam, F. W. Kan, IJr. Charles Schumacher. P.tul Wilson. Thom.as. V.iics. LorenzoCi. /.; SHCTION VI 11. , »' •' Mkitism Commiua andtiik Noktii-wkst Coast. This is a rcj^jion inliahitcd hv many tisliin^f tril)c'S. Wiiile prcliistoric sjK'cinKiis art' lound in soiuc mimlKTS, yt-'t the territory can scarcrly Ik- said to rank in archacolof^ical importance with sections of the I'nitcd Stales. I'rofessor l-\ W. Putnam, of the .\meriean Museum of Natural History, and IVahody Museum, has sent several surveys to the .North-west and also to nehrinjr Straits, to Russia and China. He has done this with :\ view to determine, il possible, the origin ottlie .\meriean tribes. Professors Smith and l-'owke, and Dr. Hoas have In-en instrumental in eollectiii}^ s])eeimens, folk-lore and linj.juistie m.'iterials while in charjjfc of these various e.xjjcdi- tions. It is premature to give the results of this important undertaking;. I have received from Professor II. I.Smith some reports bearing upon the e.\- l)l()rations, and I depend largely upon his Archaeology of Lytton, Mritish Columbia, and other ])ul)lieati(ms for the facts set forth in this section. Ml 111 •I - I'ij;. ;IS2. S. 1 1. Slonc i)l)icil made of f<)li.iic'()ii>.-sU;illtf. I'lXiiid on a village sitf on tlu' I'rascr river. .Mr. Sniilli docs not n.-uiic tlic arlil;iil. ,'!s;{. S. l-'J. Two s]KTinKUs found in c.xirivatinn a j^ravc near I.yllon. Tin- oni- lo ilie Itft is of impure clialcednoy and the oilier of ar^illile i • ) 254. Prehistoric Implements. Fi^r MS+. S. t-t. 3S+. p'litilnstic forms cliip))« Pis. 3S7. S. \.\. Till- to), of till' li.-millf, 1i;it sli.i|ivil. I li.ivi' sitii i)i'>tlfs lil 'i '>>' or nioniiils iu llie .tlissiNsi)i]ii \'.'illev. KckUts will ohsirvc that the stoni- iiiijjlcincius, i-lc, of the Northwest coast .'ire iiil'erior to C.'ilirorniii fornis and totally diU'ert'iit form those of the Ivast and South. It is an interesting; ])art of arehaeolo^jjy, this eoni])arison of tyjjes. Look at the flint and stone ohjeets illtistrated on Tenn., Ohio, Mieh. and Ind. pjij^es, and then draw conclusions re^ardin.it the skill of the Jincient workmen in the far northwest. F\ff. 3S8 S. 1 1. Skill wrniii'r in wooden li.-indle. S1insw;i]i Indians. Kaiiiloojis, n. C "Manv sera)>er>ottliis sort, and soinenalnral rrajjiiieiif* t.l'convenii'nt t'orni rroiinH'i);liliorinnonleroi)s. iveliei'ii seen in nse anions tliewoincn ofliiis rc);i"ii f<>i' sofleninj; skins.* 'I licy were inserted in tlic split end of a wooden handle aliont three feet in lenf,'l i. and held there liy windiiij; with a thoiifj tliat portion of the wood that ! eld tlie stone, .\fter the skin has lieeii lleshed and fired froni hair, it i;* ti ix-lihed njioii a franuwork of poles and jirevented from lieeoniinn luird aim •itifl'liv lieinjj serajied .md poked with sneh a sera])er until it is lhorotij;hl_v di y. The sjieeinien shown in this figure is imieh worn hy stieli use." Fijj. :iIH). S. 11. Itiie .1 a(U of wo« ikhmk teeth. Mr, Smith sjiys:! Dice were oft n fonnd with other olijcets at the sides of the skeletons .\ I though heaver teeth, some of whieh were covered with iTclt.ehre, w vie fontnl in the same j.laees, and (lice made of heaver teeth wen- sivtired friun preliistoric graves at Kamloops, H. C, yet all of Ihc dice foniul here were made from the teeth of the woodclnie \. These are so much like the dice made of liea\xr teeth which the modern Indians of Itritish Colnmbia nse, that our knowle(ljj:e of that game enables ns to ex]ilain these sjiicimens. The connting vari«s slightly at different pi. ices, litit the game is jiractically the same. Iir I'r/inz Boas ^describes this game, as played by the I.knngen of south-eastern Vanc«)nver Islaml." *|csstip, North Pacific Kxi)cdition. Archaeology of Lyttoii, R. C. Harlan I. Smith, May, '1)9, pg. 147. tlbid,pg. 153. tSixth Report on "The Northwestern Tribes of Canada" to the Bvitish Association for the Advancement of Science, l-ii III ■r— fi i'i LMr, Prehistoric Inij)k-im-nt^\ I': & i» 1 •iv/ '■'K- •'''^"•'- S. IS. "A i(i|)|HT wiiriliil) \v;i; iili- l.iiiifd liy Mr. J;mics Veil (Voni ln(liaii> \vln> ^\\\^i, it niit <>t .1 |.rcliisl..ru- ^-liivf.-il S|niz/iiiii, U. C* Tlii;. iil.-iif is .11 till' nionlli ()(■ till- i;iii(,ii ,,l" ilu- I'rasiT, Iditv two iiiilfs sotilh lioin I.vttoii. Till' praitical ul llifjniirm.v Wftf jjiiMl lu't.iif loiitaol '• illi ilii' wliilos. l)ilt l!u- KcoKrapliiial luaiiuss. .iiid tlu- I'aii thai tin- I>;i'stiit Indians ol Spnz inn an- (if \.\\v sanu- liiln- as lliosi- ol l.yltDii, iiidmc nil- Id dcsiiilii- this spn iincii with thiisi- tiiiiii I.ylKin. Its i-djii- is htvtlk'd. and in soiiii- plaiis is knilf likf. The jjiip and liasc a i- llaiij;rcl hvlalnal ))(.iindiny. and .i disi^i, i> inj-ravi-d on lai h sidi-. as is siiowii in this tijjnri-. 'Siiiit Mliid. illiid. I'i.y .I'.H S. ,'1-t. This s|KHiinen was liiniid in a !.;ia\c at I he main sill ! It is iiiiclv riil tiniii yrcfiiish stralitc and is well |i(>lishi'd. Thi' iiiL' S. 'Its (U-sifiii |iri)li.ilil\ n-|irrscnis tin- ln-iiij;s . that ap]n'ari-d til the owni-r ill a iln-ani.i It was i.-iist(iinary 1(11 inin til lai \i- iiii their pipes, and eliietlv nil saeieil Jiipes, lepieseiilatiiins nl the liiiiijjs appeaiini; in llu-ir ilreains, es peeiallv in the-.i liisl iiiipnilant dieaiii in wliiih tliex leeeived tlieir nianitnn. Owiiij^ tu the seerrey ul tit-atnieiit ul saeied (iliji-els, it is dilliildt In iililaiii speeilie illlei pi elal inns ul siull desi).;ns, Ini I hese seeiels wuiild lie kept liy I he individual t-veii 1111111 his li ieiiils, and with his death the knnwled^e nl the sij; iiilii-anee 111 t he desijjii wutild pass away." li. .\ieli. LytLuii M. C. The Xortli-wcst Const. l>il!lJU(,UAI'IIV. Smitl, HaHan I •• AulK..,,.|,.Ry of the Tho„,ps„„ Riv.,- Resi,.,,." Illustrate.) I'ar, ■^"- "4. l.| . ..^5 .!,, Apnl .,, ,„„^. st,.„e Hammers..,- IVstlcs ,,( the V.,rtl>.west C.,-. '■ Anu-rua Am. Anthro|.ol.,«ist. ,N. S ,, \-ol. I, Ai.ril ,,s„„ K,,vars:::;e,v';:f'c;;;S''s ';""\';" "" "''"^^''>' '•'^"'■•^ ■" '^ ^-^ ''•ransactu.ns..f ,„e -v:;'Z;;;:^:^'--;a:^::;.;-;";:r;-,^'r^^ I li"ckev, W. H. S.ver.l papers in tl;,. Am, ArelueoL.Kist. iMwson I,,-. ,;,,„Ke M. ,„ tra.lsaet„.,K ,.t- the Royal Society „l ,,,„;..!•. Seeti,,., II N..' April ]:^ -•l.l..y.ne„t by the „at,ycs Canadian Ree.-r.l .„ Se.ence, X,.!. II. Kea.lcrs eaiinn t.. pursue the .subject furiiicr will (in, I the al... ve articles interesiitiij. ) •V ■-«il; J f! )-:■■* i Hi 1 ' SIXTION IX. Arch.I'OLocy oi- Caliioknia. Centkal and Northern California. Tiiii Rev. H. C. Meredith, Stockton, Cal. The area this Section will attempt to cover is all that part of California north of an east and west line drawn through Bakcrsfield in Kern County It so happens that this large territory, cinbracing three-fourths of the statt-, has been neglected for the most part in the literature of archaology ICviii the Government Reports devote themselves mainly to the ("1 ini islands and certain of the southern counties. I could, therefore, obt.un but little help from that or any other source ; and this section pretends to nothing more than attempt tc pioneer a large and difficult Held on a " rush order "■■ ICthnologirally, ("alifornia falls into three divisions. The trui' C 'i- foniian ()cru|)ieil that part of the state north of Tidare County, south n{ Shasta and Humboldt Counties, ami west <>f the ( rest of the Sierras. The aborigines of Southism California were modified by contact with t'u w.ire vigorous tribes of Nevada and Arizona, while the incursion of poweifi:' i'ld war-like tribes from Oregon, drove the Califoriiiaus --outh, or enslaving them, su|)planted the culture of the weaker peopli' with tlu'ir own. Archaologicall), therefore, Southern California is somewhat related to Arizona, and Northern California to Oregon. The Central Californiaii must be reg, 'ed as typical of the state, and he has developed some forms not known elsewhere. On the other haml. he \\,is without the a.\e and the hatchet, without pottery, and without elVig\' lornis, the tigure of uian ami beast seem iii\er to lia\'e been eiii|)loy(il in the oi uaiiii iitaliou ot his arti- facts, except III the iiiatti'i ot textiles. ^onie nl his haiiject assigned me, I shall groiij) n,> statements uiidei >iu h heads as offer most convenieui e m the briet survev oi liiis character ■!' ■Si . M ' i, 1 . \K I II W'l iKKS. .\loiig tilt mcrs aiilies about .San I'raucisco r>,i\, imnu'use and iiiiininerabK mounds wtre raisid. These ha\e never bieii thoroughly expliued by a proi-erly e. pupped scientist ; yet I feel safe in saying the\ are in nowise rila>ed to the inoiiiids o| tlie Ohio and Missis^ippl N'alleys. In the opinion n| the wiitei tlu\ bail •,!o pni pose other tli. in to >.Mt MitL'ditli liad 2 nuaitlis in which to iiii.-|)arc his .MS. — \V K. .M . CcntrnI and Northern CulUhrnin. 2r)9 1^ raise the villuKc above the sudden and fre(|uent overflows to which fhe locah- ties were subject. Powers thinks they were reared for hygienic i)urposes. On page ^16 of his •• Tribes of CaUfornia." he says : " It is asserted by the earhest pioneers, among them C'hiude Cheney, who settled on Hear River in 184^), tiiat the Indians were much subject to fever and ague and other dis- eases resulting from mahiiial influences. To avoid them, they not only built the mounds for their houses, but the lowland tribes went up into the mountains to sj)end a portion of the hotter months." In si/e the mounds vary from one, 30 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, to one 16 feet high, having an area of 4 acres. They contain no altar, and have been used both as village sites and burial places. No part of the mound, seemingly, was especially dedicated to burial purposes, but all por- tions alike were available for such uses. Thosj examined by me in the San Joacjuin and Sacramento X'alleys showed burials at 2 levels ; the flrst, at a depth of one to 4 feet ; the second, at 3 to 8 feet. There seemed to be nianj- instances of intrusive burial of remnants of bodies and skeletons In a mound near Bethany, this county, upon which I did some work in '98, an excavation, 4x4x4 feet, revealed what appeared to be parts of no less than 17 skeletons. I was un;>ble to deter-nine whetlier this tind represented the remnants of bodii's wliirh had escapi'd the tires of cremation, afterwards gathered together and buried, wliicli was a custom here ; or whether they were skel-tons disinterred in making new graves and reburicd, which was .ind is a custom also. .\ few niches tmder this mass of bones was found an entire skeleton lying upon the back with many relics A cinious instance was notici-d in this mound. In a soil entirely void of st(jnes or graxcl, w,is ioiiml at the liead i>i about one-half of the skeletons, a series ass ; some skt'letoiis lay upon l.ie h.iek ; others with knees drawn up ag;.insl the chest upon the ri^lit side. In a mound on l\ol)ert's Island near this city, 12 ski'letons wcif inieartlied on January .jtli, '08. Three ol these la\ supine, doulijed iij) ,ind on the side I'he latter were uitliout ,1 relu ot any kind. Earli oi tlu' torimr had .1 niinilter ol ol)je(ts in shell, bone, etc-. In a large inound, north of Sacram'iito t'lty, I fotnid the skeleti 11s lying upon the back, and cased over with the wood and bark oi the redwood. Immense iiiiant itio o| wampum, and an unusual number o| large stone beads were found in this mound. 'the wam])um was burned to lime so tli;it it rrumbli'd at the touch. (Jiifi'KP Implkmknts. Perhaps no class ot objects appeals so strongly to the collector as do these, the most mmieroiis .ind tlu' most widely disseminated relic of the stone 13 2C0 / 'rvliis t (nic Iiuplcmciit s . ape. I tliink the Ciilifornian must excel in these iiiipleineiits. I have studied with much interest the published cuts of the "Solutreen" tlints, and I fail to see why they should be thou(,'ht to be of workmanship superior to that of western North America. True, the flakes are thin and lon^, like ^ p-^s^ s^ CALI FOWNtA [ \'\g. Vji- California Otisidiaii'i. (."'illection uf Mv. J. A. Harris, Stryker, Ohio. Fiyf. 3<)3 sl)o\vs a tine series of fornix that, in the larj^er sizes, are Muite rare. Thtse sjieciniens are the property of Mr. Harris. They were found on Jolin Hayyo's kaneli, three miles from I'resno l"'lats, Madera Cuiuity, Cul , March. i>i|i|. Were dnj^j o\it wiiile digsiiii; a l)ost hole ; there were 2'< of them. No. I is iiiinclies in length, } inches wide, weight im ounces, tliickness ,' inch, a small piece broken from point. No, 2 is of ditTerent material from the others, is of two colors, a gray and black not un- like rihhon or handed slate, and is of a coarse (|uality of ol.sidian. No. } is () inche>- long and is the most perfect one of the lot, is much .iner cliipping than any of the others, is i inch thick. Nos (i, 7, *< and ii belong to James Howard's collection. The weight of the Ki is 12 pounds. In the writers collection are •; of these tortus. Twh jusl a fraction less than 12 inches, and one aUiut >.* inches Hesiile these I know of no other as large as .'> inches in length. These were probably useil as celts. The workmanship is rude ancl the objects a:e all blunted at the ends as by service of some kinil. In the same class with these, in my o|)inion, is a tliick and strong implement cliippef (niirsc the\ arr not aborif;;inal, imt rather a substitute for the larf,'c jasper and i)bsiilian knives which they used to make and use, but now-a-days are kept oids' as ornaments or objects of 've;i!th. to be |)rodured on occasion of a dance. The)' may, perhaps, be calK-tl [historic, as they seem to have fallen into disuse as weapons, before the arrival of the .Americans." They are made of jasper and ol:isidian. in different shades, and air amon;,' the liu'-it examples of chijjped stone in existence. That they are ancient, - I think, attested by the r ;.;reat superiority of workmanship over the mo(' rn blades found ii ♦he san;e locality and still attaclie\vn as the "Stockton Curves. " They are found only in two nioiinds located on Stockton Channel and Walker Sloiij^h. For a brief Instorx (if these remarkable objects and their discovery, the 362 Preh is t o ric Impkmcn t s . reader is referred to riiy article in tlie " American Archaologist." Vol. II. p. 319. In that jiaper I exjiressed the opinion that the curves were nsed to scarify the Hesh on ceremonial occasions. Aside from the shape and general adaptability of the ini|)lements to such service there is little evidence to sup- port the theory. Nevertheless, as yet I have no reason to revise my views. Scientific men, on examiniu}; the curves, usually say : " They must have been used in cuttinf; tlesh." A California editor, in a foot-note appended to an article of mine on "Art I'orms in Obsidian," remarks "that, as a matter of fact, the 'curves' are ' mt;rel\ artifacts' made of that shape, because " Slocklun Curve." (llossy. black obsidian. Conii)i)un{l curve til ri^bl and left. Notched for handle ; serrated on convex tdge. Found in Stockton Channel Mound. Meredith collection. FiK- VM !^. •-' • Stockton Curve " Black, n|)a.|uc, nb-(idian Strong serrations on outer edges. Notched for handle ; outer edges form a rectangle and the inner the segment of a circle Fv)und with a skeleton ir. Walker Slough Mound. Harr collection. Fig. 3()5. S. i-i. •■.Stockton Cuive Miuk obsidian, llat. Notclicd lor handle, serrated on all edges, l-'ouml with skeleton in Walker Slough Mouml Barr eoUeclioii. Iig. --.'i'' that shape IS tin iiatiual cleava};e ol thf nodular obsidian accessible to those Indians. As they couldn t depend upon its brcakiuf,' straight, thiy workcii It as it did break ami iiiade then knives thus sickle-shaped." I am sorry to differ from so skill il an archa olo{j;ist and so estimable a ;,'entleman as Mr. LuiMinis, but familiarit}' with local conditions makes his theory impossible I have examined siiperticially or otherwisr; nearly two hundred moumls and Ccntnil Hiul Northern Cnlifhrnin. 263 villaj^e sites in this vicinity, and althuiif^'h these vilhinors all drew their obsidian from the same sources, not one of these sites, except the two men- tioned, had anything; that suggests the "curve." All their chipped imple- ments were perfectly straight. Moreover, the great obsidian beds of Lake and Napa counties, which I have examined several times, could furnish all the Indians of the United States with material for generations. The hills are lull of great blocks of obsidian, too heavy for a man to handle, and it breaks as straight as a shingle. Si'E.AK Heads. f Spear-hea:ial .Miwciini '■■'<• .<'i7, S II ■ Stoi'ktiiii Cmvf ■ H';u.'k. ii;)aciie <>l).iiili.iii. (i.iuhlo -.(.'nMliuiK . niilclieil lor haiidlo. .Musi ik-licale ami c'lcvjuit wiiikmai)slil|>. l-'uiind liv uwiiLT at the SiofktDii Ch;uinel Mi>ii:iil Mcrcdilli collfi'tion. All uf tliese turves are sliown in tin- nalmul si/.fs 'I'liu cuts appear l)y courtesy of the ' Limit of Sunshiiu- " l-'iK- i'tT. I' 1 1 ' 1 ■ r |W •I 7 ■< • >• :i : , 1' , ■1 1? : »■ - :3 ■» 1*: 3 a>£^y It • IfHH^ilJi. ^1 ! Pil f • '^ ii i ( : i 1 ■ ■ { ■'\--k ■\-.i '.. .' ;• } M ,, jHy 2«4 {lib 1; i ij I 're his t oric Iinitlcinvti t s . "Twin Stockton Ciirvi-." One of three specimens of this siiaiie. It was finiiid by Mr. Harr, at the Walker Slouch Mound. It is simph- a double or twin curve. The Harr col- lection has several small specimens of this type, but the "swallow-tail " is not so well developed. This specimen is of obsidian. It is another illustration of the remarkable skill of the California Aborijiinee in working out his fancy in chipped stone. Harr collection. .Serrated Spearheads. No, i is of siiiniiix black obsidian. .\'o .■ i^ of tjray obsidian. Tiu'sc rcmarkablv lii-.c specinuiis were found with six othi_'rs in a mound in San loaipiin e'oiiutv. -Mi'vedilli CO. lection. Hv comtcsv of •• The l.aiid of Sunshine ' I lengili most unusual, tion. A uniiiue ariDw. This rcniarkalile speci- mjii is of a fine bluish- i;reen jasper. The work- I'iX-to?. S i-i. nianship issiiperior. The It was found in Stickton ChaiMicI M mnd. and is m the Han collec- J«S*«l^ Central unci Xartlwrn CulHhrnin. '265 IIS ?1' .1. he of of ed '.^^^^^'^jH 1^.:., i^^^^^^ijtttM MM Hl^ ^K;<: v:' I'^^^^H ^IHIra^B^^V nWi *^^^^^^l 1 H ^ ^^^H^^^^^^r^ /^'^^H^^B^^^^^I 1 ^^">S\ •;;.?.; ,^W- ^^H^H^^^^^^^fHI^^E BHh ' ''^^^'^IH ■^H^^'^'-'^^^^H InPP *■'■'' '"■"' ■■'^Sr^' :-■:'''.. "- VHl ■^Wv^^-'^rrp^f^^^dH Mlw'' • -'.-.iafe'.' .- ^BH ^^^Vv'-'- ' . .v:ii,i!;: Bi ■»•:>>;■' ' ' -'''^Qp^' ^Bni ■M^ -J ■•■:■■,. ."^t.-^t'i-W^ ^r '" ' ' ' „,>55F' ■■ ■ 1 ' Spear lieads. N'o. 3, 1>lack obsidian, Tulare County No. 3, brown jas- per, Tulare County. These s|)ecimens are well made and the forms appear throughout all of Central and Northern California. No. I is unusually broad for the West Coast, black obsidian, found in Sonoma Co. Wilfomb collection. Fig 400. S. 1-2. ■3 123 4 f V\\i. 4111. S 1-1 . Serrated arrows. Black ub^idiaii. N'os. 1 and 2. Sonom.i County 'i'liiik. but finely made. No. 3, Salano County. Thinner tlian the others. N'u.-< 4 and 5, Sacramento County. Tliiii. We'll made, and reniaikable ■^'leciinrn-;. Meredilli eciUeetinn. Ill in 966 / Vf/j is L (trie Implvnwii t a . i 4 S 13 Serrated arrows ThouKli si> l)oorly shown, this is one of the finest ffroups of arrows ever ]>iil>- lished. They arc all of lihick ol)- siiliiin, excc-pt N'os. j and 4. which are K^uy obsidian. Nos. 1 and 2 are from Sacramento County, Nos. 1 ancl 4 from Slinsta Conntv, No 5 from tlie Hayso Meadt No. 7, which is fidin Modoc I'ounly. Nos. 11, 12 and n arc in the Karr collection. All olhcisare in the Mcicililh collec- tion. Fi,;; 4<>y S. 1-2. Serrated arrows. 'I'hicc lincisiiecimens in Itlack uh^iilian from Stockton Channel Mound. Hair collection 05.^^" 5i l"i,U'. 40 J. S. 1-1 tt.ihm Ccntnil niul Xortlivrn CnUlnrnm. .'t;, tiiids of arrows (or ;mv other relicsi iiif vi-ry r.irc lint in tlu- foot-lull- iinl inonntiiiii regions, such finds arc iiiiiiu loiis. Mvcrv villa;^!' \v;is ;ti>|);iriiitly ;i workshop. Thousaiuls of (hips litter tin- r.irlit, in strikinj,' contiii^t with tin hir>,'i' valley siti-s. I^vory token indic.itt'S a lihrral use ol the arrow-^ Thi lonj,' tltick spike arrows of Sonoma and Solano Counties and the hroad aiiow, deeply serrated, of San |i)ai|uin. Sirr.tineuto an! Volo (* mntiis are pi-cidiar to tlu'ir resp((ti\f localities ThiN aii' Central C;iliforni:i types pure and siini)lc and a-nonj,' the most heauliful in the world. I'"i;;uie 402 is a iinii|iie de\. lopnieiit of a {\\n- found throii;,'hoiit California and ()rej;on The arrows of the Iarj,'e valless h.ivc a hif^her ile^ree of perleetioii th.iii those of any otIuT section of the state I'm sure tluy were i-eretnonial for the most i)art, s( em;,' service only in rare emer>;eiicies. The form of serration is imi(|iie and I ( onsider the purpose ol it to he m namciilatioii That ariow> were not in ^'ciieral use in these \,illeys is shown by the tot.d .ihieiice of sm face finds, and by the dearth ol chips on the village sites Chips are almost as rare as arrows. I think most ol the arrows \\\\r obtained trom mnuniain tribes and n,'Workeil into the imi aii'l 7 are of black obsidian 'I'lu workmanslii]) of No 4 was jirobably nevei e(|ualo(l in tliu ( )1(1 World. So smooth is the specimen that the place from which the chips were thrown can hardly be discerned. Nos. 2. < and 5 are jasper; brown, cream-coloreil and bhiishgrecn respcciively. Barr collection » i 3 1" ! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A /!> A :/. V ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■I IK !r ■•10 2.0 U IIIIII.6 PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation n WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 &p s^ i 268 Prehistoric I m piemen ts . foot-hill regions, however, they appear sparingly in the forms and sizes familiar to all Eastern collectors. A recent addition to the writer's collec- tion is a combined knife and perforator. The implement is 4 inches long. Three-fourths of an inch is worked out in the form of a drill, projecting from the leaf-shaped implement like a stem. A unique drill-shaped imple- iii'-'nt in the collection of Prof. Barr is shown here. (Fig. 408). Very fine specimens in obsidian ileft hand) and jasper. Sliasta C'Dunty, Cal. Wilcomb collection. ig. 406. S. i-i. i^ ':K'}' ill \i I ■ V-'«v,, ''-*--^--"*"-^- 12 3 4 5 I''ig. 407. S. I I. Arrow-Heads. All of these specimens are of obsidian. No. i is a type freciuently seen in Northern Califor- nia and Oregon. This line specimen is from Bull Creek in Humboldt County. No. 2 is very thin and smooth. The flakes thrown ofT extended nearly across the specimen. It is from Lassen County. Just that form and that kind of clipping I have not met elsewhere in Cali- fornia. No. 3 is a Siskiyou County si)ecimen. Nos. 4 and 5 are from Sacramento County. Meredith collection. Central and Northern California. 269 Arrow-shaft Scrapers, Etc. These occur sparingly, but are occas'onally found in Central Califofia. Turtle-backs are met with rarely, but rriore frequently about Clear Lake than elsewhere. The ordinary flint scraper is exceedingly rare. Bone Implements. Bone implements are more numerous, perhaps, on the Pacific Coast than anywhere else in the United States, and are abundant in every part of this state. Those of Central and Northern California have a much better appearance than those from the Islands and Southern counties. The bleached and weathered appearance of the latter is replaced in the former by a smooth, finished surface, yellowed with age. Occasionally a remark- ably high polish remains. The most common form is the " awl," or perfor- ator. These abound in all the mounds and village sites, varying in size from 2 to 7 inches. They were used in the construction of baskets, perforating any kind of skin or fabric which a woman would work, and during the regime of the Spanish missions in sewing up tallow in the hides of the slaughtered animals. Whistles. Tie second most numerous form is probably the whistle. These are Kig. 401^ S. i-i. l-'ig. 401J, S. i-i, shows three scraper.s and an arrow. Nos. i and 2 are scrapers, sup- posed to have been used in dressing arrow shafts, etc. No. i is a fine gray argillite, Stock- ton. No. 2 is brown jasper, Merced. Barr collection. No. 3 is in the same class, hut dilTer- ent form ; black obsidian, Ci'averas County. Meredith collection. No. 4 is an arrow of black obsidian. The fine chij ping, the shapely form, the central notching, combine to make a most interesting specimen Shasta County. Wilcomb collection. li^sr' . iirl^ ill. .'>•--'• Vi ml mn pi I m tit*' m 270 Prehistoric Implements. made from the bones of a large bird, and bound together in pairs. They were used in all their dances, etc. Stephen Powers makes this entry con- cerning their use : " The musicians at this dance (yo-mus-si) play on whistles, 1^ \' Fig. 40S. S. 1-3. Fig. 40S, S. 1-3, shows a most unusual drill-shajjed implement of obsidian. It is seven inches long. The material is beau- tifully banded. Was found in a mmind in San Joa(|ain County. Harr collection. and the more of them the Indian can get into his nujuth, the more sweet and ravisliing his strains are held to be. If he has a mouth full from corner to corner, all pitched to the same key, and giving forth blasts from alternate sucking and blowing of the breath, he has attained the perfection of art." (Tribes of CaUfornia, page 324). These whistles vary in length from 1 1-2 inches to 9 inches, and are cut in two ways, across the bone, as in I'^igure 410, No. 7, and with the bones in other cases. Game Bones. The third most numerous of bone implements is the game-bone com- monly called " tubes." These are cylinders of bone about 3-4 of an inch in diameter, and 2 1-2 to 3 1-2 inches in length. Four bones make a set. In the game (the "guessing" or "hand-game"), two bones represent man, two woman. The latter are differentiated from the former, sometimes by carv- ing, more often by two bands of pitched cord, wrapped about the bones. This game was and is played throut.'hout the Pacific Coast, and the game bones are numerous. if Pi I I ■ill It i Nose and Hair Pins. One of the finest forms is the long, polished and double-pointed pin about the size and length of a lead pencil. A hole was pierced through the cartilege of the nose and this pin thrust through to its middle. Again they were used as hair pins. When so used they were called " Kee-le" (horn) and bunches of bright feathers, or bangles of polished shell, or little flags of yellow-hammer quills were attached. Again, they were used in sets of four, being thrust horizontally through a net head-dre.ss, or cap, to afford a level floor, or rest, for the long cjuill head-band that in a certain dance is fastened .it the forehead by one end and trailed over the head behind. Centriil and Northern Cnlifornia. 271 •^"i"-fT"[iiirililii"i mmstmmsm fmo Wi. « .'t. FiK- 4"). S. 2-;. Hone Iraplements. No. I is a splendid dagger, lo,' inches long, in fine state of preservation. No. 5 is another showing threi bands of etching ; a rare specimen. No. 2 is a well-polished horn- Haker. No. 3 is a perforator having a high degree of polish. No. 4, hair-pin, wing-bone of a bird, unusually long. No. 6 hair and nose pin, found with three others in a grave ; finely polished. No. 7. bone whistle, very long: found with its mate in a grave. These are all from San Joaijuin County, about 2-5 size, and in the Barr collection. Bone Knives. Bone knives and dafjf,'ers are not uncommon. They are from 4 to iS inches in length and among the finest specimens of the kind ever brought to Hght. Bone beads, cUscs and cyUnders aie occasionally found. The carved bones shown in Fig. 411 were doubtless ornaments. An old Indian told me recentlv that thcv were worn in the lobe of the ear. m Spears or Harpoons. The fish spears shown in Fig. 21 are striking specimens, and the onl)' ones to be seen in the collections of this part of the state. They strongly j!-) j'tf? ;jf] 272 Prehistoric Implements. tii resemble Alaskan forms, and, like the labret, seem to indicate intercourse between the Central Californians and the natives of the far North. Fig. 412, No. 3, shows a bone object of unknown use. Some have expressed the opinion that it is an ornament. I must differ from that opinion. The Central Californians were experts at perforating even the hardest substances, and whatsoever objects they suspended about the person as ornaments were perforated, whether of shell, bone or stones. The lack of perforations in these hook-shaped objects is to me a strong presumption against their use as ornaments. This object was found by the writer with 51 others upon the breast of a skeleton. With the skeleton was a fine bone knife, the 2 har- poons figured here, a labret, 2 lots of red paint, a "medicine stone," 2 yards of wampum, and 15 or 20 shell ornaments. At the time the hook- shaped objects were discovered it was thought to be the first ant only find of the kind. Some months later, however, I came across a scrap-book con- taining a newspaper account of a similar find made on the Beecher ranch, 6 miles east of Stockton. According to this clipping there were 28 specimens in this find, and one of them had 28 notches or tally-marks, — a number corre sponding exactly to the number of specimens found. It further stated that 2 of the specimens were bound to a rod or staff, as if it had been used as a gig or spear. .^^•i:^*^,!*',!^--,*!-.- * -» i-ig. 411. S. 1-2, Engraved bones. 'I'liis figiife is typical of the engr.aving found in the mounds of tiie San Joaciuin Valley. The lines areniueh truer than appear in ihecut, Init we have only the textile pattern, whieh, I believe, is considered rudiniental in the graphic art. Nos. i and 2 are fine specimens in the Wilconib collection. They are from Tul u"c C'o.inty. N'os. 4 and 5 are in the Barr collection, and No 3 in the Meredith cjllcction. Many iiiiploments made of deer, antelope and elk horns are found in the mounds of the large valleys. Tlicy may 1k' classed as wedges, scrapers, flakers, root-diggers, etc. The collections hereabout have many fine exam- ples, but I have not space for an extended description. «>4. Central unci Northern Ciilithrnin. 27a Fig 412. S. 2-3. Fij?. 412, S. 2-5. shows bone forms, very rare in this county. Nos. 1. 2 and 3 were taltece figured was ac%■ :.,;• Ill Grooved Stones. The fjrooved a.\e, so much in evidence in all eastern collections, is en- tirely wantinj^ here. So is the ungrooved axe. A possible substitute for them is a larf,'e boulder j:,'rooved for a handle, and used as a maul to batter the wood fiber till it could be split out with elk-horn wedges. These are not numerous, but are occasionally found. " As late as '44, I found Indians in the Coast Range Moimtains of northern California who, till then, had never seen a white man ; and there I saw the stimips of cotton-wood trees, si.\ or eight inches in diameter, which had been newlj' felled (as I supposed) with stone axes ; for they had evidently been severed with a dull implement which gave the stump the semblance of a coarse, wotjden broom ; or about as a stump might look if a white man were to fell such a tree with the head, not the edge of his axe. " But on inquiring, the oldest Indians now living say that the horr^s of the elk were the only thing hard enough to sever the woody fiber of the trees when the) required long poles for the roofs of their large sweat and dance-houses." (Gen. Bidweil m American Archieologist). A few well developed hammer-heads, oblong and neatly grooved, are also found. In the writer's collection is an adz-shaped implement with double grooves. It is of sand-stone, 7 inches long, and 3 at its greatest J mt ■IV I m •rr 270 If- m Prehistoric Inifilcnicnts. j|, '1 ii width. It was found by the writer in Napa County, and is the only one yet noted. The net-sinkers are quite common. Stones of various shapes from 1-2 to a pound in weif,'ht, are deeply )j;roovcd ; smaller than the ()re},'on net- sinkers, and in a general way resembling the type famiiar to eastern collectors. Another form is from 6 to 10 inchos long, and 2 to 3 wide, and 2 inches thick. It is grooved from end to end on each side, the grooves being 1-2 an inch deep and an inch wide It is of sand-stone and was doubtless used to rub down pipes, cylinders, "medicine stones," etc. Another sand-stone, 3 by 3 inches, has a half-do/en narrow grooves and was used perhaps to pomt bone implements, etc. Another form is shown in Fig. 415. The sixe, shape and finish of this specimen, which is not uncommon, would seem to class it with the so-called "Charm-stones," but the long groove points certainly to utility. If simple suspension had been the purpose of the groove, it would have been made around the small end of the specimen at a fraction of the labor required to groove the specimen along its length. Of all the grooved objects none are more interesting than the labret. Two of these are shown in Fig. 4i Fig. 416. S. 12. Grooved Stone. Two deep grooves wrought in a river boulder ; at the bottom of each groove is a sharp ridge. Grooves smooth inside as if by rubbing. Napa County. Meredith collection. '^J! '•\4 ■1 ■);1 J J 278 I'rcliistfiric Iin/)k'iiicnts. Smooth and well fmislieil. Ilanl gray stone, 7 1-2 inches long. Kouml in Del Norte County, Cal. Wilcomb cc.'- lection. I'ig 41;. S. 1-3. Stone "Tool Holder." " DoiM.HNl'T " StONKS. Thuse are tlattisli stones with larf,'ii biconical perforations ; the si/e, shape, and sometinies the color, are siig^'estions of the douf^hnut, hence the name. They are somewhat Hke but not identical with the dif;fjin},'-stick stones of Southern California, so well (lescril)ed by Prof. Henshaw. Their use is conjectural. Game-stones, hammer-heads, skmg-shots, etc., are some of the uses suggested. I have not space to discuss these or other theories as to their use. There is another perforated stone like this, except that it is nearly spherical. They are rather rare. Some are of steatite, others of gr mite, basalt, and one in the writer's collection is of quartz. On page 53 of his " Tribes of California," Powers figures two of these. and says : " In the accompanying sketch are figured two implements, said by a pioneer to have been used formerly as /w/as in South America, being tied together with rawhide and hurled at the feet of an enemy to entangle him and throw him down." He adds that personally he prefers to call them " slung shots." War Cluhs. In the northern counties are found clubs of stone 15 to 20 inches in length and shaped something like New Zealand " merai," though rounder and less wide. Most of them are not perforated, but some are. One in the writer's collection is without the perforation ; but I have 2 outlines, se- cured for me last summer in Siskiyou County, which show the perforation. These specimens are not of jade. In the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1896. opposite page 465, are figured 2 such specimens. Brief notes accompany the illustration. Cylinders. Fig. 415, No. 2, shows a stone cylinder illustrative of the expert drill- ing of the Central Californians. It was found on a village site in Napa County and was doubtless used as an ornament. The perforation is too Ccutinl niitl \'(>nhcni Ciililnriiin. 279 small for a cord of any strength so it could have bcun used as bolas, hliiiig- shot, etc. Another about the same size, but rounded, has an half inrh per- foration. In the same class with these are the stone l)eads that are rather numerous in the mounds of San Joacjuin and Sacrai lento. Many of these are discs, 1-4 to 1-2 an inch thick and about the diameter of silver dimes and quarters. Others are cylinders 1-2 an inch to i 1-2 inches in lenf,'th. A very few are spheres. In the mounds on the Stockton Channel we lind stone beads of a material found only in Lake County, 250 miles to the north. It is a fine f,'rained arf,Mllite, cream colored when mined ; but when roasted by the Indian process, it turns to a tine rose-red. This is the " pink ala- baster" of Powers, who evidently was not a mineraloj^ist. It is called " luc-luc-si " by the Indians and held in hij.;h esteem by them. No. 5 of Fig. 41.S shows a sphere of this material found in Stockton. Belonging to this class of ornament are several unshaped and irregular forms perforated for suspension. They appear to be water-worn nodules which attract in some way the Indians, perhaps in much the same way that cjuartz crystals, concretions and otlii i natural formations do. Fig. 419 shows a uni'iuc -object, name and use unknown, the only one yet >'oted. It is of haid, i-ack stone, was fouiul in a creek-bed in Sonoma County by its present owner, Mr. William Stayley. To use Mr. Stayley's e.\- pression, " it is always greasy," that is to say it has upon it, and appar- ^\ Grooved and perforated stoiu'S. No. i, serpentiiif ornament. No. 2, serpentine eai -01 nainent. No. 3 stone-bead. No. 4 nose-ornament. No. 5, stone pen^lant. No. 7, stone-liead. Nos. S and 10, ))i-rforated hour-glass sha])ed stones. Nos. 11 and 12, pabrets. dee])lv grooved, so as to resemh e the upper and lowe" sections of a cuff but- ton. Concave surfaces. F.arr and Mere- dith collection. !(»[: 131^ :oo Fig. 41S. S. 1-2. I ' 2S0 Prehis tone Imphinents ently impregnating the grain of the stone, a tallowy matter that cannot be removed. Rubbed briskly, a high gloss appears. In this particular it re- Perforated stone Hard blaok stone j)olishecl, " greasy," 6 3-4 inches long. Use unknown. Collection Mr. Stayley. 4(eteJlM./70,'. 432. Fif(. 433 shows an effigy tomahawk. This form is not imrommon in Siskiyou and neighboring counties. Specimens somewhat similar to this are in the collection of Dr. Ream. steatite hook, Wilcomb collection. Tulare County, California. Fig. 431. S. 2-5. m Fig. 432. S. 2-3. Two views of an effigy ; black steatite. Collection C. P. Wilcomb. From Lake County, California. Effigy tomahawk. Hard black stone. Collection of the Academy of Sciences. From Siskiyou County, Cal. Fig- 433- S. about 16. ««<•• r'Tf 1 CcntrnI tiiid Northern Cnliforniu. 293 The specimen figured is in the collt;ction of the Acuileiiiy (j( S icnccs It is about i6 inches long and 2 wide. The fore-legs of the animal form the cutting- bhule. The head is thrown well back. But for the short ears it would seem to be the head of a deer. This is the more suggestive when it is remembered that deer strike with the fore feet. Stone Ceremonial Knives. ^'ig 434 shows two rare ceremonial knives. No. 2 is of fine sandstone, about 16 inches long, with a broad blade that is reduced to a sharp edge. It was found on a village site near Vacaville, and would make a formidable weapon. (Writer's collection). No. 3 is a double-edged and beautiful specimen. The material is mottled green ami white serpentine, which I am not draughtsman enough to show. It is finely ]>olished, and not much less than 18 inches long. It is in the collection of Mr. A. B. Carr, Etna Mills. Two specimens similar to this one, but not nearly so fine, are in the Jewett collecti(jn, now installed in the Park Museum. All three specimens are trom Siskiyou County. Like the chipped^ceremonials, these knives are of extreme age, if not prehistoric. Work of this class is not done by the Indians of to-day. F'K- 434- S. about 2-9. •? :'.t «*•) §'!• Ceremonial knives. No. 2, sandstone, Meredith collection, Solano County, Cal. No. 3, mottledJgreen|and white serpentine. Carr collection, Siskiyou County, Cal I am particularly indebted to Prof. C. P. Wilcomb, whose splendid collection is installed in the (lolden Gate Park Memorial Museum ; also to Prof. Jas. A. Barr, of Stockton, whose collection of San Joaquin Valley relics is by far the most complete yet assembled ; also to Messrs. iRicksecker & Stayley. of Santa Rosa, whose smaller, but interesting collections, were also placed at my service for study; al.so to Mr. Os. Hess, of Stockton, for several ex- cellent pen-drawings. Without the courtesies of these gentlemen, it would have been im- possible for me to properly represent my section. 1'::. mm R i 294 Prehistoric Implements. Bibliography. Native Races of the Pacific States, ... „ tt r. The Tribes of California • "• "• Bancroft The Heart of the Sierras Stephen Powers The American Naturalist ' J" '^^- ""tchins Primitive Industry '. .'.'. \ '^^'^^■- ^^^^ U. S. Geographical Survey We.st of 'the One' hundredth Meridian '. ^'' ^' ^' ^vTl Ancient Sex Worship "'• Smithsonian Report, 1S95 : Graphic Art of" the Eskimos ^' '^' ""'^'°" Smithsonian Report, 1896: Prehistoric Art. Smithsonian Report, 1S97 : Arrows, Spears and Knives American Anthropologist, Vol. I. ; Auriferous Man in California It Jl r'^"?V\' ^« '''" '' ^'''- ■ P^'^^^^'-^Phs of the N. American Indians. The loth Report of the Bureau of Eth. : The Picture Writing of the N America Land of Sunshine. Oct., i.Syo : Art in Obsidian. emeries Zoe: S. F. Vols. I, 2 and 3. TheAmerican Archaeologist, Vol. 2, pg. 319, American Journal of Archicology : Henshaw on "Plummets " Discovery of the Vo Semite : Bunnell. :an Indians. The omission here of pages numbering 295 to 304, inclusive, was a slip of the printer in making ready his forms, while there is no omission in the text. SECTION X. St. LAwuiiNcic Basin ami Canada. [Mr. G. E. Laidlaw, of X'ictoria Road. Ont., was to have written this section, bnt he accompanied the Strathcona Horse to South Africa in de- fen.se of Great Britain before he had put his notes in form for publication. Mr. M,.c Wilidnson, of Woodstock, Ont.. who is exceedinf,dy well posted on the region, added such descriptions and illustrations as were deemed necess- sary to complete the section. To both these ^gentlemen's reports I have made additions and chancres. i)ut the credit should be ecjually divided be tween them. — W. K. M.] ~X Copper objects are found in profusion in Michi-an, Wisconsin and por- tions of Canada. In short, the region is peculiar. Many copper plates, ear ornaments, sheet copper, etc.. have been found in the Ohio mounds, but the mound copper, as a whole, is quite different from that of the Eakes. Wc shall devote more space to the copper of the St. Lawrence region than to the other interesting objects found therein. Xe.xt to the copper t he stone ornaments _and_ce ^renuinials of the Mi chi- gaivA\ 2,^consin part of the section are most characteristic. The dilTereiTcer between them and those of other regions can best be understood by an in- spection of iMgS. 438. 453. Mr. David Boyle. Curator of the 4»>jminM ^ M nniseum at Toronto. Depart- ment of Education, is an authority on the archaology of Canada We can do no better than to reter readers to his numerous reports, —published by theCa*- ^yor~ ' ;**ii«Ti government in the form of bulletins from tiiiu^ to time under the direc- ^^^^'^ tion of the Minister of E.lucation His hundreds of illustrations rovrr m.xst of the known types from Eastern Canada thr Migh to the C 3C8 Prehistoric IiniiL'nicn'.s. I'ig. 4-',7. S. i-i. Typical drills or hair-pins. While not i.\s(.-lusively found in Ihe St. i.a\vrfni.u hasm, the figure will serve to illustrate the forms. No. I. Found in Wis. No. 2. " Washington Co . Ind. No 3. •• Wis. No. 4. " (lordon Co., (la. No. 5. •• C"i- ki;m(ini.m.s. Probably in no part ul America are ceremonial ol)jects, inclmliu^' ban- nc!r .'Atones, gorgets, bird and bar amnlets, more plentifid than in Ontario. The I'rovincial Museum in Toronto has a wonderful collection of these ob- jects, a very large percentage of which, including the linest specimens, came from the territory at one time occupied by the Neutrals. They are usually made of huronian slate, but here, as elsewhere, very many of the banner stones are foimd in a broken condition. Fiimi Central C in;ida. Illustration reproduced from Notes (u Primitive Man in Ontario; David Boyle; Toron- to. '1)5. These are found in all the dilTerent degrees of curvature until the "pickaxe" type is reached — in which the arms are nearly straight. St. Lawrence Basin anrl Cunndn. ;iii9 The "butterfly" form is tre(iiiently found, but usually in a broken con- dition. Most slate objects are superior to those of New England. Pennsyl- vania, New York or Virj^inia. Slate object; use unknown, ^[r. H. P. Ham- ilton's collection, Two Rivers, Wis. Fig. 439. S. 1-2. We tiiul some cereir.onials shaped like Vv^. 440. They are very finely wrouf,dit, and ,|uite fre(|ueutly these are broken and then reboied— a small hole on each side of the main hole — so they can be useii ao-ain. it Reddish-brown, purple slate. \ cry dark streaks. l-'ound in Waukesh Co., Wis. Original in .Milwaukee Public Museum. f 3 ■mm'- 'Of:! It] ' < Fig. 440. S. 1-2. rtrayish slate. lM)und in Wisconsin Original in Milwaukee Public Museum. For excellent drawings of Milwaukee Museum specimens we are indebted to Mr. Chas. E Brown, of .Nfilwaukee. i- (■'ift' Fig 441 S. 1-2. f I- 1 ;:, Mil* Prehistoric Iniplcnictits. Larf,'e numbers of f^for^ujts are found in Ontario, usually in the vicinity of villaj^'c sites. Not ipiite so many in Wis , Mich., Minn. FiK. 442. S. 1-2. I"i>;. 44- '"^ ;i K"'K'-'f ti'nm ().\f(jrcl L'.i. Tile teeth at tile pwt-r L-i\\ie are t iit in at an an^'.e. I'iK- 443 is a banyle nr " ear-droii " of hufdnian slate, from Ox- ford Co. I'lill size. FiR. 44.r S. I I. In Ontario we occasionally meet with the boat-shaped f^orget. fSee Nos. 35 and 36, Fig. 153, page 119). They are usually, if not always, doubly bored. le vicinity teeth at tlie !, S. I .. ;et. fSec 3t always, S.'. Lnwrcncc linsiii niid dnintln . 811 ■'f^^-4 "1 i m 1 .-,-- ^ M m ■v.; ■■ 1 ] BuKS 1 ^Kk 0' '.'■.■'I'"' ^S^^Kr' '■Mi • i "'•'■■•■■■/ J .'''■; \-: • ';■,' ,■•'..1 ,-. t '■k ■■ ^aiL .^. • " "vSai^' •• ■ ■■ ,- . ■ *.'.^^ . ^Jv-; ■ ■■.«..-''^--. is^r Ki] ^^■f'-, -, , ' '^^1 ■"■"*!■"/■ . mmm ^■/ >■ _;■..;;■;.:;:;-}■■ '■ f-^ ■ ' Wa^ ^■p^''>itHi ■' '^ . . '^^^ • ■ ' '1*1 Hit: ''v^^^i^ 'w''-'-'' '^ r^' m * ■ ,^1^;-V^;^ .,(7'''' IF'/''-^ t-:; ■J ; i-^ . .:ii^:;:. .•: \.#'^- ■:■■■■; ^ wsm^-' .III in FiK- 4-14. S. 1-2. I'eitiiratt'd L-rosL-eiits or " pick cerenioiiials." fn ni varidus Uicalitius in Mieliiiiaii and Wisconsin. Collection of the Rev, James Savage, Detroit. Peculiar cerenMinial. Flat, of handed slate. A variation of the type shown in Fig. 431). Found in Southern Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. Fig. 445. S. 1-2. i: t ■1 ![»;; I li'ii' ri i ■f I 312 Prehistoric Inijilcinctits. Fig. 446. S. 1-2. 'riiifk ceremonial of Rveenish-colored stone, cciiitaininj; large iiorjihrytic crystals. Milwaukee I'\iblic Museum Col. fiAr H 1 RESTORE!) Long, llat ceremonial of dark pur- plish slate. Found in So. Wis, Milwau- kee Public Museum Col. ;iil 5rw ig. 447. S. 1-3. ■' igiJMMS,!'' Ml; I'ig. 4-)>^ !^- I-5. St. Ln\\rcucc linsiu ntnl Cnumhi. 313 Fig. 44-< is a .u-"ni) of (.rnanieiits in "Sir. K, [., (;iithriL''s collection, Marion, Ind. It is in- troduced (out of plaet'i in tins section bjcause most of the forms occur in the St. Law- rence region, wiiether Canada or the States. Two tablets in the center are tyi)ica!, one being concave, tlie other with nearly straight sides. The concave form is tile more graceful of the two. /!• is more confined to the north and is a verv rare and interesting specimen. a is also rare. In these ornaments we have all kinds, i^ is the sciuare-corner form; /is oval; <■ has pointed ends ; / is e jfiin shaped, tlat on one side •■ind convex on the other. / is one of the same objects. Tliex are made similarly whether found in Canada, West N'irginia, Illinois or Kentucky, in. o. s are forms of the " single perforation " ornament. ^:^- !■ ig. 440. S. 1-2. A bar amulet from Waterloo Co., Ontario. More of these are found here in New Vork and Ohio than elsewhere. They vary from a straight bar to the bird-stone ceremonial form. Rirdstone ceremonial from O.vford County, Ontario. A very beautiful specmien of banded slate. Supposed to have been worn on the head. ■ig. 450. S. 1-2. Fig. 451 is a tablet-shaped cere- monial. Wisconsin. Fig. 452. A slender pendant with lines or "records" along its margin. Michigan. Fig. 452. S. 1-2. •t.: ill m I'. 'M4 I'rchistiiric hiinlcniciits. rnkiiown stone object. The torn) is rather unlike the s])a(le-shin)e(l ohjeets from the Southern Atlantic Coast and lower Mississipjii Valley. Waterloo County, Oiitario. ■li liH Ji;1 III Hi FiK- 453- H. 1-2. Stone I'ii'HS. Of stone pipes we havu iii;uiy forms The material is usually a com- paratively soft stone, such as soapstone or sandstone. In many cases but plain bowls were attempted, with or without stems, while in others the specimens are careiully worked antl ornamented with elaborate di^si'jr.s. In O.xford and Waterloo Counties (Neutral Indians) we find but very few stone pipes, and most of these are plain and unornamented. A notiible exception to this rule, however, is the "Thunder-bird Pipe," found b\' \V. j. W'intem- berj.,' in the North of Oxford, and now in the Pnjvincial Museum. A good description of it, together with cuts, is given in the Out. Arch Report of 1898. I'arther east, however, and very occasionally around here also, highly ornamented specimens are found. In the Provincial Museum are several " disk" pipes, a peculiar and rare form. Then there are a very large num- ber with human and animals' heads carved on them with more or less accu- racy. Stone pipes were usually made for use with a wooden stem, but (juite occasionally the bowl and stem are combined. In the stemless specimens a hole is usually bored through for suspension. The New England, New York, Pennsylvania and I"Lastern Canada pipes are more or less alike. Many of Pro'". Berlin's figures will stand for our lorms. S/i^ Mr. H. P. Hamilton, of Two Rivers^has a very fine collection and clay, kindly sent munylarge photographs of St. Lawrence forms in Hint, copper, stone, etc. His pipes (P"ig. 457,) show all the forms not already illustrated in other sections of this book and collectors will do well to study them. These, together with what have already been presented in the book and with sub- sequent illustrations, ought to give the collectors a pretty good idea of most forms of pipes. St. I^nwrvncv linsiti .-iiiil Cnnniln. 'i{■^ Soiiu; of tlu;se pipes ;irc nuHierii and others are ancient. Nos. 6. 14, I''), and .^1 nii;,'ht be picked out at a f,'laiice as scarcely prehistoric. No. S is a catlinile.Net tiie form is not necesssardy modern. Nos. 1, j, 3, jo, _M and 25 are fair representatives of small prehistoric i)ipes. ., "^ '■ ■ ff iMjf. 45^. S. I-;;. I'mif i.ipc'S Ir.-'iii Mr. J. '1". Reeder's collectiun, (.'alimifl, Micl Mr. Reodcr Icir niakinsj illiu: atKins of several of' liis best siieeiiiiens. We are indebted to 9' 7 H I A verv finr t, lligy pi]>e found in ^ontllern Mieh. Tliis must have been carried north as ctViirv pijies are not frei ■- i iiil'^Hi* f t; ; I ;ueaiicliamp's Bulletin on New York earthenware. The clay pijx's of Mr. Wilkinson's re-^ion ar(; imt eHi;;ies. He has found or seen hundreds of fraf,'ments of pipes and also si, me comparatix il\ perfect specimens but they are all plain with the exception of .i few orna- mental lines around the top of the bowl, and perhaps also aio-md the stem. P .\.\Ks, C"i;i, IS .\.Mi ( loi (,i:s In Ontario we have none of the elaborate f.;roo\ed axes .)f ()hio, but occasionally we lind one with a rcMij^h f^Moovc rnnmn; around, and then again with only notches on the ed''es. ■ !s and • w;iv 9' Wi Fig. 45.S is an immense notched a.xe from I'any Sound district. It is II inches long, 3I inches wide at the cutting edge and weighs a little over 5 lbs. Mr. Wilkinson also has a ])Iain a.te. about the same size and weight from I'arry Sound. Fig. 45S. S. 1-5. ■\ •.J •t> 1: 2. ■ *' ; iil ■' ,.1 ■ ,■! * ,i t .! u |i;'-ti4 ri- m li i :;:| til f ; , ; ' '■ ; „ ■ ■■■ ■ R> ' Prehistoric Implvincnts. Fig. 45(). S. 1-3. A doublebitteil ijrooved aXL- ; Mich. Collection of the Rev. Jaiiie^. Savage, Detroit, to whom we are imlebte:! for illustrations of some specimens. The object to the right is a roiiglily made a.\c with veiy broad blade. Fig. 4()o. S. 14. Michigan and Wisconsin. Strange Axes. St. Lnwrcucc linsiti niul Cumuln. ;;i;) fi„e7tn'w"'' '''" ""Vrr" '" '"" •'^'- '--"-""^^•='"<' their distribution is mostly con- fined to V,scons.„ and M.ch.gan. They present a study in themselves, bein^^ of pecuhu- shape. '1 he bus. or blades, are short, and the grooves abnormallv broad ami deep We , " never seen an axe with more prominent rid.^es-ending in projections on each side-than No. 4. I he Rev. James Savage's collection, Detroit. The striated axes of Wisconsin-Michigan are being studied by Mr. Chas. E. Brown. At l)resent we cannot say why these peculiar striic were cut along the axe. They certainly did not add to the utility of the axe, and if they have a cerenii.nial significance, what is it ? I'^ig 461. S. 1-4. I'oiind ill Wisconsin. Common Michigan a.xe. Coh-clion ,.1 Mr. J. (i. Recder, Calumet Like all axes illustrated it is of gnini'.o, Croove extends entirelv around as in most .St. [^awrence specini'ens. I- I Fig. 46-',. ,S 19. In these figures arc two stone mauls, or ham- mers from tlK- ancient copper mines ol Lake Superior. (A bird-stone c.remoiiial, by error ..( the engraver, is placed along side of <,iie of thesel. Fig. 4(,; is short and heavy; I'lg. 4^4 long and slender. The former has been mucn used, and the latter is a coniparatively "new' hammer -that is, has not seen service. (Jiia'ry hammers from the copper mines are miiciriiciev specimens than the limt or steatite hammeis,,i the South and Hast. Mr. Reeder lias made (pnte a collection of them, and both figures are (rom his cabinet. M.any ungrooved hammers, of s^/es langing from an egg to a foot in diameter, were also used in the mines. k ' Fig. 4'>4. S. l-(j. .11^ II iri in 'as! I 820 Pivliistoric Inif)Icnit'nts. CoiM'KK Op,ii:cts. As the South is f.unous for pottery, so is tlie St. L;i\vrence renowned for its copper. The ore iedj^es of the St. Lawrence region contained surface veins of ahiiost pure copper. Hundreds of pits were sunk and ininint; operations carried on in no insif^niticant manner. The metal Ircjui Lake' Superior reached Maine on the east, Kansas to the west, and l*"lorida to the south."'-" It was more cxtensiveiy used than mica, f^alena, or other foreij^n substances. Sea shells may lie e.\|iected hut even in them the tral'lic was, accordin,;;' to our own ol)ser\ations, less extensive. The authorities are many, but quotations from two nnist sufiice. "Copper, too, in \ arious shapes, was in high favor anuMi^^ tlicm, as aside from its use as ornament and as a mark of authoritv, it had auKui^^ cer- tain tribes a sort of re'lij^'iius character or si^Miiticance. In Wiscon^^iii. for instance, in the heart of tin.' copper-bearinj.,' region, it was not unusual to find pieces of fifteen or twent}' poriuds weight, tiiat had been [iresrrved in families, tioni time immenun'ial, and were \enerati'd as domestic jj;ods ; whilst the smaller ])ieces were looked uiionasthi ssessions of the divinities that lived under the earth and as the playthinj.^.- a .-^et >it llii's,' small loppt'is, III aii\ |iii\alc collcrtiu that I know 01 TIk'N' aic toiiiul almost i'.\i'liisi\ I'ly at '\'\\n l\i\(,'rs aiul \iciiiit\, on tin.' lake shore m tlir ilnttiiii; sainl. on oM \iilam: sitis. Im)!' si.\ miles north ot Two Rivers, alonj^ the lake shore, the land is s.iiuly and unlit for agriculture, roiisei|uently has nevi-r been cle.'ired. The whole tract is an old villai^e site, and theie must Still he thousanils of these small coppers in this trai't." ;;24 Prehistoric Imjik'incnts. Fig. 4(Hi. S. 2-,. 11. I'. Hamilton (.■(lilettii)n. Two Rivers, Wisconsin. Xos. I to 7.— Cache of c jpper inipleitieiits found at Oconto, Wisconsin. No. I is tlic y s])fcimcn of the kind known in copiicr with one exception and this was also found on same spot. Xos. 2 and 3 —Are small copper arrows ' , ' Xo. 4 — Largest I have any record (pf. Xo, 5 — Unusual form of knife 01 sword. Xo, ii— Chisel with battered head. Xo. 7 — Leaf shaped blade Xos. ^, 10 and 12— Copper sjiuds. Xo. o —Small unusual pointed spud or chisel, Xo 1 1 —Winged ihisel. St. LiiwrciKc linsiti ntui Cnnmln. 825 I'lg. 47.1 S. 2-7 (.■|il>)H'r chisels fioin \Vi>C(iiism. H I' H.iaiiltnn cuHection. > ) 1 I; % \ tlle (ill \\v s;iys tlial the iiikIiHu celt is bcvLllcd evenly from ;i ceiitrui riil;;e in lintli directions ami considers it the finest specimen lie has ever seen. It is 14? inches Innj,' and weij^hs y\ pounds. The f,'reat C()pper axe found in the llojiewell inoninl was 22 inches loiif,' 1)\' ahout C) inches wide ant! weighed nearly .^S pounds. nf lYiC, Prehistoric Imiilcmcn t s . I'lg-. (71. S. 14. CdiipcT Crisceiit-^, Heads ami Oniaments. J il SL'\or:ili)t tluse iipprar to hi; h;iir-|)iiis or luml i)rn;iiiii iits We do not know the use of most oi tlu;ni as wc have iiextir st'cn aiiytliiiij; exactl}' of tins form. Copper beads such as are shown in the strand are found f^uMierally throuf;hout tlie L'liitcd States and an; not rare. 'I'lie rresreiits are occa- sionally found. The other ti\e objects are (jnite unique. Si. L.-iwrciicc linsiii ;inil Cntvuln. 327 not his illy ca- iiC. 472- S. 1-4. Wisconsin. H. P. Ilainilton collection. Most of these are "socket" spears with ribbed backs. The central spear of battered copper an I No. 2 are unusual, bavin;.; rolled sockets. The}' are (]uite massive. Mr. Hamilton says that No. 2 is the rarest form of copper spear. Only three or four have been found, just enou;.,'h to estab- lish the type. No. 2 has parallel lines alonj^ both sides of the blade and is very regular and also has peculiar corrugations. ^ 32S I'rcliistoric linpkinviiLs. f in 111- !l «♦ i:ji *r Fig 473. S, 1-4. i I Copper objects, clay and stone pipes, etc., from Mr. John T. Reeder's collection, Calumet, Mich. m^.u . St. Lfiwrviwc n.'isin mid Cnimdn. 829 Laphani's Antiquities of Wisconsin should be consulted. Archifological Reports of the Minister of Education, (Ontario), by David Hoyle, uS, Pottery, pp. 434. Cutting Tools, '08, p. 51. Tablets, Vif.-?. pp. ji,-;. Pipes. 'cK.-?, ii)). ^1-2! Burial customs of the Hurons; Bureau Ethnology Report, 'S3-4, p. m. The (ierm of Shore- land Pottery; Prof. F. H. Ciishing, Report of Congress of Anthropology, •.13. p. 220, .Mr. (5. J. Chadd of Trenton, Ont,, has sent photographs of objects in his own collfction and that of Mrs. R. H. Spencer. In these two exhibits are many fine lione inii)lernents. Hone and shell objects are (luite numerous in the St Lawrence Basin. Mr. Chadd and Mrs. Spencer have a large assortment of pipes. Som." 'ong. slender chisels are worthy of notice as they look like southern forms. Mr. L. S. Drew of Lament, Wis., and the Rev. L N. St Onge send us numerous draw- ingsand photographs of typical specimens. These, and other illustrations, but confirm the opiniop that the figures presented in this section are typical St. Lawrence specimens. The Rev. Mr. St. Onge says : "I have seldom seen tht- Indians wear natural forma- tions as ornaments unless they were of a striking nature."* We omitted showing illustrations of the bone object^; They diirer from those toiuid South and East, but the figures of awls, harjioons, beads, etc.. shown elsewhere in tills volume, will do very well for our types. Pottery discs are found. These are made from Iragnients ot ])ottery groimil smooth on tlie edges and occasionally perforated in tlie center l,ari;e iimiibLMs of tliusc appear m ash-beds on some sites, where gaming was i)erliaps carried on to a huge extent in tlic lung winter nights. These may have been the wigwams more freiiueuted by the men ot the vil lage for companionship and social purjjoses. These discs are sometimes referred to as ••gambling" discs, counters, or markers, and vary in size up to several inches 111 diametei Some have the jicttcry markings on one side, and others are just chipped fr.ini the sliL-nl and not ground smooth on the edges. Another fact very often noticed is that a small per- foration is started on top generally, and it has been remarked that tliis may have btcn done in order to distinguish that particular side for some purpose of the .game, as In coloring one side of the iilum stones in the " plum-stone" games in vogue amongst the Huron people. (Stewart Culln in chess and playing cards, published by Smithsonian Institution in i^.p. refers to similar discs being used amongst the Zunl Indians In playing a game called '•Stone Warriors." p. S77]. ♦St. Hyacinthe, yuebec, Canada, April i()th, igoo. iil: W I lii SIXTION XI. TnK Ohio \ai.ij;v. Much innre is known coticerniiif,' the :irch;iolopy of the Oliio N'allev tliiiii that of an}- other icf^'ion of tlie I'nitcd States. The first settlers at Marietta were New I'^nKland and V'irjjinia people of more or less education. Thill lioMif letters called attention to the j,'reat earthworks at the mouth o( the Muskingum. In iS^othe American Anti<|uarian ^'-"ciety devoted most I'i Its tirst Vdlunic to the lesearclu.'s of Caleb Atwater, resided at Circle- ville, ( )lii(), and had spent many years in personal investigation of the ancient nniains of Oliin, Ki'iitucky and adjacent territory. In 1S47 the Snnthsonian Institution published S(|iiit'r and Davis's .\ncient Momiiiu'iits of the Mississippi \'allcy. Strange as it may seem, modern writers, as a whole, have improved but Mttle upon the magnificent volmne i)reparei tlu; book liaw occiipieil iiioru space than was t\|)(i tcil, but tlu'y liavi- alsn ( f)\eiO(l tlic common forms and types and I shall endeaxur to omit such dt'scriptions ,is would diiplii-ate what has airead}' \)vc\\ said- and liettcf said than I could say it — about the otliei re^'ions. I'll'HS I'lR- -474. S. I 4. I'iij. 47) ])resents a group of characteristic pi])es. No i. an elligy with curved base. This is of the same type as found by Scpiier and Davis in such large numbers at Mound Citv. Ross County, Ohio. No. 2 and N pil'e liigh Fig. 47S. A common Ohio Valley form. Material, .sandstone. -^^-.tti ^-*^^-^ S. i-i. '■"'.It. 479 I'rotn the collecticjii >>i l>r. Cavey, West Alexandria. Ohio. Very sin,i(ular sjieciinen of samlstoiie (Jnite rude. Possibly an unfinished pipe. While tliere are some evidences of use, yet it is possible that the owner may have intended to coinpltte it at some future date. S. I 2. )und yaw- iv to may Fig. 4S0. A pot-shaped pipe of stone from Illinois. S. I-I. m r 1 1 ::|:' ■ k'l \U I. 1; ;■ |i !i 1 ' 01 334 I'rc'historic lnij)k'nicnts. Fig. 4S1. An ertijjy pipe in ihe possession of Thos. H Tipton. Williamsport, Ohio, Tiie cut, unfortunately, iloe^ the object an injustice. The sculjiture is of an animal, pei haps a bear. Found in Pickaway Co. S. 1-3. Fiij 4S2. S. 1-2. Fiij 4^2 slidW^ tlu'et' jii pes from the colleclinii of Mr. H S. IlnrHiut't. l.ihvr y\ille, 11! The one to tlie riglit is doubtless a modern form asit has that appearance. Tliecciiiral one is ' '■ " ■•'•'■■■• on in Canada and the St. Lawrence reginn, b>n i:ot infretpiei tly ' le, egg shape.i IK'K and is well made. Original wciglis live po\inds. Many fmespeciinens have been taken Irom graves in gravel knolls. I have always thought tlial gravel knolls or glacial kanie l)uri.ils represented a dilTerent tribe Irom those of the mounds. I'ig. 4>4 IS a bird pijie from Ross County, Ohio. Material, fine grained sandstone, At firNt glance this pi])e has the apjiearance of a niastmlon. Tlw Ohio Vnllcv. ;85 S. al) Slate I'm- viTsity Museum 'I'liey are shown smaller in this than in tlie front views I am in(lel)tet them were taken out of the Hopewell mounds. S. i-i. 33H / Vt'/j is t otic Im])lcincn t s. 1 [ tai-y \ i I'i! ; H; I'. ;!" • .I ■ :i I , I , it Fig. 4S7. This is an embossed ear orna- ment and shows repousse work. Dr. Wilson has described it in The Swastika, Prehistoric Art, etc. Found in Kffigy Mound, Hopewell group. Sheet copper cut in various designs and sometimes ornamented witli stamped patterns was considere arc very common tliroiuhoiii this section. l^ut such tonus as are sliouii are rather rare. !' i I'ig. 4 ()f hematite and unusua'lv fine. It was found in South- ern Illinoi-,. iMg. 4'ii is perforated, a rather rare feature in plummets. It was found south ot Dayton, (Miio. The Minkley Collection. Fig. 4tji. S. i-i. i' i I ; t I i r 1 if' , li: u 33^ Prehistoric Im])lctucnts. A very fine jjendant or charm stone, as Or. Yates calls them, from the Scioto Val- ley. It is made of granite. This kind is found in mounds. Kig. 4')2- S. i-i. Dr. Yates has presented illustrations of several common pendants in his section. Figs. 380-1 might well stand for Illinois and Ohio types. Tool Sharpeneus" of Sandstone. L The three specimens illustrated in Fig. 493 are from the collection of Mr. Clias. Wertz, Portsmouth, Ohio. Tile use of these tools has been referred to in several places in this book. The lower specimen in the figure i= (juite remarkable in that it shows long and continued use having many grooves on all sides. Fig. 4.J3. S. 1-2. Biun Stones, Etc. A f^reat many interesting bird or saddle shaped stones are found in this section. I have covered the field in my Bulletin, The l^ird-stone Ceremo- nial, and need only call attention to one or two types here. The Ohio Vnllcv 889 ;, as Val. id is ^igs. Fi!<. 4'U- «■ i-i- This is the more common form. It is from northern Indiana, collection of Mr. (inihlke. It is the plain saddle form without ear jirojections, ar.d. so far as we know, was worn upon the head of women about to he married. \ I ; are >uth, o in ;n in long des. his nn- Fig. 41)5. S. i-i. Fig. 4()5 is from western New York, and presents a liigiily dcvel()i)ed bird form. Tliese elligies are very peculiar The single ear-like projections on each side of the head make them api>ear less bird-like, yet the broad tail, the neck i;nd liie slender bill lead us to class them as bird stones. m % ;-540 I'rcliistftric huplciiiciits. V\^ 4'i'. is tiikt n I'l'dni tlu' laic I'rot'. CiishiiiK'.s pi-ool'-slKfts i.t' The Calumet, etc., silently to be ptihlislied hy the Hureaii nl Ivthnnlojjy. Cushing believed tliat nianv of ihe si>-ealled ornaments i<\ (-■en moiiials were used as bases on whieli to mount small el'ligies. I a.nree with some ot' the areh;eolo- sists in that bird-stones, sueh as V'\^. .\n-. were not worn by Wfimen but were tied by .Shamans on bundles of arrows or other ])ersonal property to brinj^luek. suetess, etc. K- 4'*''. S. 2 !. ■ig. -lo;. S. i-i. An unknown elli,w;y f,-,,ni northern Indiana. < ".ruhlke's collection. It > bird-shajied. mnre turtle thai K The (Hiin \;ilk-v. 341 Fig. 49S. S. i-i. I'^iK. 49'> presents a rcniarkab'.e bird stone ov ct'liijy. to the riglit nf which is an axe, ami ti) the left a perforated eerenionial. ThisetViiry has nobodyand is doubtless a connecting link between a general elligy tvpe and the bird or saddle foi ni proper. .\ bird in lione. Found in the ct'ligy niiiund of the Hopewell group I"ig. 4i)(i. S. i-i. !■} •M2 I'rchistoric Iiiipk-tuvms. I'hSTI.tS. These arc very cotniiioii tliroiiglioiit the Oliio S'alley. The Unv^ roller form is not as often found as thi' bell-shaped. Fifj. 6S fpaf(e 63; represents the more artistic form of pestles. Althongh foinid in Minnesota it will stand for the Ohio \alley type, Some very fine l)ell-shapi:(l pestles are p'jjished and have a rinfj or knob at the top. I have seen as line ones as are found in Alaska or Uritish Col- umbia. .'<<] -':;:!» i . .1: m Ki;<. 5(iij. S. 1-2. I'ig. ?oo shows two iiiti'resting spucimuiis, niiu ol' which is tiiuisitally short while the otbLT is made I'loin a slojiiiii: stone. I'estlrs like the larj 'd — u o B C o c a ~ tc o u l; S 1) ft " « Z- J'' s /, t/. •/. •J ~ a -r. ii c c — b: n s ■" M „ ■- ^ yj ■ ; i •ii i 1 . 't'"l :if. ! 1 |, ,. M!' i 1 i 1 1 m 844 I'rcliistoric IinplciiiciiL^. '•"is 5' S. 1-1. Fi<. ?''2 was foiuul in a v;i"ivij1 pit alimjisi.lf m a skeleton near KlmUoii, Oiiio, and 1>l- lonyjs to l)r. Jesse Siioiljjjrass of tliat place. Tile I'.iiv.ni; rei resents a bear. I''ii;. ?o', is from tlie cdlltL- tion III' James I'illais I.niui, Ohio. It was found in a mound, Mercer (.'o.. < iliio. 'I'heie are tliree perforations. Botli it and l"iK'. ?"2 are cut from lar^e unio slu lis. .\li. John X. Hodjvin. of Riclini'iiid, Iiid.. writes that he lound some fifletn or twenty slid: ornaments like tins one in a urave. I-':.U- ?'M. S. i-i. This is a sliell hairpin. They are not found in Ohio or Indiana, but occasionally in Illinois and Kentud ■ Thv Ohio Vulk'v. :U5 Flint hii'LKNrENTs. 1)L- There is no end to the multitude of Hint weapons and tools found in the Ohio valley. Famous Flint Kidfje furnished material from thepitsof its<]iiar- ries for millions of points and knives. I have heard observers say that the ^reat (|uarries of two or three localities abroad and of Illinois and Indian Territory are more extensive. I have never visited them. I cannot inia;.;ine how that the (piarries of Flint Kidfj[e are excelled either in the number of pits or the amount of work done there. There are i, lOO pits at I'Mint Ri(lf,'e, covering a re>,'i()!i some six or seven miles in length. The debris from the f metal through a mass of coins. The majority of the specimens illustrated in all the reports treating of western New York, northern Pennsylvania, West \'irginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and southern Michigan are made of I'-lint Ridge stone. Flint Ridge is worthy of a visit even if an archaologist has to travel ^oo miles to get there. All of Dr. Wilson's classifications except the slender types of the I'aritic Coast, and the peculiar " square-barbed " of Class I), the polished slate points and possibly Class E, are found in the Ohio N'alley. Semi lunar knives and one or two other subdivisions may not be found. I have seen oiu- or two semi-lunar knives but not enough to say that they are present as a class. It is a sweeping assertion, but I think a true one. All the ctlur forms of knives occur in great numbers. No. I. No. 3. \ »•> T 1-^1 No. 2. No. 4. Fig. 505. S. 1-2. Fig. 505 shows four of the rarest knives. No. i is a long sickle-like point almost like the Tennessee form, but inferior. No. 2 is stjuarecl at the corners like Dr. Steiner's specimens. No. 3 would pass for his razor-blade type, and No. 4 is a handled knife. ;l«l! h 1 V 'f (i 1 ''ill ^ !»ia m I 1 ^ ' ' ' r'er finer than I'igs. 511,'i-ii. I'ink'icy Collection, Monlgonicvv t'oniitv. Ohio. Fig . 50S and 5 ' .' 1 ; t ■:i! ' i - 1 1 ; ■ i 5.;' 352 Prehistoric Implements. Ornaments, Ceremonials and Unknown Objects. These are found in great numbers in the Ohio Valley and present inul titudinous forms. (I Fig. 5if). S. nearly 1-4. Fig. 316 shows II specimens from Professor \V. O. Emery's collection, Crawfonisville, Indiana. These were found in various portions of Ohio, In- diana and Michigan. If we deal with facts absolutely we cannot tell for what purpose these 1 i specimens were used. It is a typical group. All are rather unusual forms of the "banner," " crescent," etc. Some are unitjue. I cannot name them. The materials are slate of various shades. a. Heart sliaped eeremonial of banded slate, sniootli finish, perforation through center. The extreme length 4 inches. Montgomery County, Indiana. /'. I'endant of banded slate 5)^ inches lonjc. Coshocton County, Ohio. ( . Crescent of banded slate, smooth finish. (Ireatest dimension fi inclus. Maximum thickness 1 inch ; gradually becoming thinner at the end. Montgomery County. Indiana. (/. Double grooved pestle of dark syenite, finely polished. 5 inches long. Putnam County, Indiana. Shows no sign of use. e. Banner stone smooth finish, jierforated through center. 4*4 inches long. Mont- gomery County, Indiana. /'. Crescent, perforated through center. 3% inches broad. Montgomery County, In- diana A' Ohio. //. i. /• Peculiar ceremonial, dark colored slate with circular perforation. Morrow County, Length 5 inches. " Butterfly" ceremonial, banded slate, s'j inches long. Montgomery County, Ohio. Pendant of slate 3,^ inches long. Morrow County, Ohio. Dark cj)lored slate ceremonial, grooved about the ends as though for attaching cord or sinews. 5 inches long, ^iorrow County, Ohio. k. " Butterfly " ceremonial of banded slate, smoothly finished, perforated from both sides but not inch in diameter and slightly tajiering ]iasse.s. Fig. ?27. C. 12. S. 1-2. I'lg. 527 shows four interesting specimens from Mr H. S. Hurlbutt's collection, Liberty- ville, 111. The crescent is very like those found in Canada having enlarged ends. The four perforated banner-stones are fairly common throughout the Ohio \' alley. The crescent was plowed up near Fairdrill, Wis. The smaller ceremonials (end ones) were found in Morrow and Ross counties, Ohio. The •' banner-stone," a surface find, McHenry County, 111. i The Ohio Vnllcv S57 \v. md )rj. ?2S presents two lariLCe tube'; from tlie Hinkley iallectii)n Alexandeisville. ()lii(i. 'I'he upper one luis a side k'""^''"- I'l*-' lower one is the more comiium form, liotli are of sandstone. Many theories are advaneed. One is that these tidit's were used by medieine men to draw the evil spirit out of the sick. Another, that they are whistles, because thev will emit a loud noise wlicn projierly blown. Xothinj; is positively known as to their use. The ('ireat .Miami Valley, wliere Mr Hinkley lived lonjj, has yielded many fine specimens. rty- our The In I'ijj. 530 1 present a drawing o| one ot these tubes in order that a clearer idea may be had of the form. It was found in Fayette County, Ohio. I*'iK. 53". ^- «-'• u 1. i. t i >i :j;:i '^^? •y-ii I t i: ! ■' *, 368 Prvhisttiric Imfilctiwiits. t.su Istf /■I »»t *<4 ft J "7 'f,uf at" I'lK- 5-i» !^. about i-i. Fig. 520 is a Rroiip of tlattened or jjrooved tubes or UiVfiv stone beads from the collection at Columbus. Ohio, owned jointly by tlie >itate Historical Society and the I'niversity. They are mostly of banded slate. Cakvkd Sandstonk "Spools." The use of these is absohitely unknown. They are found in consider- able numbers in the Ohio \'alley. In l'"iJ,^ 531 I present three side views and two end views of specimens in the collection of Mr. J. W. Tweed, Ripley, Ohio. It will be noticed that the decorations. are of various kinds, but the designs or lines have some semblance of ref.'ularity. Ripley is on the Ohio river above Cincinnati. More "spools" come from alouf^ the Ohio than elsewhere. mi 'Him ill! '^hm 0J^ ithu^ J^^^H'' ■ ^ ^iS -^ ^0 Itg. ©^ 9^ Fig. 531 S. «■«• The Ohio V-ilk'V .150 l"ig. 512. S. 1-2. Three olijeets friini the collection of Mr. Charles Wertf., I'ortsmouth, Ohio. The t nitrat iiic IS an engiaved "spool," while on either side are rongh sandstone elli^;ies. Fig. 533. S. 13. '■"'.I?- 533 is a cannel coal n-nament found in a gravel-pit, alongside of a skeleton, near Lima, Ohio, and is in the Museum of the Ohio State University at Columbus. Objects of eannel coal are seldom found. I'ound by Mr James IMlars ■'?■ ?3I. I.J-- L ¥] j:-,i I f u n- 3fiO I 're his t oric Implcnwnts . Celts and Axes. These are exreediiigly common. All the varieti' > described elsewhere, save {^ouf^e, ad/c and double-bitted are found. I shall only illustrate the rare and finest forms. Materials ; harder stones. Seldom of soft stones. In I'ig. 334 a fjr^i'P '.i(;;ieal ail'l Historical .sneit-tv lor the loan of tliese ami other cuts. Koth of vfraiiitc : Warren t'oiinty, Ohio. Moorelu-ail collection. Collection of Mr. \' Sonovec, St. Louis. The smallest grooveil I lui seen l-'oiind in Missouii. Material, j;raiiile. 77/f (thill \;tlk\ •Mil re. ire itc ed he )ns are 3es 11(1. Its. '•'iR- 5.17. ^- ;it)init 1-4. I'lj;. 5;.7. l)oul)lc utoovod axe fnini Dallas t'ity, Illinois. Mr. M Tandy's lolk'ftion. A ili'cp. naiTii.v cut is in tin- side Inini ti>]> tn rdye A similar eul is on a eeit \n the State Mnse\)m at Columbus. I'ig. ?.l'^. Small s(iuared celt from Arkansas. These are not veiy common. l'"ii;. ■; (■' .S 1 1 the ived Axe with three shallow jjronves. A rare spoiunen. Kouml in l'utii;im c'ouiUy, Inil. The s])eeinien is i; inehe-; loni>. has an aver- age width of 4 inches and a maxiiniini thickness ol i inch at the ^{rooved end, from which it fjradnally tapers to t imli at t!ie > it her end, finally terniinaliiiK in a finely wronRlit cutting ed^e It will be seen from the fiijure that the upper half eai ries thicc p;ro .Vi s. very i)r{hly polisheil. The material is ferrui;inous slate, havinvc a hardness of i • 1 on a scale of tell. The specimen is dark olive in color I'or what purpose were the grooves and depressions at lop' As they show no appreciable siRiis of wear, it would seem hardly jn'obable that they ever serveraled a.Kc 'I'he ])erforatii'r nuiv Si recent. I have seen no i>eifoiated a.\es in the Ohio Valley. (-/•. Between these letters are several interesting objects. Near the edge ((i is a flat ili-ic witli nine peifur.itions. Two pestles of fine form are shown. A rude axe is ne.\t to the left pestle. .:,■. An ornament i', very concave and a roller pestle A common axe in the ieiit"f Helow tile roller is a " buttertly " hiiving three jierforalion!) in addition to the usual central one .\rf tliesi' recent ' // A common ornament and a llat slate object with foiii holes. In the middle a large a.\c ol iisnal form. /, Next to the axe irigtit of it) a very large tlint knife and a peculiar curved ceremonial Willi two holes. Just op|)osite it is !i ceremonial with short wings ami an unusually lonjj body. This type is rare. / A curved, slender pebble or water-worn stone use(i is a roller pestle. I'roi. !•'. \V I'utnam, in liis Tennessee exjilorations i.i. my years ago noted these strange grooved "toiil sharpeners" such as I have illustrated in i' g. 41)3. 1 (piote his remarks * " In c"'"iection with these polished implements of stone, it is of interest to note a fr-ig- meiit of fill- grained sandst',iio VaKev type. The ordinary dish to the left of A (i'lg. =lis also found in the Oliio Valley. Stone bowls and sicatite vessels arc rarely, if ever, tnuiid Hut roughly made mortars •re sometimes found. Cup-shaped depressions are common on large boulders and in small sandstone or limestone fragmiMits. Rude tlint celts and poli^liL-d llint cells, turtle-backs, ■paleolithic impIeiiKiUs and rough llint disc-i or what-not in all stages of manufacture are fouml in great numbers. (Jrooved hammers and ma.iy v irieties of hammer stones, all sorts of i)ecking, grinding and polishing tools exist in countless numbers. I venture to assert that in Licking, fosh octon and Ross Counties. ( )hio, and about Maysville. Kentiicky, and Lawrcncebiiri;. Iii biconie really proficient in field work ami to understand every detail which it is [xissible to learn, from either surface seari liiig or explora tioii, this is his method of jiroceilure. The coUi'ctor and the superficial student will lind such .1 trip of neither value nor interest. .X box or two of specinuiis from every village site will not only show all the materials but exhibit the gradual change of tvpes. how that one site was influenced by foreign trade and another w.is not; that one was cultured, whereas one near bv was just the opposite, etc. The slightest ditVerencts in pottery, flint implements, etc,, will be noted ami conclusions reached accordingly. This, briefly, is /<(// arcli.iologv. I !? '' ■! • :i 1 X^ h ) ' i • a' I if if \\> I Si:CTI()N MI. TiiK Sin'iii. Dk. K(»i.an!> Sieini;u. (irovttown, (i;i (l)r Stc'iner lOiiHnes his remarks to Cieori^ia, sol have iiiters|).Mst''l tlir(tii}.^h tliis papi-r observations and illustrations dealing with the South as a whole— W. K. M.l Georgia is now called the Minpire State ol tlu; South. It appears to have always hecn an Empire State. It was an ICmpire State before its dis- covery, when it was occupied by the Indians. The Appalachian chain of moimtains touches only its northern tier ot counties. Many rivers run through its longest a.\is N. W. to S. !•-., ;Koduc- lUfi rich aner, Midille and Lowei ("reeks. The Muscojee Confederacy i;xter.ded from the Atlanlii- ( )cean to the iiei^ihborhood of the Chattahoochee river, where the couiitrv ol Cherokee be^'an. e.xtendiiif,' to the .Appalachian Moun- tains. The ChcMokees b)' compiest were ;inialj,'amated in the I'onfederacy. Tht eir habits and customs were much the sanu' as other North American tribes ; they hunted and lislied, had small plantations that they cultivated in the rich valleys aloiif,' the banks of larf.,'er or smaller streams ; lived in huts constructed of notched lof,'s, skins, oi the barks of trees ; buried their dead in graves and mounds, or cremated them ; were given to feasts and fasts; hail many ceremonies ; believed in ;i future state, i)ropitiated or worshipped the Great Spirit, etc. Their weapons, implements and ornaine.its were made of stone, shell or wootl, their clothing manufactured from the skins of ani- mals, birds, grass and th<' inner fiber from the barks of trees ; upon their plantations they raised corn, peas, potatoes and melons. 77/f Sitiith. 80;-) At tile time of the coloiii/atioii of tlu- states the miinhci of Iiuliaiis iiilial)itiii.i; the territory, was estimated to be in the neif,'lil)orhooil of 30,000. 'riiev had perrnaiient homes, ciiUivated the soil, and were well or!,'ai'.i/ei' for offense or def)unT vill.it^e site- the old llvans phue from which site we collectt-d over iA,ooc) specimens, ikjw 111 the United States National Museum, not one of which was of chist and very few of (piart/, the material nsi-d belli:.; Mint and j,isper both ol vvhi< h ,ire plentiful in the iimnedi.ite locality. !' I 3«;h ■ }\ I lie • t U3, /■). • ■•••.• 1 ."J 1 h S*" ■ fi ! J*' ■ ; ».'• 1 1 ft ■; I'rchis t nrw Iwjilvtiicn t s. The Snath. 867 (I. RoiiRh stone mortar. Some shell l)ea(ls— disc form— are shown in the mortar, /'. Long celt of southern type. r. Short celt with edge abruptly bevelled off. i/. Broad cone-shaped stone (convex above, flat underneath). (?. Just above the round stone ( is a long Llliu;v |)ii)c somewhat like tiiat one shown in I'ig. 220. I ' I' I Gkoovei) .-Xxks. Wl- sliall first coiisidiT ^rom'.u! a.xc-^. tor tlicy an; iiict witii l'\ rrywliuif ill the state. T\m\ atv usually inaiiufacturfd Irdiu dioritc, serpnitiiu,' and sandstono, althi)Ui.;li \vc have seen them dI i|uart/ and ehist. They do not, as a ride, differ in apin-aranre from types found in other states of the Uni(Ui. but are not as larj^e as some we have seen from Ohio. They vary in len^'th from .; to I J inches and m width from 3 to fi inrlies, wi'ij^h from 4 ounces to 10 pounds. One 10 or u inches in U'U^th is very rare and is jjenerally hif,dilv tinislu'd and unbroken. The connnon measurement is from 3 to '') inelies in lenj,'th and from .' to () inches in widtli. Some have trar.sverse f^rooves encirclino the a.\e, whilst in otliers the groove terminates on eacli side at a tiat back which ma\ h.i\e been intended for the insertion of a we(lj.;e for ti^hteninj4 the a.\e to the handle. In some the groove is near the head, wiiilst in others it is nearer the middle of the axe. Those from ,^ to () Miches in length were, in all piobability, used .is much lor weapons is for other jiurposes, for we do not think that their sole use was for deadening trees. So much must be left to conjecture as to the use of many prehistoric implements that it was im!)ossible to assign to aii)' one object a special use. Thosi' of extraordinary si/e and highly linished were, perhaps, used in cere- monies. Many of the grooved axes sliow evidence of having been broken and resharpeiied. On page 144, in si)eaking of Tennessee axes, an unfor- tunate error was made. The types shown in Mr. Barnes' collection have the groove entirely encircling the axe. There are but very few exceptions to I'lvliislnric liiiplciiicnts. a ' *■> I tr. «;£ ■'I I -I I 1 1' this iiili:. Tlif stiitriic-c, "An inspection ol l-'ij;. (>.' etc., >li will show H'ikIlts that most of the axes of tlu' Middle Soiitli liave a f,'r<)(>V(j exteiuhn^ entirely afonnd.' Thus, it will he seen that the Sonth contains a\es j^roovid (hrferenll\ from those found in tlu' Middle South. I'ypes are sliown in I'if^s. 54M-1-J.;, • I'iK. ?4i. Ill' ^raniti'. fr.mi lulTerson Coiuity. Tenn.. >i.-oiiis t(i have a ridKu on tlie upper side of the j^rnove; hut i-ln-ief examination slinws that it mue nail a ki'oovu jirojeetion. ami th.it aftei w.inls the poll w.is neirly all lirokeii awav and a new groove tn.iile lower down, so that what was oriKiniilly tlie lower jiriijeet'on is now above the groove, th.e remainder ol the |)oll beini; worked ilown to a point."* I'ig. 541. S. alioiit 1-3. KiR. ?42. S. about 1-!. I'lK- '43- ^- about 1-3. I^ifj-i. 542 and 543 are typu.^ ot a.\es Irmn MeMinii County. Tenn They are 01' arj;illite. The eliptical section of Fig. 542 shows th. it it is wider at the top than it is at the bottom- Imk. 54? is (piite curved on the face. MiiKIAKS .\Mi SlciNlv \l'.SSi;i.S. Mortar.s are pleiititiil everywhere throu'^hoiit the .-U.iti' and ,iii' of the f^eiieral form and tinisli as those found in tlie S:)iitii and ICast. In many types the cavity is simply a sli^^ht depression, whilst in others it is the ilepth of from two to live inches. Many are sim|)!y irie;.;iilar masses of sandstone, very lar^e and heavy, and in all probability were stat mn. 11 y mortars. In the small lorms the outlines were more defined, assuming' an o\al shape .Stone An. fiurard I'owke. Bureau ol Kthnolo.ry Kepott, oi 2. u. 71. I'liese three tlnures are taken Irom Mr I'owkt.-s's pajier. r 1 t:j.\« The Smith. 3«V.» which admitted of their heing easily transported. We have seen an im- mense boulder of fjr.inite, weif^hintj Hve or six tons, whose upper surface con- tained many mortars. Howls made u{ sandstone have been found in Georgia, highly finished, with small ear-shaped handles pecked and jiolished from a boulder. Much labor was t-xpended in their manufacture. Ollas similar to those found in California, made of |)ot-stone, are fre(|uently met with. StniK- mortar or vessel. 1'">>uik1 on tlu- Cumberland river be- low ^'asliville. Tenn. The illiistratidii is loaned thronKh tlii' courte.sy of (lun. Thniston. !«• vM ^ 1-4 Km\ KS. This im|)lem.;nt iMubracos type.s of th;' rudest to the most liighl\ tiiiislied ftirms. it is almost impossible to determine where the kiiile begins or wherr it ciiils. Many spear and arrow points may have served as knives, foi a cutting edge was the main thing desired by the savage, ami he wi'ut about obtaining it with tiic least possible lal)or. Many llakes wouUl answer lor knives as well as the most highly liiiished object. Our opinion is that Hakes were more geiierall\ used for knivi'S The usual forms fouml in other stati;s were present here m (rcoigia, but in addition to the usual form there is one which we have called the r.i/or-blade knife, usually made ol chist, oci asion- all\ III tlint. It sit'iiis from its shape 1.. have been an orif.;iiial implement DoiibU' poiiiti'il kiiite. I'iR- 545- '^^ 1-2. though a broken arrow or sjiear point retouched may have been used. The mam point of ad\ antage in the ra/or-blade knife, is that the stem answers 1! i ■'. /I i i iy. *■" i\\ i i-\ ■.riU J- . -If }r *C ■^il 1 1 ii' -HI • fare elsewhere. l"ig, 550. S. It. May be a spear head or knile. Imoui h'rierson. La Collection of Messrs. i'rier- ■iK ;5;,. S. I 2. I'eculiar barbed kuif<'. This form is somewhat different from types foun the left. Kig, 5?2. S, 1-2. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A ^. {/ ^ .-,,<° C^ ... s>. /a %" s" "^ .^ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRICT WEBSTER, NY. 14SS0 (716) 873-4503 ^

- toric I ni piemen ts . some resembling small discs with incised lines upon either side, while others resemble in torm the larger shell beads. Fire flints are usually found on village sites and are recognized b_v the appearance they present of having been struck one against another for the purpose of emitting sparks which caught in tinder or dry leaves, would readily secure fire. Some of the specimens evidence long and severe service. Notched axes are of great interest, but their appearance does not sug- gest their use. They were always chipped and manufactured from jasper. Hint, or chist ; never diori^e, serpentine, or sandstone. Perhaps the grooved axe was evolved from the notched axe. Scrapers. This form is ver\ interesting from many points of view, as almost any flake however rude in form, might easily be converted into a scraper. The series passes from the rudest to the most highly finished objects. Many forms seem to have been made from the bases of broken spear and arrow- points, the broken edge being nicely chipped on either side. Fig. 565 is a peculiar scraper. The edge is not beveled squarely otf as in most scrapers. Fig. 5d5- S. i-i. A common scraper, shouldered. Fig. 5f)6 A rude scraper, nearly triangular in shape. Kig. 567. S. i-i. Again, we find specimens in which a long spear or arrow-point, whose extreme point was broken off, has been retouched and converted into a scraper. We frequently find scrapers whose edge is curved enabling it to be iiseil satisfactorily in working objects cylindrical in form, such as axe handles, arrow shafts, etc. The form Known as spoon-scrapers similar to the type found in the Swiss Lake dwellings, though not coumion to Georgia, is some- times met with. Some forms of scrapers are unique, the scraping edge- extending out like barbs from each side. The South. Idols, Imac.es and Pii'es. Representing the human form, objects of stone and clay have been found in various parts of the state, whether they were objects of devotion as repre- senting some deity or the perpetuation in stone and chiy of some hero, is a matter that is beyond solution. Some attain the height of 3 feet, whilst others are small, being from 3 to S inches in height If not a kind of household gods, the little ones were dolls for children, being n.ade of clay. We find many clay images representing birds and beasts us well as the heads of men. What niche they tilled in the social or religious condi- tions is also an enigma. Pipes may be divided into two classes, those used in state ceremony, known as the Calumet, and those used by the common people in their daily smoke. Every pipe represented th:; ingenuity anil skill, but also the fancy, of its maker. The larger pipes were manufactured from stone repre- senting human beings, animals and birds. Those representing the human being are usually classed as idol pipes. The large majority of the sn.aller pipes were made of clay, some representing the most grotesque figures. Many long tubes are supposed to have been used as pipes. Found in Coahina Cu., Miss. Tlie figure is tliat of a man in a crouching position, the arms bound with twisted ropes and the feet doubled back un- derneath. This is one of the rarest jiipes in existence. c^.c^a Fig. 568. S. 1-2. Pottery image. Davidson County, Tenn. Doubtless an idol. Fig. 572, S. 1-3. I 380 Prehistoric Inii)lenwnts. Z n I Fig. ?(■)<). S. I-",. CollctiiDii of Mr. A. J. I'owers, lowii. I'l.iind in Central ('it'orxia. A very fiiif iiipi.' and fx cecclin>Tly rare. I'^iR. 571- Height, 21 inches; weight, 56'._; lbs.; material, steatite. Found in 'S6, near the Ktowah group, Cartersville, Ga, Collection of Mr. A. J. Powers, Mt. \'ernon, Iowa. y^>-e»-*->-i- ^JLa_ *^-^-^. t^.£ ./2 The Smith. 381 ICftigy pii)e from Bartow County, Ga. Fig. 570. S. 1-5. In thu report of tlic liiireaii of Ethnolof^y for '90 91, Prof. Cjrtis Thomas i)ul)lishu'il his vahiable report, Moiiiui K.xplorations for the Bureau of lCthnolof,'y. It should be read by all students. We reproduce three of his tif,uires, tlirouj^li courtesy of the Hureau. l"iS- 57.S- S. i-i. In .Monroe County. Ark,, two uirge tMFigy pipes were discovered. Tliev are distinctively southern and not like those of the Ohio X'alley or the Lakes. Dr. Thomas savs of I"ig. 573 that it is of (piartzite, partially polished, and represents a kneeling, naked individual. Stone pipe from North Carolina. Collection of Capt. Richard Wainwright, U. S. N. This pipe has been broV en and mended. On each side of the break are two small holes through which thongs were iiassed and tied. Fig 574- S- 1-2- 882 Prehistoric Inipicinents. I; , ••'iR- 575- y. 1-2. From a mound in Sullivan County, Tenn. It is one of the unusually large pipes j)eeuli;ir to the south. Dr. Thomas does not give the material. Fig. 22S and these two are i)ipes of the same style; broad, Hat base, high bowl. We have often wondered, do pipes of a special form characterize a certain tribe? Assuredly. they are confined to localities; therefore, in prehistoric times, may they not have been made by one tribe and traded to another ? We do not believe that each tribe manufactured many kinds of pipes. Cup Stones. Single or double pitted stones are very common. They in no wise differ from those found in other states, save that in Georgia they are frequently found made of soapstone. Cup stones se^m to have been confined to one locality in Georf,'ia, at the village sites at the mouth of Big Kiokee Creek, Columbia County. There we found in the neighborhood of i,ooo specimens. The cups are gen- erally on both sides, sometimes upon four sides, in masses of rocks sexaginal in shape upon all sides. The cups or depressions vary in number from three to fifteen, and in size from a quarter of an inch in diameter to two inches. In some specimens one side has the cup or depression whilst on the others is a nicely shaped mortar. In one specimen that we sent to the U. S. National Museum the depressions or cups were so large as to resemble small mortars. Some of these cup stones arc carefully worked and well finished, while others are but rude blocks of sandstone or soapstone. We think they were used for cracking a number of nuts of various sizes at one time. For instance : Walnuts, hickory nuts, acorns, which would be placed in the cavities suited to their size and all broken at one time v.'ith a Hail. Thin method would enable one to accumulate a great number of broken nuts which could be thrown into a pot and boiled; the oil raising to the surface could be skimmed off and used in lieu of butter for culinary purposes as described by Bartram in his Travels Through the Indian Countries of Georgia in 1774. That they have been found on the summits of the Hymalaya Mountains, the tops of the Alps and in other elevated spots and remote countries does not preclude their use as simply stones for cracking nuts. Thv South. 3S3 Spkau-heaos and Akkow-points. Spear-hoads and arrow-points — of all prehistoric stone iinpleiiients the most interesting are the chipped spoar-heads and arrow-points. In the de- scription of spear-heads it is difficult to state definitely that this one was a spear-head and that one was an arrow-point.* The larger varieties are gen- erally accepted as spear-heads and the smaller as arrow-points. The largest spear-head ever found in Georgia was taken from a mound at the conlliience of the litowah and Ooestaula rive' .* It measured 14 iiulios in length, 3] inches in width, and weighed 2 pounds 2 ounces avoirdupois ; was made of tlint. Spear-heads rarely e.xceed 7 inches in length, and even those of that measurement are very rare ; the average length is from 3 io 5 inches. Many of the specimens are highly finished and present a very attractive ap- pearance, not only on account of the fine chipping, but also from the vari- ously coloretl (Materials from which they were manufacturetl. Somi are long and slender whilst other,-, are short .nul broad ; some are stemmed with short barbs, whilst (jthers have long barbs. Others again are lo/enge-shape. Some, from their appearance, would indicate their use as daggers The ma- terial used in their manufacture w. flint, quartz, jasper and chist. In this state is found om- type of spear-head wb"'h differs in form from any found in other states, its vvidth being greater tiian its length. We have called them fish-spears as they are usually found near rivers: In arrow-points we find every conceivable form, one type merging gradually into another; many unique forms appear, and so irregular in outline that the knife is suggested. As previously stated, it is often difficult to determine where the arrow-point ends and the knife begins. When compared with like forms from other states their superiority in manufacture and delicacy of design is apparent. One reason for the superior excellence of the work lies in the fact that many of the arrow-pomts are made of the most: beautiful colors of Hint and jasper ; though in some localities, as for instance, Columbia Co., both ispear-heads and arrow-points are rudely and roughly made from (juartz and chist. All types found in other parts of the United States are present in Georgia. Hut there was one type peculiar to Georgia alone, similar speci- mens having been ftjund nowhere else in the United States, though they appear in England and Denmark. Such as those with long barbs, stpiare at ends, are always made of fiint. Bifurcated arrow-points are rare — very n..r- row thin points about 2 inches in length are common. There is one type unsymmetric in form with the upper edge bevelled, which, though stemmed as an arrow-point, would suggest the knife. Arrow-points with bevelled edges are numerous in the middle portion of the state and closely resemble those found in the state of Ohio, many are not only bevelled, but serrated also. The most beautiful specimens are of *Col. C. C. Jones's Antiquities of Southern Indians. 384 Prehistoric Implements. lit I .11 M i the triangular type, some attaining a length of 4 inches.* Arrow points made of pellucid crystals are also frequently met with. Under the head of spear-heads and arrow-points we will describe a long slender object similar to the flint blades found in California, thotjgh not so long, rarely exceeding 5 inches. To all appearances they resemble the California type very closely and are always made of flint. Spear-head from Frierson, La. Unusual, having two notches (for fastening) on each side. It is a triangular form, notched. Qu.te rare. Fig. 570. S. 1- This spear-head is a ty]iical (ieorgiu form. (All tlint implements, not otherwise specified, are from Dr. Steiner's collection. W. K. M.) I'iji- 577- S. i-a. *Many of the triangular siiccinieus arc serrated. The South. 385 ":^H>^ •'g- 57'- Forms of slender, shouldered speav-heads. Material, chert. Fig. 579- S- I-2. •'Very thin; well worked; usually (|uite symmetrica! ; bast- straight or slightly concave ; stem expanding by curved lines, with shoulders or barbs: base with sharp tangs. Some specimens are finite slender, others almost as wide as long. I'ew are above two inches in length. The edge is sometimes a broken line instead of a regular curve "* Fig. 580. I.,awrence County, Ohio. Fig. 5.S2 is somewliat like Fig. 5S4 of Dr. Steiner's col lection, only that the barbs are broader and are expanded. Fig. 5S2. This form is only found in the South and rarely out of the Oeorgia-Mississippi-N. -Carolina region. They range from half this size to 4 by 5 inches and are nearly as broad as long. Why were they made in such a strange form ? Fig. 583. S. 1-2. *Stone Age; Gerard Fowke ; p. 160. ■w^'-l 386 Prehistoric Implements. ii;i Fig, 581 is from Savahana Valley. Very peculiar Epecimen. The edges are doubly chipped. This typical of Georgia. Fig. 581. S. i-i. Peculiar to the South. Shouldered ends of barbs squared, sides converging straight down to the point. Found in all sizes— usually of chert, jasper, etc. Fig. 5S4. S. 1-2. *!>!> i I r : r I A triangular indentation in the base. Peculiar \^'''i%^j>^ form. Chiefly confined to the South. \ ■'''-'"T'3^ Indented at base and shouldered. Not so well chipped as some other forms. Fig. 5S6 S. I- 1. Fig 585. S. m The South. 887 ,- ;^^0 .^ Shouldered, serrated spear head. Fig. 5S7. S. 1-2. Spear-head serrated along the upper part. An unusual form, not found North. Fig. 583. S. i-i. War-point. Common arrow-head. Fig. 5S9. S. i-i. Fig. 590 S. 1-2. Rotary arrow-head. From Frierson, La. yuite peculiar. Has one barb been broken ? Fig, 59t. S. 1-2. Fig. 502. S. 1-2. LAU specimens not otherwise given are in Ur. Steiner's collection. W. K. M.) 388 Prehistoric Imfjkments. IrJl; I Long, slender spear or lance head— very fine. Quite a number of such are found in Louisiana. This object is in Messrs. Frierson Bros.' collection ; Frierson, La. Possibly a knife, per- haps a drill. Common on village sites. Fig. 593. S. 1-2. Fig. 594. S. i-K -J i i^ H i ' 't 1^ ' § 1 i! ■ 1 J , 1 ' k 1 ' J : 1 ' :? 1! ('- I A little perforator having a sharp point. It was made into an arrow- head first. Then the point was chipped down to its present needle-like form. Fig. 595- S- i-i. Leaf-shaped implements are found in all parts of the world, and though not rare, they are by no means plentiful in Georgia. Their use is a matter of conjecture. We feel that in classing the smaller and medium sizes as knives, we are not in error. The larger and ruder forms answered, perhaps, for the heads of war clubs, their shape and finish indicates use, but their edges or points show no indication of wear. It is evident, from their shape, that if they were not incomplete implements, they were used as some kind of cutting tools. Under the head of miscellaneous or odd forms are found many beauti- ful specimens of handiwork in stone, which it is impossible to classify either as an ornament or an implement, yet the highly tinished workmanship leaves no doubt i;i the mind that they occupied an important part in the domestic, festive, or warlike pursuits of life, and were held in high esteem by their possessors. The South. 389 Ceremonials and Pendants of Stone. The form, the character of the stone used, the perforation, or perfora- tions, or shght groove, or notch around the head or smaller extremity, clearly suggests the use of these objects. In some instances we meet with these pendants broken but not discarded, a new perforation rendering the pendant as useful as ever. We frequently find them with ii'.^ised lines cut upon one or both sides, which, perhaps, was a chronicle of an event of the life of the possessor. They must have been held in high esteem as many are artisti- callv made. The large bead, the cere- monial and the bird effigy are characteristic Georgia stone or- naments. Fig. 5q6. S. i-i. The " spade-shaped" ceremonial, shown in Fig. 237, pg. 159, is found in the South and Mr. Moore, Col. Jones, Prof. Holmes, etc., figure them. In excavating the Etowah group we found one 24 inches long, of green serpentine. Ordinary slate ornaments or tablets commin in the North, are very rare. Fig. 597. S. i-i. Stone gorget from mound at Mt. Royal, on the St. John's River, Florida. A simple form of ornament common south. We are indebted to Mr. C. B. Moore for the loan of this figure. ■i 390 Prehistoric Implenientt' 1, 1, m • ![K Fig. 59S. S. 12. ((. Axe grooved in center and pointed at each end. fi. Axe witli broad blade, sides gracefully curved and T shaped top. I. Unknown. Opposite i,'- in the center, a small wedge shai)ed celt, common in the South. /". A flint celt or chisel . e. A narrow chisel peculiar to the South. (i. A flint celt concave on one side. Though c is made of serpentine, it has a cutting edge it might be classified as a knife, but the absence of all wear upon the edge and being perforated would indicate that it was used as an ornament. It is about 5 inches long, the b'adeabout4 inches wide. It is spade-shaped, the spade portion about 4 inches long witha handlean inch long. It is jierforated just below the junction of the handle with the blade. This form is found in the upper portions of the state. The South. 391 Fig. ^.()i) is a grooved plummet from a mound near Catahoula Parish, La. I"ig- 5W. S. i-i. Fig. 600 is a typical butterHy ceremonial. Material, pagodite. Rhea County, Tenn. Fig 600, S. i-i. It is interesting to rote that most of the ceremonials illustrated by Mr. Fowke are from the South or Middle South. Polished Stone Hatchets*, Chipped Hatchets, Etc. Polished hatchets are found in about the same proportion as f;rooved axes. Though much more frecjuent in the northern portion of Georgia, they are not entirely absent in the southern portion. The material used in their manufacture was the same as in grooved axes. Some forms differ from those found in other states in the Union. In many sections of the southern portion of the state where polished hatchets are not found, we find those that are chipped supplying their place. When chipped they are made of Hint, jasper or chist. Some are simply rough irregular masses that are brought to a cutting edge. Their length was from 2 to 14 inches, width from I to 3 inches. Some closely resemble the iron wedge of the present ♦Commonly called celts. It'F ■ I 11 ' ii' H.4 li : 'f 'I: ; ! 9 I '^ , Ii S92 Preh is t oric Im piemen ts . day, while others expanding at the cuttinj; wedge, presented a fan-like a|)- pearance, and some are perforated as if for suspension. Other hatchets arc not polished, but are well chipped ; the cutting edge seems by use or art slightly polished. I met with several beautiful specimens of black chert in excavating at the Etowah mounds, Ga. As diorite and serpentine were nut present in many parts of Georgia, other materials were used in the manu- facture of hatchets, as they could be chipped in a way to enable them to be easily handled or hafted. Unpolished, chipped hatchets supplemented the want of polished hatchets. Chisels, though frequently found, are by no means common and differ from polished hatchets only in the matter of size, some being i inch long and }, inch wide, the extremest 'eugth rarely exceeding 4 inches. They are manufactured from every variety of 'Material from diorite to (]uart/. I Fig, ()()! is a curved celt of brown tlint from a ,i,^rave in Alexander County, 111. Fij>. fiDi. S 1-2. I'ig. 6o2 is a beautiful Hint celt from Benton County. Tenn. Very highly polished. Fig fio2. S. I 2. ^ The Si > nth. 3H3 ;ire Pottery. In the ceramic art the aboriginies ai Georf,Ma were skilled. The pots varied in capacity from half a pint to five j.jalioiiS, though the inner surface was always plain the exterior was covered with various fanciful designs. In many there were holes for suspension, others had handles representing hu- man, bird or animal figures. The exterior ornamentation was the result of impressions made while the clay was in a plastic state with matting, cords, or sharp pointed implements. Many had the shape of our iron pots to-day, while others resembled dishes. Those having what is known as the geomet- ric markings, or lines, are usually found in mounds. Under the head of pots we find a vessel known as the burial urn. Mr. Clarence Moore illustrates many forms from the mounds of the Sea Coast Islands of Georgia.* But they are by no means confined to the Sea Islands but are found in all parts of the state. Prof. VV. H. Holmes's paper on American Pottery of the Mississippi Valley was pub" lished in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, ('82-83). Some of the specimens figured in his able report are different from those presented in the Middle South section. Fig. 603. S. 1-3. Arkansas Mound. Prof. Holmes says of this specimen (on page 38S) : " The vessel shown in Fig. 603 is one of the most unique yet brought to light. It is a heavy, rather rudely finished bowl, to the rim of which two grotesque heads, apparently of nondescript character, have been attached. One resembles the oft-occurring plumed serpent of aboriginal American art in a number of its characters. The other has a double comb resembling somewhat that of a domestic fowl. No description can convey as clear a conception of these monstrosities as the accompanying illustration." ♦Georgia Explorations. Clarence B. Moore, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, '. ■ .' nil t 394 I'rchis i or if Implements. " The vessel depicted in Fig. 550 has a number of noteworthy features. In shape it resembles the preceding with the exception of the legs, which are flat and have stejiped or terraced margins. The whole surface of the vessel is decor- ated with characteristic designs in red and white upon a warm gray ground. A stepped figure, resembling the Pueblo em- blematic 'rim of the sky,' encircles the neck, and semi circular figures in white appear on opiiosite sides at the top and base. The bodv is covered with scroll work in l)road red lines, the spaces being filled in with white in the form of a thick earthy paste. Kach of the legs has one- lialf red and ilie other white." Fig. O05. S. 1-3. Arkansas burial i)lace. We are indebted to the Bureau of American lithnology for permission to make some twenty five or thirty electrotypes from government plates. This permission was secured through the courtesy of Professor W. J. McGee, Ethnologist in Charge. Professor Holmes says of Fig. 605, that it j'esembles a "female deer or fawn." The tail is pendant, as in nature and not curled as on mostof the effigy jiottery. The legs terminate beneath the body in cloven hoofs. iu^'"^- APPENDIX. Information on Various Subjects. A comparison of Califoi"ia and Southwest artifacts, and, again, a further comparison as between them and those of i!ie Mississippi Valley is interesting. That Southern Californ'ri culture was influenced to any extent by trade with the Cliff Dweller and Pueblo country, I am not prepared to admit. That the shell objects bear more or less resemblance to each other, we will at once grant. Mortars, metates, mano stones, long pestles (rollers) must needs be the same everywhere, just as triangular or "war " arrow- heads must of necessity be alike. But note the disimilarities. In the Southwest the pro- jectile points and knives are small. They are neither as numerous nor as large as on the Coast. The Coast is peculiar because it lacks pottery. The Southwest is famous for its ceramic art. Grooved axes are common in the land of the Pueblo ; they are wanting in Cal- ifornia. And so, o"»^ miehf 50 on giving differences. Now, as to the Southwest and the East, California and the South, Greater variations in types could scarcely be imagined. After stating that axes, hammer-stones, rollers, etc., are as types in other localities, what have the four regions in common ? Very little. One might be safe in stating as a general proposition that California and the Southwest stand apart, separate, unique from the rest of the country. It is certain that the arid region in which these tribes lived greatly altered and modified their modes of life. Doubtless any of the Eastein or Southern tribes living under similar conditions would exhibit the same peculiarities. There is less similarity between California and Arieona forms than between Ohio and Georgia artifacts. Yet the climates of the South- west and Southern California are identical. The differences in specimens are not easily explained unless one takes this view : Being near the Coast, with a greater rainfall, and also nearer mountains the California tribes were not so dependent upon irrigation. They procured food more easily. Game was more abundant, also roots, herbs, nuts, etc. The desert folk of the Colorado Valley were compell- ed to struggle for an existence. As it happens in all ages and among all tribes of men, their continual strife with averse conditions developed the mind, stimulated invention and culmi- nated in a culture, which was, just prior to the Spanish discovery, higher thanthat found else- where north of Mexico. It is no exaggeration to place the Cliff and Pueblo peoples above all others. The first rude wall built, the primitive, irrigating ditch, the coarse cloth of the ex- perimental weaver— all these were beginnings of what later came to be arts. And we can trace the evolution of ideas in many places in the Southwest. It is through hardship and failure that man progresses. Had the Pueblo and Cliff people been surrounded by herds of 39rt Prehistoric Im/tlcnwnts i':! bison, wert fruits and nuts in iibundance, wl- would to-dav iuive no grout compartment houses, of 'loo rooms no towers no ruin-groups for study. The objects from the Southwest, except tiie otVi^ics and unknown stones, are mostly practical. The ornamental and ceremonial class is not so numerous as in the Hast. Kub bingor grinilinji; stones predominate above all others and these, taken with the long irrigating ditches and otlier evidences, lead us to conclude that the desert people were serious, indus- trious folk. They might have set the roving Indian bands of 200 years ago a worthy example. While the tribes, taken altogether, were above the Mound building folk in cultuie status; yet an archa-ologist who guaged a peojjle solely by their wea|)ons, ornaments or utensils might dispute the position accorded the Southwest tribes. Ignoring the jioints, agriculture, architecture, textile fabrics, etc, two tables might be prepared which present the relative excellence in stone and clay, bone and shell objects. ri'Kiii I) rkiiiKs. Pottery, Mortars, Shell work, Turc,uoise objects. Unknown objects. Effigies (stone). M(Jl'Nl) DUII.DINi; I'KIIIKS. Grooved Axes, Pestles, Slate Ornaments, do ceremonials, Pipes, Copper objects. Hematite objects. Bone objects, Flint objects. It will be seen that in art forms alone, the Mound building tribes excelled. Slate Tablets and Arrows of Primitive Indians. " Of the tablets you speak of, I have seen several, but the holes were much larger than those you describe. Those that I have seen were used by the Indians for grooving the shafts of their arrows. All arrows of the primitive Indians are found with three grooves from the arrow's shoulder, at the fluke, extending to and conducting the air between the feathers to give them steadiness. Tiiese grooves, on close examination, are found to be indented by pressure, and not in any way cut out ; and this pressure is produced, while forcing the arrow, softened by steam, through a hole in the tablet, with the incisor of a bear set firmly in a han- dle and i)rojecting over the rim of the hole as the arrow-shaft is forced downward through the tablet, getting compactness, and on the surface and in the groove a smoothness, which no cutting, filing or scrajiing can produce. It would be useless to pass the bow-string through the tablet, for the evenness and hardness of the strings are produced more easily and effec- tually by rolling them, as they do, between two flat stones while saturated with heated glue."* ♦From a letter to Charles Rau from Mr. George Catlin, an extract of which was repro- duced in the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution of 1S72, page 363-4. Date of letter December 24th, 1S71. liilhriimthni on Wurioiis Snhjccts. FiKE MaKINC. Al'PAKAIL'S.* ;ii>< "Thu bow is used by individuals in borinj? holes. It is presiiniod tliat its use as u f\re- making tool is seciindary, the cord and handles l)einn the older. The dillieulty of makirii; fire is greatly increased when one man attemiits ic. nuike it with the compound drill at the critical moment the dust will fail to ignite ; besides, there is no need of one man making fire: a thing that is for the common good will be shared by all. Hence, the cord with the handles, which usually requires that two men should work at the drill is as a rule used by the Ivskimo. "Though the Sioux, and some other North American tribes, made use of the bow to in- crease the speed of the drill, they did not use the thong with handles, nor was the bow com- mon even in the tribes of the Sionan stock that had attained to its use (see remarks p. 5411). The bow may be termed a more advanced invention, allowing one man with ease to bore holes." The Methods ok Fikk-making.I " All mechanical methods of generating fire take advantage of the law that motion, ap- parently destroyed by friction, is converted into heat. These methods can be grouped under three classes, namely: (i) Wood friction; (2) percussion of minerals; and (3) com- pression of air. " Three other methods exhaust the entire range of usages in fire-making, and they are with one exception, perhaps, recent. These may be arranged in the following classes : (4) chemical; (5) optical ; (6) electrical ; but these are also the exhibition of friction in its higher manifestations. Friction on Wood. " There are three well-defined variations in the method of making fire artificially by friction 0:1 wood, namely: (1) Hy twirling or reciprocating motion ; (2) by sawing; (3) by plowing. "A shallow depression is first made near the edge of the hearth in order to give the spindle 'bite.' From this depression a slot is cut down the side of the hearth as a duct for the wood debris which has been ground off. The operator then takes the spindle by its upper end between the palms of his hands and inserts the lower end in the shallow depression. In twirling, a strong downward pressure is given to' the spindle. The hands, which neces- sarily move down through the combined pressure and the back and forward motion, must be returned quickly to the top of the spindle without allowing the air to get under the lower end of the latter. After continued friction, evidences of combustion are seen in the ground off •Walter Hough, Miscellaneous Reports on Anthropological subjects, p. 556, tUnited States National Museum, Smithsonian Report for iSgo, page 395. Walter Hough, Department of Ethnology, U. S. National Museum. 398 Prehistoric Implements. \ \ wood meal. In shaping the lower end of the spindle, it is absolutely necessary that its point should be in contact with the bottom of the shallow depression, otherwise it will " bind " against the edges of the depression and defeat the object. "CoRH AND Bow Four-hart Drills. " Several improvements of the simple drill have been made by savage inventors. These improvements are shown in the cord drill, the bow, or moulh-dr 11, and the pump-drill. The first is used by tfie Eskimo, by some tribes of North American Indians, and by Dyak tribes. It adds to the spindle of the simple drill an upper bearing, called a hand-rest, and it revolves the spindle by a cord with handles alternately pulled. Two men are required to work this drill " Notes on the Manufactire and Decoration of Pottery. i| 9' Readers are doubtless familiar with some of the several articles dealing with the manu- facture of pottery. They know that the clay is carefully selected, made plastic by kneauiuj; and rolling ; that it is mixed with pounded granite or musseil shells to temper it and give it sufficient consistency; that it is moulded about a gourd, boulder, basket or otner object, or that it may be moulded within a basket or open receptacle, etc. Then it is burned. Professor V. H. Gushing made frequent experiments in his efforts to understa^ d how the laiger vessels and bowls were made. His observations are interesting and worthy of re- production here. The Germ of Shore-land Pottery.* " With the latter I made a pot shaped pit like those I had discovered the faint remains of, rubbing thick clay-water around its perimeter to make the bottom and sides firmer, and keep the vertical portions from caving in. I allowed this form to dry. In the course of only two or three hours it had become comparatively hard. I then mixed clay-paste with which to form, inside of the pit, the walls of a vessel. Whilst the bottom and the lowermost portion of the sides of an incipient vessel could thus be formed with great ease, I soon found that it was nearly impossible to cause the thin wall of clay to adhere and thus retain its position higher up. It then first occurred to me that strips of bark, or fiber, or netting, might be pressed into the pit and used not only to hold the clay in place around its sides whilst being built up, but also to aid in lifting the green vessel out when fashioned, for dry- ing. I therefore roughly netted together some coarse cordage iu the form of a bag of suit- able size and introduced this into the pit. The first experiment made proved a failure. When I had built up the clay near v to the margin of the form, its sides collapsed inward, netted cordage and all. Again I proceeded as before, this time, however, weighting the edge strings of the bag down to the surrounding surface with rocks. I succeeded peifectly *The Inter-National Congress of Anthropology, page 220. Frank Hamilton Ciishing. Editi Information on Various Siihjccts. 399 in fashioning the vessel ; but, on endeavoring to draw it out, found, of course, that it would be necessary to lift evenly on all the edge-strings, else the still soft vessel would give way or at best be utterly distorted when taken out of its mould, by the unequal strain of the strings. It very quickly occurred to me that these difficulties could be overcome by attaching the strings to a hoop, then lifting rhe vessel out by means of that. Following this plan, I suc- ceeded completely. "Thus exposed, it set within an hour or two, becoming so firm that I successfully re- moved, by a sort of gradual peeling-off process, as one takes oft" a tight glove, the netted bag in which it had been suspended. After it had been slightly dressed down and welded where necessary by more scraping inside and out, with clam-shells, I was surprised and de- lighted to find that its general surface presented almost the exact appearance of the outer surfaces of the shreds I had been finding, save that the textile impressions were coarser in my specimen than in the ancient ones." Professor Holmes in "Studies in Aboriginal Decorative Art," describes what he con- sidirs some of the finest pottery of American aboriginal make. Stami>ki) Okna.ment or Sonn Ai'PAlaciii.w 1'^akthi;n\vake."''' "One of the most marked and interesting varieties of earthenware found within the limits of the Atlantic drainage is distributed very generally over contiguous portions ot Georgia, North and South Carolina. Alabama and Tennessee. It is found also, to some ex- tent, in Florida. For convenience of designation I have called it the South Appalachian group of ware. The finest specimens ccmie from the valley of the Savannah. Along the (rulf and Atlantic coasts these wares are intermingled with other forms ot iiottery. which, as a rule, are of inferior quality Decoration. " As already mentioned, the remarkable style of decoration, more than any other feature, characterizes this pottery. Figured stamps were rarely used elsewhere, save in Central and .South America, and the stamps employed in this instance do not appear to have possessed much diversity of design. The exact form of the stamp or die is of course not easily deter- mined, as the imprint upon the rounded surface of the vases represents usually only the mid- dle portion of the figured surface of the implement. There can be but I'Me doubt, however, that the stamp had a handle, and therefore assumed the shape of a i)addle, as do the stamps used by the Cherokees at the present time. " The lines vary from 3 to 10 to an inch, and when covering the surface of a vessel give a hatched or checkered effect, closely resembling that made by imprinting a coarse open fabric. These figures are often attributed to the modeling of the vessel in a basket, but close examination shows that the figures are arranged in small groups which do not coincide upon the edges where the impressions overlap, and that the arrangement of parts is not that of woven strands. ♦The American Anthropologist : Vol. \'. Jan., i8i)2. Page 67, I '■■ li I 400 Prehistoric Implements. The Rocking Stamp or Roulette in Pottery Decorations.* "The use of the stamper figured paddle in pottery decoration, reviewed at some lengtli in the January number of The Anthropologist, was not confined exclusively to the South Appalachian region. A somewhat poorly defined group of ware, not differing greatly in any respect from the Appalachian pottery, and decorated like that ware with stamps, is found in a few limited districts in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the best and most numerous examples coming from the vicinity of Naples, Scott county, Illinois. ' ' The stamps or dies were not applied to the entire surface of the vessel, as were the paddle stamps of the south, the impressions being independent of each other and separated by short intervals, producing a diaper effect within certain spaces or encircling the vase in zones. "These stamped specimens are referred to in this place, rather than in connection with the Appalachian stamped ware in the preceding paper, on account of their close relations with another group of pottery ornamented with a roulette or rocking stamp, illustrations of which are given in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. This interesting relationship, heretofore unobserved, may readily be made apparent." Earthenware Vessels with Bottom Knocked Out.* " For the benefit of those not familiar with our previous Reports on the Florida mounds, we may say that it was the custom in that State often to knock out the bottom, or to make a hole through the bottom, of earthenware vessels, previous to inhumation with the dead and that this custom is believed to have been practised with the idea that the mutilation • killed ' the vessel, freeing its soul to accompany that of its owner into the next world. Ap- parently, however, it entered the minds of the more thrifty among the aborigines that vessels of value might serve a better purpose, and hence there arose a class of ceremonial ware, usually small in size, often of fantastic design and always of flimsy material, with bases per- forated during the process of manufacture. This cheap ware wa.s probably kept on hand and did duty for vessels more valuable and less readily spared. Additional Information Concernin(; Fu;. 619, Mr. W. C. Herriman, of Hamilton, Ontario, sends me 3 new photographs of Fig. 619 (see page 4i|). He thinks the head-dress is particularly interesting; " it being very much like the French capot, and suggests the period of early racial contact (?) ." It was found in Victoria County, Ontario, and is made of "the ordinary clay material." The head is hollow — whether by accident or iutent Mr. Herriman does not know— as it rat- tles distinctly on being shaken, there being, apparently, 2 or more loose particles inside. Height, 5 3-16 ; from front to back, 2 7-S inches. In the South pottery heads containing pebbles or balls of clay are common. They were used both by children and adults, though in the former case they served merely as toys. *The American Anthropologist, Vol. V, April, 189 J. Pages 149 150. +Mound Investigation on the East Coast of Florida. Clarence B. Aloore, 1S96. Page 8. SECTION XIII. The Manufacture of Flint and Chert Implements. "The discussion of flaked implements comprehends a study of all that pertains to the procurinjj; of flakable stone by means of search, collection, and (juarryin^, and of everything pertaining to the manufacture ot imple- ments by fracture, as in breaking and in flaking or chipping l)y jjcrcussion or pressure; it includes also a classification and descriptive presentation of the finished ])r()duct and a reference to their respective imjjlemcnts."* The above initial proposition by Professor Holmes is ap])licable to the manufacture of flint implements either localh' or generally. It is fortunate that the sites described in his paper were all near \v ashington, otherwise it would not have been possible for them to have received such detailed .-md personal study and investigation. In this brief section I shall (juote Pro- fessor Holmes, and from Mr. Fowke's various papers, notal)ly his observa- tions on I'^'lint Ridge; also Mr. J. I). McOuire's articles in the American An- thropologist; Observations on Stone Chipi)ing, Oeorge E. Sellers, and various remarks by Catlin, Cushiiig, Snyder, Wilson, Kau, etc. Material for knives, scrapers, drills, projectile jjoints and what-not was obtained from two sources. I'irst, quarries; second, from bowlders or nodules. As is naturally inferred, different methods were followed. It is vastly more diflicult to ojjen shafts in ledges of chert, flint, etc., than to dig out argillite, (piartzite or other bowlders numerous in gravel, sand or clay deposits of the North Atlantic region, the South, and sections of Tennessee, etc. In argillite, cjuartzite and other bowlder materials the first step, after their removal from the bed by the quarrymen, was to test them for c|uality of material.!" The removal of one or two flakes enabled the ex])ert work- man to determine whether or not the stone was rcasonal)ly tractable.:!: The .selected material was removed to the shop sites, where the flaker took up the work. "The i)roccss employed in flaking a])])ears to have been exclusively frac- ture by free hand i)ercussion, the act licing a (|uick, firm stroke, regulated in force by the nature of the resistance to be overcome and by the result desired." The stones being of all sizes and varying degrees of toughness no *Stoiie imiik'iiiciits otllif Potoiiiac-Cliesa])eakcTitic-\vater I'lnviiicf, I'rof. W. H. Holiiifs. Bureau of lUlinology Kep. '5)3-+; Page 29. TAd()]nc(l from I'rof. Holmes' paper with slight alterations. Jhi ()l)servatioiis ou Stoue Chipiiiiig, \)y deo. V.. Scllars. (Siuitli^^ouiau Kip. 'H.'>) he nuii- tious au interview with Calliu. "Me, (Catlin) eonsidered makiuj^ tlake> nuieh more of .ui art than the shaping of them into .arrow or spear-points, lor ;i thorough knowledge of the nature of the stone to he flaked was essential, as a slight ditlercnee in its (|uality nceessitatcd a totally different mode of treatment." 402 Prehistoric Implements. t! I 1 i. ' 1, 'i uniform method of rcducticm could be employed. The workman suited his blows .'IS to diicetion or intensity to the nature of the pebble. "Grasping a bowlder in either hand (supposing.? bowlder hammers to have been used), the first movement was to strike the edjjje of one aj»^ainst that of the other, at the proper angle to detach a flake. The second move- ment and the third were similar and so on until the circuit was comiileted. If no false stroke was made and the stone had the right fracture, few blows, occuju'ing but as many seconds, gave as a result a typical turtleback — a bowlder with one side faceted by artificial flaking, the other side, save through Jiccident, remaining smooth. If the removal of a single row of flake . \\ a^ not sufficient, the work was continued until the one side was re- duced to the proper degree of convexity, and the availability of the stone for further elaboration was made apparent." The stone was then turned and the opposite, or smooth side, flaked away, leaving a two-faced turtleback of common form. In Figs. (}0G-7 two tyi)ical turtlebacks from Massachusetts arc shown. Two untinislu'd injiillitc iiiiiilcnifiUs called l)\- some arch U'olnnist, "I'alfolitlis". IVoiii lU'ar Millhiiiy, Mass. (.'olk-clioii of .Mr. C. A. Cicer, to wliotii i am iiidchtcd for dcsfriplioiis and draw- in jrs. 1-ij;. cod. S. 2-~. I have purposely avoided a discussion of ])aleoliths and glacial man. This book is confined to a descri]}ti(m of undis])ute(l artifacts, etc. No cme is more ready to welcome discoveries tending to ])rove the verv givat anti- (juity of man than 1 am, l)ut the field experience of those who have been longest out and who arc rcully working archaeologists is, I think, fairlv against the jjroposition. If Fowke, Holmes, Smith, Dorsey, Thruston, Lewis, Mercer, Moore, Seever, all the field assistants, and others have not found, or cannot find them in their extensive travels and diggings, and if the burden of proof is to rest upon one implement found by workmen in a cellar and another pulled out of a railroad gravel bank by a strolling collector, it seems to me that we have been hastv in heraldingthe "discovery." Mr. Ernest Volk, at Trenton, has done the most and l)cst work of those who are "strong in jialeolithic faith." He finds scores of rude implements. Rut Holmes, Salisbury, Chamberlain, Mc(k'e Manufiicture of Implements 4.().'i and (juitc a few ^colo^ists and archacolos^ists of rei)ntati()n contend that the deposit is not ^l.'ieial— or rather that part in which the ini])lenients are found is not of glacial antic|uity. Moreover, they are near the surface. I know nothing of geology and depend solely upon the testimony of those who are skilled in that science. But I am able to recognize chip])e(l objects when I see them inearth, gravel or elsewhere. In all my travels I have never found one imbedded in strata of any kind, and I have trami)e(l, or driven along the foot of terrace bluffs where gravel was cx])ose(l, and rowed by gravel banks of the larger streams in Ohio and Indiana in a vain search for them. On those occasions I determined, in case of a find, to ])lace a guai'd over the spot and leave the sjx-cimens //; situ until compe jnt geo- logists and archaeologists arrived. The linders of the several j)aleolilhs under disjjutc made serious errors when they removed them. At the Hope- well Grou]), when our survey made those remarkable copjjcr, jjcarl and obsidian discoveries we took no chances but sent telegrams to prominent persons in archaeologic circk-s, guarded the finds over night and removed the copper ])lates, eihgies, l)la(les and what-not in the iircsence of ni;iny wit- nesses. There was never i\ (piestion as to the authenticity of the Hopewe! collection. All arguments would be forestalled if jjaleoliths were left in situ until examined by others than the finders. While I do not say that glacial man uid not exist in .Vmcrica, yet I am convinced that the prepon- derance of evidence to date is nej^ntive. Larger blades, the final ([urirrv-site stage, are of sujh sh|i' in tile process of ni;miif;iettirc. He siivs (page W3) "Tiicir most inii)ortaiit cli;iractcristie v.^* tiieir general siiape, nearly all l)eiiig referahie to f)rigin through the leat-shape blade. Fill om the outline of almost anv specimen, large or small, and the blade form is restored." 1?^! Miimifiicturc of Implements 40f The hammcr-stonc's with which this first work was done, arc not to l)c counted. They exist on nearly every village and cani]) site of America and exhibit varied surfficcs, from ones little used to old scarred and pitted veterans no longer useful. In the series presented (Figs. 009-1 0-11), I show those illustrated by I'rof. Holmes in his plate, LXIX. ImK- <)<>'.). S. ;?-+. Tin- siirlace is i)artly i)attere(l into roiiiuliicss. Fig. 610. S. 3-4. This one lias a well defined nit and is more highly specialized than Fig. 00!). Fig. 0,000 blows rc([uired for the manufacture of the implement. This stone weighed when first received 7,625 Troy grains; the present weight is 5,14-;5 grains; the loss therefore is 2,4-82 grains. This specimen, however, can hardly be taken as a fair standard of aboriginal work, for in selecting the material a workman would naturally choose a pebble as nearly the desired shape as could be procurred, and thus avoid a large part of the Labor. ThL- savage, if we can believe the accounts given ol him bv earlv travelers, was not likelv to make unneeessarv exertion." The .\mericaii .■Anthropologist. Vol. V. April, 189U. Hg. 107. Miitntfacture of Implements 40 1 "In chippin^r soinethinjr more is necessary than merelv strikin^r one- stone against another.* All ehipj)e(I inipletnents show a special fracture; the weijiht of the hammer, its material, and its shape are all important elements to be considered: the intended implement must be struck with a certain wei^dit and force and at a particular anj,de to acc()mi)lish the de- sired result. The c|uarry hammer of jrreat weif^ht must be used if it is desired to crush a lar^re block of stone; the hand hammer, to reduce it still further. Often possibly, a set, or punch and hammer, or pressure alone mav be used to accomplish the same purpose; then a;rain a li;rht 1)one hammer may be used to ^^ivc uniformity to edges left rough by the hand hammer or to detach flakes from a brittle material." Fi.!^, nili. S. 1-1. Kiule nok-licd axe, not iiolisluil but rliippcd into t.ha|ic liy a few blows. Sucliwtii doubtless used about the (|iiarries lor (lij;^iiij>, jjrtiir bint; up bnslics, etc. Kroni the I'otoniac Valkv. One of the best articles from a i)oi)ular point of view on ehip])ing. etc., was written by Mr. Sellars, a man of wide experience,-!- I sav popular, "Aniencaii Anthropoloj,Mst, Vol. VI, Paj^c 'Ml. J. I). McC.tiiie. ft)l)servations OH Stone Chipping, Cicor^e K. Sellars, of Illinois. Smithsonian. Report, .S5, pg. 87. i 408 Prehistoric Implements, m ■ hcc.'iusc thcavcra^c student or collector cannot read all that the authorities have written. Mr. Sellars does not write technically and one may follow without l)econiinjj^ weaned. He had a tViendshij) for the famous Catlin, and if any jjcrson could shed li^ht on "how arrows were made," Catlin could. Mr. Sellars, in referin^ to Catlin's observations, says: ''Most of the tribes had men who were expert at flaking, and who could decide at si^ht the best mode of working.;. Some of these pebbles would si)lit into tolcrablv jj;ood llakes l)y (juick and sharp blows strikinff on the same jjoint; otliers would l)reak by a cross fracture into two or more .)icces; these were pre- ferred, as jj^ood tlakcs could be split from their clem fractured surface bv what Mr. Catlin called imi)iilsivc pressure, the tool used bein^i ji shaft or stick of between 2 and 3 inches diameter, varyinjj: in Icnj^th from .'{() inches to 4 feet, according to the manner of usinj;them. These shafts were ])()inleil with bone or buck-horn, inserted in the working end bound with sinews, or rawhide tlion^s, to prevent splittin;^'. I'or some kinds of work the bone or horn tij)s were scraped to a rather blunt point, others with a slij^htly rounded end of about one-half inch in diameter. He described various ways of holdin<.r the st(me while the ])ressure was l)ein<:: a])plied. .\ water-worn peb1)le broken traversely was commonly held l)y l)ein^ stilHeiently imbedded in hard earth to ])revent its slijjpinji^ when held by the foot as the ])rcssure was applied. Lnrj^^c blocks of obsidian or any easily flaked stones were held l)etween the feet of the o])erator while sittin<^ on the j,n-ound, the iiiii)iilsive pressure being ^ji'ivcn to the tool j^rasped in both hands, a cross- piece on the up])er end restiny; ajj^ainst the chest, the bone end aj^ainst the stone in a sli;j;ht indentation, previously j)repared, to jiive the proper angle and to prevent slip])ing. "In some eases the stone operated on was sectired l)etween two i)icces or strijjs of wood like the jaws of a vise, bound together by cords or thongs of rawhide; on these stri])s the ojierator would stand as he a])plic(l the pressure of his weight by impulse. The best flakes, outside of the home- made, were a suliject of commerce, and came from certain localities where the chert of the best quality was (|uarried in sheets or blocks, as it occurs in almost continuous seams in the intercalated limestones of the coal meas- ures. These seams are mostly cracked or broken into blocks, that show the nature of the cross fracture, which is t.'iken advantage of by the operators, who seem to have reduced the art of flaking to almost an abso- lute science, with division of labor; one set of men being expert in (piarry- ing and selecting the stone, others in prei)aring the blocks for the flrd- chi]) leaves a serrated ediic, th :h le elni)S or iliikiS ncnig generally pa ralb iralk w hich IS thi object of a good workman to make them. When the flat side by chipjjing has beenred need to nearly the re(|uired form, itsedgesare in the l)est possible shape for ehip])ing the oj)])osite or high side, then by alternate working from side to side, the point is flnished, either leaving it with serrated edges or by after delicate work throwing off the ])oints, leaving a smooth, sharj) edge. The indentations at the base either for b.-irbs or for thongs to sccin'c the point to its shaft are made by direct down jjressure of a sharj) ])()int working alternately from side to side, the arrow-])oint being held iinnly on its flat lace. I-h'oni the narrowness of the cuts in some of the specimens. Mnnnl'iivlurc of linplc/nciits. 411 .'111(1 llii' lIiiikiK'ss ol' tlic sloiK- wIkiv iIk'v li'niiiii.'iU', 1 li.'ivi' imliiK'd to llic holiv't" lli.'ii .It ilk' pnidd llu'v Wfiv iii.'Kk', llif .ilxirij^iiii-'S Ii.hI somctliiuji slr()iij4.r ilian Iioir- Lo opcraU* willi, as I liavc in-vir luni al)k' in iiiiilati' soiiK' of llKir (kcp, licivy (.-uls with it; hul I liavi- siuriTik'd hy iisiiii; a c()])|)c'r pniiiL, \vlii(."!i possesses all tin.' propL-rtics of tin.- lioue, in liildiii;^ to its work willioiil slippiiij,' and lias iIk' sliviijb^th for dinvl thrust iV(|iiii\'d. A soft iron or a tlio.'ouj;lily aiinrak'd stcil point answers even a hetler pur- pose. As ,^t no eojjper has been found on this tlakin;,' ,i;roiin(l, tliou.Lih a few eo|)|)er heads and renuiants of what appear to have been ornaments liave lieeii taken iVoni liie mounds on the rid,L;es of tiie Saline, \\ hieii I liiink is evideiiee thai thev had that metal at the earliest lime work was done on this llakinu iiank. "Itrvee \Vri;^lit. in his deseriptio:i of tiieSeandiiiavian knives or dai^uers rel'ers to them as l)ein;.j most heatilifully dentiled with parallel tlakin^ and serrati'd ed^^'s. lie says; "These knives or lanees are true marvels of |)re- hislorie art, and show an amount of skill and workmanship wliieli eaniiot he imiiiled in the present ayi', the art of fashionin,!^ them iiavin,!^ been entirely lost." Sir John Lub'ooek, on paj;e lOl- of "I'rehistorie Times," says: "The erimpinn' .'don,!,; the ed.LTe of the handle is very eiirlons." ,\s.to p;ir;dlel, il.ikin,i;s with serrr.ited ed^^e, 1 h.ave ende.'ivored to show (from :\ nKehaiiie.'d view-point) th.at the rehise of tla j,;re.il llinl (pharries i)()int to a mode of workin.u th.'it must leave the dentiled m() .'ire fnund ni issive Hakes or ehips of line-;,MMined (|!i;irLzite, that le.'ieh another lesson to a seeking' pr.aetie.'d meeiianie, nosiiin' ,'il)out anion,!.;' other .'leeumul.'ited reluso. These liakes are often ronuh on one laee, showing them to be .'in outside seale from the stone; oeeasion.'illy, fni^- nunts of l.ir^j^e tlat imi)lenients that have been cl.'issed .as .'ij;rieultur.'d (hoes orsp.ades). The.se fraj;inents h.'ive not l)een broken by want of skill in the workmen, but irom the undiseovered se.'ims in the stone that did not show until the outer surfaee was thrown otV. None of these fragments show ;iny si};;n of use; in fact some of them h.'ive not been wrou>;ht to an edge. I h.-ive .sever.'d s])eeinions of hoes from the same ridge beyond the settlement where it would natur.dly be eultiv.'ited, th.'it from their highly jiolished working ends, show long use. The lesson is that they are not m.'ule from gre.at U.'ikes but rather represent the core from whieh ihdies have been thrown 1 Iri: 412 Prehistoric Implements. HI I off. Finished hoes and spades frequcnth- have portions of natural stone partings that ha\e not been worked off, and show them to have been worked from thin sh;bs. These slabs are a metamorphie thin bedded sandstone, belonja:in^ to what our state geologist. Prof. A. H. Worthen, ealls the Chester group. They oeeur near the Saline, about 8 miles above the flaking ground, in an ujjheaval that has brought them to the surfaee with the u])turned edges of the earboniferous limestone through whieh the salt springs How. This is jirobably the souree whence this cpiartzite was obtained, as slabs from 1 inch to 2 inches thick are foinid there; but there are many other locations stretching across Southern Illinois to the Missis- si])pi River where they also occur. "It is the large agricultund implements that I refer to as having bjen made from (puirtzite slabs, some of which are as much as 1(5 inches long by inches and 7 inches wide at the s])ade-blade end. There are many smaller specimens of the same form and character that have been regularly flaked from chert, white waxy (piartz, yellow and brown jasper, that do not exceed (5 or 7 inches in length, their working ends highly polished by long use in digging. It is the large hoes £ind spades flaked from quartzitc sl,'d)s that to me arc evidence of a much higher degree of intelligence and skill than the most highly-finished spear and arrow-])oints evince. Take an edge view of one of these large spades, and observe how accurately straight and free from wind, the edge has been carried entirely around the imi)!cment, the flattening of one side and rounding the other; then observe that the long flat very slightly depressed Hakes have l)ccn thrown off at right angles to the edge, even to those curving around its digging or cutting end, which ap])car to have radiated from a common Cv.'ntcr. If these fl.akes have been thrown off by blows so struck and directed as to jireserve the cleanly lined edges, as the operator has carried them in his mind, a skill must have been accpiired that we cannot apjjroach. "In all the experiments that I have tried with a hammer, whether of stone, steel, soft iron, or copper, they have failed to jjroduce the desired result; the se,';t of the flake is more conchiodal, shorter and dee])cr de- pressed, whereas the direct [)crciissive pressure throws off the sha])e of flake that we And has been done in making these spades. If this mode has l)een resorted to, it necessarily recpiircd considerable ingenuity in devices for '• )lding the stone slab firmly, while the pressure \\-ns being ajjjjlied in the light direction. The wooden clamp described by Catlin may have been used. The sim])lest device that occurs to me that will answer the purjjose is a block of wook ])lanted in the groimd, with its end graii; up, cut on toi> into steps, the lower steps having grooves jjarallel with the rise of the u])])erstep; in oneof these grooves the edge of the implement is placed, its back resting against the edge of tlie higher stc]). When in this ])osition, jjresent- ing the jjroper angle to the o])erator, a man holds it firmly while another ap])lies the i)ressurc. A lower stej), with the edge of top are hollowed out lo receive the work, while its lower end rests in an indentatitm in the lower step. In this manner a spade can be firmly held while its cutting end is l)eing flaked. I do not present this as a mode that was practiced, but as a :lll^ Manufacture of Impk-mcnts 41 a device that answers the purpose, and I jud^e to be within the cai^acity of the ancient flint-workers, ot whom there is nothin^^ left hut their clii])s and finished work. "Let any one experiment with a bone point in chijjjjing flint; he will soon discover the value of a dry bone, a bone free from <;rease that will hold to its work without slipping, a bone with sufiicient hardness to resist abrasion, a bone of strength to bear the pressure, and he will value such a pointed bone, and will understand why, with such a bone. John Smith's ancient arrow-point maker 'ra/ue^/ /?/s above price and would not part with it.'' I have been informed that the modern Indians free their flaking- bones from grease by burying them in moistened clay and wood ashes, not unlike the common practice of our housewives to remove grease from their kitchen floors. "The hunter or trapper described to me the mode still in practice among the remote Indians of making flakes by lever pressure combined with per- cussion, that is more philos()])hical and a better mechanical arrangement than by the use of the flaking staff", as describedljy Catlin. Thev might utilize a standing tree with spreading roots for this jniqjosc; a flattened root makes a firm seat for the stone, a notch cut into the body of a tree the fulcrum for the lever, either a ])ointed stick is placed on the j)()int of the stone where the flake is to be split from it, its upper end resting against the under side of the lever, or a bone or horn ])oint let into and secured to the lever takes the i)lace of this stick. When the pressure is brought to bear, by the weight of the operation, on the long end of the lever, a second man with a stone mall, or heavy club strikes a blow on the up])er side of the lever, directly over the pointed stick or horn-point, and the flake is thrown oflF." Fl.vki.nc, nv Hkat Tiikokv. This is held by some collectors. l)ut it is entirely erroneous. Heat cracks and destroys flint, ([uartz, etc.. and by no ])ossil)ility could flakes be detached by the a])j)lication of fire. Fl.I.NT RiDCK OlARKIKS. 1 have referred to the innnensc deposits (pg. .'U")) at this ])lace. The chert lies from a to 10 feet l)elow the surface and the middle and lower parts of the bed aie much purer. I»rof. Fowke has thoroughly c.\i)lored the Kidge. As to the method of (|uarrying. he says:* "Digging away theearth with such tools as he could improvise— jjointed sticks hardened by fire, antler, bone, or stone,— he came to the surface of thj flint. This resisted all his efl'orts until he thought of the efl'eets of heat, riacing wood upcm it, he set fire to the pile. When the stone had reached a high teni])erature he threw cold water on it; this caused it to shatter and crack in all directions. Casting aside the fragments, he repeated the opera- t'um, until he had finally burned his way to the limestone beneath. Remov- ing all burned porticms of the flint, he next procured a (piantity of fine clav and spread a thick coating est. IS onlv one o| sever.al lumdred sueli pl.aees. To eolleetors who are eontiised by the iiomenelature emphned in des- eribini; dit'fereiit i);irts of the arrowdie.ad the lollowin,^;' plan and deseription prep; ireu .Mr. I'owke will be of value.' ^n I-iLT. <>1,M S. 1-1. (■ tart-. (/ lifvcl.i c l)la(k'. /' I. 111!,'. k m liarh. 111 slioiililcr. "The onlv diflerenee between barb and shouldt'r is that the b.arb is jn'o- lonnelin\v!- tiii^ iiiuir |ilainl\-. Mnnufiicturc of Implements 415 ing to whether the ed.yc olthe hii])lemeiit nifikes an aiiule or a curve wliere (h'awn in to form the stem. "In the steniless spL'chnens the l)asc is the end op|)()site the ])oint. "A tajjerinj^ stem means one narrowin}; toward tlie base; straij^jlit, one whose sides are parallel; and cxpandini^, one whieh is widest at the base." I'i.i;. (>1 4-. S, riiidiit 1-1(1. iii(li;iii baskets. MdiK' niort.'ns, pest li-s ami lit licT oliict'ts titim Calitunila and llic I'aiitii' luast. Cdlkrtidii nl .\li-. l-^anl< J. I.anil n>i r, (^ liii ayo, 'fl SECTION XIV. Additional Information, Conclluino Remarks, Etc. !i !f pRADl'LENT SPECIMENS. These are sotnctimes made and sold 1)3' unscrupulous persons. The various archaelogical publications have frequently exposed the "dealers" who {ire dishonest. I have received man}' specimens from time to time from collectors with rec|uests to pass upon ttteir authenticity. The traffic in bogus material is not extensive and the persons swindled are mostW beginners in archaeology or wealthy persons who have not exercised care in their purchases. All persons interested in the welfare of this science will agree that a law is needed to prevent fraud, protect ancient remains, etc. At present there is no way to bring counterfeiters in archaeology to justice. To avoid fraud, buy of farmers, country collectors of reputation or the long established and honest dealers. Detection of Frai'ds. Genuine specimens, in most cases, fire covered with a coating or deposit kaow.i as patina. This is du^ to long exp xsurj on the surface, or in ruins, to atmospheric agencies. Sometimes, where specimens have been carefully buried and are protected, or in cases (bone awls etc.) where the objects are impregnated with oil or grease, there is no jjatina. But such cases are excejjtional. This patina can be seen with a magnifying glass and often l)y the naked eye One of the best tests of genuineness (second to the presence of jiatina) is the looks of the object. Old collectors will agree with me that one si)eei- mcn looks old and genuine, whereas another does not. This difference can- not be made ])lain in words, and ability to detect comes with ])ractice. The experienced collector is seldom "fooled." .\s a final resort, si)eeimens may be sent to any large museum for opinion. If students will select a bit of slate or sandstone or granite and scratch with a sharj) bit of Hint, then make a jiarallel cut with a steel blade and examine both of tiie cuts under a magnifying glass, they will at once recog- nice the difference b^'tween the Hint and the steel groove. This experiment will aid them in determining the genuine from the modern make. Again, avoid all new, fresh, shiny objects. Some slate ceremonials will have a fresh or glossy appearance, yet they may be (and doubtless are) genuine. Pipes and discoidals, of the highly finished forms, are sometimes hard to prove. Hut usually they are genuine. At least, the museums can tell you in case of a (lisi)ute or an uncertainty. Conchisions. 4-17 Very few frauds that I have seen were well made. Most of them are elumsy and awkward and earry their own eondemnation. Travel in the eountry, do your own field searehin^', buy of farmers' boys, buy out country collections and there will lew (if any) frauds conic into your possession. Fiji;. 615. S. 1-2. Found iitar Trciuon, OnUirio. Collection ot <;. J. tliacd. Mjitiritil, i£i;(M2() I show several from the Missoiu'i Histoiieal Soeiety collection. No. 4- in the group would be considered by some observers to be a slender s])ear-hca(l instead of a drill. 4.20 Prehistoric Implements. II Professor T. H. Lewis sends :ne a photograph of a notched s])ear or lance-head, a fraction less than 16 inches long, 3 inches wide and very thin. It was found near Carpentersvillc, Ills., and is one of the finest exanijjlcs of flint chijjping art that I have seen. I regret that the photograph came too late to be engraved for insertion. Valuable metals are not found in mounds north of Florida.* That is, there are 3 exceptions to be noted. But in the 3 instances mentioned, the value of the metal was insignificant, and its presence is accounted by arch- aeologists to be accidental, or that the ancients did not understand the properties of the nuggets, etc. Professor Putnam found a few silver-coated copper buttons and we also took one ovit of the Hopewell Effigy Mound Fig. 621 The silver an! "hox" -/{\ size. The nuggets and other ol).jects round in the Snake Den nioumis are on e.xhibttion in the Ohio State .\rehaiologicai and Historical Society museum at Columbus, U. altar. A small gold onirmicnt was foiuid in Tennessee, I have heard. In searching for copper, le;in., etc., it is but natural that the natives might have run across a bit of gold or silver and treated it (cold hamn?ering it) as they would treat the copper. My museum assistant in the Spring of '97 explored the Snake Den Group of mounds in northern Pickaway county, Ohio. From one ot them he took out 5 nuggets of silver. Three of them were coated with black i)aint and two with pink ochre. The five weighed 6*4 ounces. The largest ntiggct, two ounces. They were in a smjill hollowed concretion, representing a rude stone box. This find caused great excitement among the farmers and the survey was compelled to cease its labors. All sorts of stories were in cir''ul.'ition as to the "buried treasure" and the museum was compelled to pay the owner of the mounds some eight times the value of the silver. *.\nd tliere thev are not numerous. Pee an article on ('.old and Silver Objects from Mounds in Florida. Oeo. F. Kunz. Am. .\nti(|uarian. «'ol. IX, I'g. 21',>. I i Cnncliisiotis. 421 (iKNKKAL OhSERYATIONS. The several editors and myself have endeavored, in thcpreceeding pages, to give an idea of prevailing types of ])rehistorie implements, ornaments, etc. The comparisons which have been omitted, or such distinctions as might well be emphasized, I shall now make. Because of limited space these observations must be presented in the form of terse observations. It will be noted that in the Southwest there are more "unknown" objects than elsewhere. The region has been sadly neglected. Western Canada, save on the Coast, is also practicalh' unknown archaeologically. Great areas in Texas and the Carolinas are doubtless of interest to students, though they ma\' not be "rich" in specimens. Yet it is unfortunate that they have not been examined. The distribution of slate ornaments, ceremonials and pendants (charms or whatever they arc) is to me most interesting. As few are found west of a line drawn north and south through the center of the (ireat Plains, we may say that they are confined to the Central and Eastern United States. We may further reduce the territory by adding that they are nire south of a line drawn east from Little Rock to Newport News. They arc not very common in New England but are most numerous in the Middle Mississippi Valley. They furnish material for speculation to scientists as well as col- lectors and laymen. There are some 7 or 8 distinct tyi)es and .'iO or IJo subdivisions. .\ careful study of their distribution and the prevailing forms might shed some light upon their pur])ose, etc. In the near future 1 hope to publish a series of Bulletins treating of the various forms. It will l)e observed that several classes of ornaments and ceremonials .'irc confined to the Irocpiois country, or, at least, are more numerous there. This fact is interesting and it may indicate that some forms are modern. But I am persuaded that few of the slate objects are modern. My reasons are as follows: — First. There are few positive references in the narratives of travelers and explorers ns to this or that form of stone ornament or charm. Wc have little upon the Bird-stone, Crescent, Banner or Butterfiy, the Bar Amidet, the Tablet, etc. A reference such as: "he wore a stone about his neck," or "stone ear ring" is not sufficiently sjjecific to warrant us in say- ing with assurance, "this was the form worn." The early travelers have described the pijies, games, fabrics, manners, etc. but they have given us little cm the ornamental and ceremonial (stone) class. Second. If modern, wh}- do we not find them in the gnlves of undoulit- edly modern burials, along with kettles, gun barrels, glass beads, etc.? Third. If Inxpiois, (some of them) wh}' arc they most numerous in the great mound area of the Central Mississijjpi Valley where the confessedly Iroquois types of artifacts are exceedingly rare? Mound explorers of experience recognize distinctions which are difficult to imjiart to casual observers. I know that some of the authorities who have never opened mounds or graves will smile when I say that some mounds .seem old and others do not. Waiving the question of two forest i 4-22 Prehistoric Itnplcmcnts. IN j^rowths there are eertain mounds in every valley v.hieh are unciuestionahly old. If positive proof is demanded it eannot he j^iven. The explorer ean only retort, "prove the eontrary." Let us base the arj^ument on the Oiiio Valley where most work has l)een done. There are eertain hard elay mounds, also hijj[h mounds of loam, in whieh the baseor bottom is perfeetly dry. These that I seleet are on hills. It is 10, 20 or 30 feet from the center of the base to the exterior in any direction. No moisture can penetrate to the skeletons. Lo^s have been interred so lon^ that they are as dry as powder — they arc resolved into a brown dust, or they are shriveled and shrunken to half or a third of the original diameter. The explorer nt once pronounces a mound of this sort as one of the oldest. He finds the bones surrounded by dentritic formations. They have decayed not from moisture but because of ajj:e. Freciuently he finds only the teeth, or a part of the femur shaft, portions of the tibiae, etc. Only the hardest and stronji^est ])ortions of the human bodj- have endured. The earth digs differently from that of the average mound. The work- men notice it — workmen of experience. It is not because the elay is so much more compact than in other tumuli but because of the age of the structure. I have found a skeleton under a high mound, protected from all atmospheric influences, and only the crowns of the teeth remained. With these ancient burials we have found the crescent, the bar, the short bar (or foundation of Bird-stone), the pierced tablet and the com- mon slate ornament with one ])erforation.* We have found the unexjjlained forms — the most neglected in archaeo- logical circles, as the galena Ijoat-shaped (unhollowed), etc. Copper beads, btme and shell beads, tubular pipes, etc. What the other surve3's have found in such mounds, I have not determined ;it this writing. In addition to this testiuKMU', there is that of the gravel knoll burials. Strange and interesting things are found in them. I have thought them to 1 e])resent a very ancient culture. What is the sum and substance of this testimony? .\re all these peculiar, I)er'iaps venerated, slate and granite ornaments-ceremonials to be set down as the work of I-'rench-Dutch-English-Spanish traders? Must wc say that the mounds are post-Columbian? To me one of the greatest indications of the aboriginal eh:iraeter of the ornament-ceremonial class is this: They do not resjinble, on th j whoL', similar oljjcjts found els..'wherc in the world. They are char- acteristically American. They do not look EuropL'an; there is no savor of the white man about them. Now, if a trader wished to please the savage, why should he conceive some form of ornament which he had never seen before? Would an ignorant trader invent these forms? I think not. Why should the trader select the lianded slates and shales usually not found in the localitr where the specimen is picked up? And, with all our field searching, whv have we not found the sites where traders— there must *I am aware thai the coiiinion slate oniaiiicnt was worn in modern times and 1 do not consider it in my argument. It is a survival ofantiqutiy. Conclusions. 42a have been more than one site— made these thinj^s? Why (h) so few of them bear traees of steel enttinjjf tools? In eonelusion I would add that the study of prchistorie arehaeolojjy has bL'en, to mj, a pleasurable pursuit for many years. The writin;; of re[)orts and the museum work scmietimes beeomes a little monotonous, but there is always that refuge left, where one may not only learn mueh l)ut reeeive jjhysical benefits— the field. iMeld testimony does not lie. Some- times labels do. Reports may be wrong, theories fail and eonelusions are dispr. .-en. Our pet notions are advaneed with presumjjtion, but the ex- perientv of later arehaeologists upsets them. In the field the faets are ever present— silent, but powerful. They, in themselves, are undisputable. The fault lies with us if we misinterpret. We have a responsibility to bear, and it is shared, to a greater or less extent, by the most humble eoUeetor. The speeimens are gradually drifting to the permanent musems. Uvery year sees new museums founded. Kaeh seascm an inereasing projiortion of arehaeologieal eabinets finds its way into permanent quarters in fire proof buildings, and there these things ean be studied and [)roteete(l. The eoUeetor, who faithfully preserves witheorreet data the material diseovered in his neighborhood, enjoys through many years his arehaeologic pursuits, and when he is through with his eolleetion presents it to a worthy institu- tion, renders seienee a serviee and perpetuates his own name. f il INDEX. American Association Advancement of Science Rep 8(), 125, 203 Abbott, Dr C..93, 188, 192 4, 200 4 1 1 46, 294 Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements, 185-7. 205 Aboriginal Man, Migration of 230 Aboriginal Trade in Noith America ig2 Aboriginal Remains in Kentucky 126 Aboriginal Weapons of California 234 Arrow-Points, Spear- 1 leads and Knives A classification of 73, 195, 205 Adair 164-5 Adzes 103-5, 212 Age of Stone, Bronze, Iron 230 Alaska 235, 272 Allentown, Pa 185 Alhambra, Arizona 36 American Antiquarian, 53. 65. 126. 160, 305-20-30-31. 420 American Archaeologist. 43, 89, 90 9, 188, 131, 294 American Journal of Archseology 294 American Naturalist, 91. 119. '25. 213-27, 2S0-94, 331 American Race 126 Amityville. N. Y 225 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley 192 Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain 197, 204 Animas River 29 Antelope Creek 74 American Anthropologist, 42-8, 53. t>S, 85, 144-7. 188. 291-4. 33' American Folk Lore Journal 85 American Museum of Natural History, . . . 253 Antiquities of Tennessee, 135-7. 144. J5'. 185. 204 Antelope 51 Antiquities of Southern Indians, 126, 199, 224 Anvil Shaped Stones 209 Armadillo 42 Archseo ogy of Lytton, B, C 225 Archaiological Reports of the Minister of Education 395-29 Archives of Aboriginal Know'edge. , 104 Arizona 35. 142 Arkansas 69. 126, 175 Arkansas River 66, 82 Arrow-Points, barbed 196 Arrow-Points, beveled 197 Arrow-Points, Division of 195-6-7 Arrow-Points, 41-4-9, 5'. 71-6-7, 85-7. 121-2 3-8-9. 130. 145-6, 168, 170-r, 181, 191-2-4-5-6-7-8-9. 2no-5, 241 54, 263-5 7 8, 383. Arrow- Points, Iron 51 Arrow Points, Nomenclature of 414 Arrow-Points, serrated. 169, 196, 307 Arrow-Points (triangular) 77, 121, 195, 200 ' Arrow-Points. Slate- see Slate Points, I Arrow-Points (unity metric) 191)' Arrow Straighteners or Smoothers 250 Art in Shell of Ancient Americans 142 At water, Caleb 130 Axes (double Grooved) ;i6i Axes. Grooved. 38, 40 I, 51, 62 9, 70, io7-(), 1 3 1-2, 144, 172-8 9, 180 2-4, 225-7-8, 275, 3'7-i''' '9, 360-1-2-7-8, Axes, Ungrooved. see celts. Axes, Manufacture of 406' Axes, Notched 317, 378 Axes, Striated 319' Bandilier, A, K 28 Bancroft, H. H 28, 257, 294 i Banner Stones 119. 220, 3o8-52-:6' Barr, Prof. J A 2634 6, 2824 5-8 Bartram's Travel? 382 Basketry 248 Basket Mortars 248 Barber, Dr, E. A 153, 229 Barnes, Geo. D 21-2-5 Beads (bone) 21-4. 72, 91, 128, 142 224 41 Beads (brass) 53, 128 Beads (clay) 377 Beads (copper) 89 Beads (shell) 21, 24, 72, 90, 142, 224, 24t Beads (stone) 128, 224, 241, 377 Beads (tur(iuoise) 46- Bicaves (discoidals) 33, 118, 367-75 Bidwell, General 275 Bone Implements 271 Bone Objects 91, 183, 228, 342 3- Bone Spoon 92 Bowls (s'one) . .' 232 Boyle, David 305-8; Booth, Nat. E 2iO' Boas, Dr. Franz 253 Bracelets (shell) 43 Brinton, Dr. Daniel G 126, 185 British Columbia 342 Brobst. John 223 Bronze Period 197 Bronks, Dr. J. M 127 Brous, Dr 72 Brown, Charles E 309 Brown, Jasper 168 Bush. Austin E njg, 223 Brower, Hon. J. V 24-6. 50-1-9, 6i-4-''-S Bureau of Ethnology Rep , 85, 144. 179. 294. 329-31-91. 40'-'4 Buffalo 51. 64-5, 168-71 Bulletin Essex Institute 125 New Mexico 28. 31-7 Cabrillo 213 Cache of Implements 26 California 36, 194, 206, 369, 84 426 Index. W Canada 17, 305 (1-7-6 J3- 17-34 ■Canoes, Stone 237 Canon de Chelley 27 Carved She'ls 135-43. 343-4 Carver's Travels 19 ? Carr. A. V 203 Catlinite 63. 67. 15S Catlin, George 165,4018 Caves 231 Cavey, Dr 333 Celts, 18 40, 87, 91, 104 5-6, 131, 143 4, 219, 275. 2S9 360 I . Celts. Flint.... 75-9, 80, 106, 128, 145-6 36063 Central America 230 Ceremonials, 41, 118 ig, 127, 15S. 160-1, 173-4 5. 187, 219- 20 50, 30S-911 52, 418. Ceremonial (butterfly), 119, 160 I, 174, 220, 309-52 53 Ceremonials (Crescent). 59. 308-11-52 56-8, 367 Ceremonial (unfinished) 355 Chaco Group 2i> Chadd. G. J 329, 4'7 Champlain Valley 86,9267 Ch tpin, Mr 28 Charleston, Mo 137 Chaiin Stones 249-50-51, 280-1-2-3 Cherokees 227 Chesapeake Bay 185-6 Child buried in Olla 232 Chillicothe, Ohio 159, 160 Chisels 101-2, 212 Chriqui 197 Chungke 165 Cincinnati Art Museum 175 Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3m Clavigero 193 Clarke Co., Rob't 126-37 Clarke, Capt 116 Clermont. County, Ohio 18 Club-head 215 Coatesville, Pa 208 Cocke County, Tennessee 142 Col. hester, Vermont 97 Collins, E. H 168 Colorado 27 Colorado State Museum 3S Cones (stone) 162 Cooking, Aborigiual 232 Cuover, A. B 336 Copper Arrow heads 324 Copper beads 88-9 Copper bracelets 59 Copper celts 63,94, 18-', 212. 324 25- 28 Copper Crescents 326 Copper Drill 321 Copper Fish Hooks 323 Copper Gouge 94 Copper Hairpins •^23-26 Copper Knives 95. 321-22 Copper Needles 323 Copper Object.s, 51, 102, 212, 320-21, 22, 23, 24, 2S, 26, 27, 28- 76. Copper Ornament 53. f'2 Copper Spear Heads. . . . 59, 63, 16S, 321-27 28 Copper Spud 62,124 ■Copper Sword 324 Copper Weapon 233 Cores and Flakes >S9 190-' Cortes, Hernando, Life of '93 Crawfordsville, Ind '43 Crescents 2()i Culin. Stewart 229 Cumberland County, Kentucky '57. '77 Cup Stones i'>8. 363-82 Cushing, Prof. F. H 31-7. 42, 329 Custer, General '94 Cylinders 278 Dagger '72 Dakotas S'-S Dale, Rev. Langham 48 Davenport, Iowa 128 Davis, W. H 4>7-i8 De Chelley. Canon '9 Deisher, H. K . 194-9, aoo-3-5-6-7-14-18-24-28 Denmark 383 DeSoto •■ ■ '5'. "93 Detection of Frauds 4 '6 Dice 255 Digger Indians 273 Discovery of Prehistoric Man 230 Discovery of the Yosemite 294 Discoidals, (see Bicaves.) Disks 235 District of Columbia 'So Dominion Museum 305 Dress and Ornaments of Certain Ameri- can Indians 320 Drew, L. S 329 Drills. 39, 72, 123-4, 128-46, 206-7-40-41, 267, 307-8, 348-72. 419- Diill Disc 277 Diilling in Stone without the use of Metal, 146 Drinking Cups, Stone 232 Dodge, Col. R. 1 64 Dorsey, Rev. J. O 65 Dorsey, Dr. George A 144 402 Double Bitted Axe 4' 3'8 Doyleston, Pa 2t>3 Dulutb 53 P;. Pratz 164 Earth Mounds '9-53 East Allegheny 377 Edgemere, Pa' '93 Effigies 3'-2 Effigy Pottery 1378 9. 140 Effigy Stones 29'-» Elliot Village 7i-5 Emeiy, Prof. E. 352-3. 3^" England 383 Engraved Bones 272 Eskimo 244 Etowah Group 376-80 Evans, Sir John '97 Evolution of Fish-Hooks 244 Farmington, New Mexico 28-30 Kewkes, Dr. J. W 28. 37. 42-3 Field Columbian Museum 157. 33' Finger Rings (shell) 43-7 Fire Flints 378 Fish, Effigy '20 Fish Hooks 16S-9. 244-5 Fishing Spears 201-2, 234 i Index. m Fish, of Store 237 Flaked Implements, 4i-2-<), 51, 61, 71, 84, 122-5-8, 131, 145-52, 170-1, l8i-S4-8<), 207-33-35-4S-53-54, 306-S- 45-5'. 401-14- Flaking Tools 406-7-8-9-10-11-12-13 Fletcher. Miss A 65 Flint Celts, see Celt^i. Flint Ceremonials 149 50-5 1-52 Flint Effigy 418 Flint Axe 417-18, 420 Flint Implements 345 Flint Implements, manufacture of 401 Flint Ridge 145. 315, 413 Food of Aborigines 232 Florida j 26 : Fort Ancient 331-63 j Foot Prints of Vanished Races in the Mis- j sissippi Valley 168 j Fowke, Gerard, 84, 126, 134. 33'-54. 401-2-13-14 I Fraudulent Specimens 416 ; Fridensburg, Berks Co., Pa 213 i Frierson. Messrs ,>7J-72, 381 \ Game Bones 270 : Geary County, Kansas 78-9 | Geer, C. A 403 1 Georgia 126. 175 Gernerd, J. M. M 210-11-15 1 Germ of Shoreland Pottery 329 ' Gilberton. Iowa 130 , Gila River 29 j Gila Monster 32 1 Golden City, Mo 127 Gold and Siver Objects ._ 430 , Goliad County, Kansas .' 84 1 Gordon, Robert W 177 | GorgetF 118. 221 Gouges 91-2, 100-3-13 ! Graves 87-8. 103-1 1 i Grooved Objects 275-6 Great Plains 64-28, 153. 168, 2l4-l6-l?-34 Pitted Stones 112-28. 224 Plummets 175-7. 2S0-81 Pogue & Pogue, Messrs '75-77 Point Concepcion 230 Polished Stone Articles used by New York Aborigines 198, 214-20-21 Polished Stone Implements, see Axes, Celts etc. Popular Science Monthly 125, 145,331 Pottawattomie County, Kansas 70. 80 Potomac River 185S6 Potomac Valley i77 9. «8o Pottery, 29, 31-6-8, 51 4-5,64.91-4-7,117, 135-f) 7-8, 168, 175-7-9, iSs. 226, 248, 283, 306 63 07. Pottery Disc 46 Pottery Tools 1 37 Powers. A. J 380 Powers, Stephen 261 73 7-889 1)4 Prairie du Chien, Wis 142 Prehistoric America 241. 331 Prehistoric Anthropology, Study of . . . . ,. 161 Prehistoric Art 1 68 Prehistoric Pishing 196, 210 Prehistoric Textile Art 126 Prehistoric Man at the Headwaters of the Mississippi 51 Primitive Industry 91-3, 121, 211, 294 Primitive Man in Ontario 308 Primitive Man in Ohio 1S9, 331, 415 Prince, Governor 37 Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 320 Provincial Museum. Victoria. B. C 254, 314 Proudfit, S. V 85 Pueblo People 135 Putnam, Prof. F. W.,. . .87, 213 53, 331-62, 420 euarries 99, loi, 144 uartzite 39. 66-7 Quivira 66-68, 77, 82-34 Rau, Dr. Charles 198, 203-26, 401 Reading, Pa 223 Red Ochre 88 Reeder. J. G 315-19-21 Relic Dealers 175 Remsburg, George 1 85 Report of Congress of Anthropology 329 Rice County. Kan 66 Ried, Hugo 233 Riegelsville, Penn 187 Riggs, Rev. S 65 Riley County, Kansas 65 Rio Grande 27-29 Rio Verde Canon, Arizona 30 Rio Verde, Arizona 28 Rollers 128 Rocky Mountains 53, 61 Roller Pestle 179 Romaines, Captain Bernard 164 Romney, W. Va 157 Ross County, Ohio 1 57. 334 Rubbing Stones 250, 291 Sacred Pole of Omaha Tribe 85 Salem, Mass 93 Salt River, Ariz. (Salado) 29, 41 Sandal Lasts 43 Sandstone Spools 35S 9 Sandy Lake, Minn 6a Santa Barbara Channel 231 Santa Barbara County, Cal 239 San Nicholas Is'and 234 S mta Catalina Island 232 Santa Cruz Island, Cal 142 San Juan River 29 Savage, Rev. James 318-19 Saws, Bone J36, 376 Scalping Knives 53 Scandinavia, Prehistoric Period 230 Schoolcraft, H. R 85 Schuylkill County, Pu 198 Schuylkill Valley 187 Science 331 Scott County, Iowa 128-9, 130-1 Scanficato.s 247 Scrapers. 53, 85, 113, 123-4-8, 204-5-35,269,349-78 .Seabrook, N. H 121 .Seever, W. } 147, 349 Sellers, E. j'. 199 Sellars, George E 401-7 Sevierville, Tenn 142 430 Index. i^'' \i J ! li '' If- I: !' .„,,| hiPl Shawnees in pre-Columbian Times 126 Shell Beads 46. 90-3, 14T-2, 242, 367 Shell Bracelet 46 Shell Discs 179 Shell Hairpins 344 Shell Heaps 91 Shell Money 241 Shell Objects 183, 213, 342-43-44-76 Shell Ornaments, Phoenix, Ariz 47 Shell Ornaments 426, 238, 273-4-5 Shell Pendant 46 Shell Trinkets 45 Stone Mounds 53 Shuswap Indians 255 Sinker 130 Silver 420 Simmons, Dr. J. C 3S3 Skeletons 18, 19, 88-9 Skull pierced by arrow ao6 Slate Objects 183 Slate Points 88, 90, 1 14 Slate Tubes 357-8 Slungf Shots 51 Smith, Prof. H. 1 253-55-56 Smith, R. T 286 Smithsonian Reports. . . 42, 53, 6$, «5, 153, 294 Smithsonian Institution, 139. 168, 173, 302-6-26-33,278, 331 Snake Den Group 420 Snodgrass. Dr. Jesse 344 Snyder, Dr. J. F 43, 163, 331-5 Soapstone (see Steatite) Souris River 55 Southern Arizona 44 South Carolina 126 Southern California 31, 230 Southern Illinois 142 Southwest Colorado 39, 40 Spades 73, 147-8, 150 Spades, Manufacture of 412 Spang, Norman i6o Spear- Heads, 53, 67, 72, 85, 92, 94, 122-3-8 9, 130, 168. 171, 181-3, 196-7-8, 200-1-2-5-34, 263-5-6-7,307-47- 48-49, 7. 483. 420. Spear-Heads, Rotary 131, 351 Spear-Head, serrated 131 Spear-Heads, Slate 198 Spencer, Mrs. R. H 329 Spindle-Whorls 37-8, 277 Splinters of Flint 246 Squire and Davis 192, 331 Starr, Prof. Fred 126, 143 Steatite Objects 284 Steatite Vessels 100, 183, 207-S 9 Steiner, Dr R 345-64-67-73-85 St. Onge, Rev. L. N 329 Stemmed Points 129, 196 Stewart, Dr. T. B... 187,200-12-3729 Stewartsville, Minnesota 63 Stockton Curves 261 2-3-4 Stone Balls 37, 53 377 St. Paul 51 Stone Age in New Jersey 192, 221 Stone Art 126, 220, 331, 368 Stone Implem''~ts 209 Stone Implements of the Potomac and Chesapeake Tide Water Province, 179, 1 86, 209, 404 Stone Maul 51, 319' Stone War Club 60 Studies in Aboriginal Decorative Art 168 St. Lawrence Basin 53.155, 305 Susquehanna River 185, 201 Swastika, The 336 Swords, Stone 233- Swords, Wooden 233 Tait, Mr 37 Tandy, M 361 Tempe, Arizona 33 Tennessee 126, 142 9, 172-5 Terry, James 154 Teshoaf 53, 203 Texas 84 Thacker, W. H 157 The Lenape and their Legends 185 Thomas, Dr Cyrus 55, 85, 126, 331 81 Thomas, J . Preston 222 Throwing Sticks 233 Thruston, General Gates P., 126, 135-7, 143-9. 152 3 4. 369 Tipton, Thomas H 334 Tomahawk. Effigy 292 Tomahawk of Wood 234. Tonti de 193 Tool Sharpeners 67, 338 Trails, Ancient 230 Treatment of Disease 246 Tribes of California, The 259-73-8-89 94. Tubes 158-9, 168, 247, 306-77 Turtle Backs 188, 258, 306, 402 Turquoise Beads 46 Tuscarora i8y Tweed, J. W 358- Unfinished Implements, see Flint Imple- ments, manufacturers of. University of Pennsylvania Reports, 91. 188, 193- University of Vermont 97 Upper Colorado 29. Upper Missouri 49 Upper Mississippi Valley 49, 56, 63 Utensils 231 U. S. Geographical Survey 294. Valley City, Iowa 131 Vermont 86,90-3-6-7, 102-11-14-16-17, 125. Village Sites 231-33 Virginia 133, 177 Virginia, Illinois 163- Virginsville, Pa 223 Wabaunsee Co. , Kansa? C9 Wainright. Capt. Richard 381 Wampum 90, 244 Wands or Charm Sticks 236 War Clubs 234-5. 27S War Points, see Arrow-Points, Triangular. Waychoif, Prof A. J 213 16 Weatherly, Pa 1S7 Western Reserve Historical Society 331 West Virginia 126. 177 Whelplev, Dr. H. M 147, 171 Wertf, Chas : 338. 359. Wetherill. R 43 Whale Effigy 237. Whistles, see Tubes. il Index. 481 Wier, Jas. M 153, 173-4 Wilcomb. C. P 262-83-7-90 92-3 Wilder. Gen. J. T 154 Wilson, Dr. Thomas, is, 73, 84. 161, 194, 229-41-52, 331-36-45-73. 401. Wilkinson. Mac 305 Williams, Dr 89. 98 9, 108-9-11-12-13 Williamson Co., Tenn 159 Willoughby, C. C 88, in Williams Island 143 Williamson, George 366 VVindle, Thomas H 208 Winship, Dr. P. D 63 Wintembei'g, W. J 314 Wolverton 306 Woman's Knife 225 Wyman, Prof 92 Wyoming 49 Yates, Dr. L. G 206, 252 Yellowstone VaJey • ■ 55 York River, Maine 91 Young, Col. Bennett 155-7-8, 169 173 Young, Joe G i63 Zimmerman, E. D 225 Zee 294 I m ^■.: e]!i I! r li 1 SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 1 The Antiquities of Tennessee. AND THE ADJACENT STATES. And the State of Aborij^inal Society in the Seale of Civilization re])ieseiite(l by them. A series of Historical and Ethnoloj^ical Studies. Illustrated with 21 full-i)a^e photo-tyjje plates and 252 wood-cuts of Pottery, Idols, Pipes, I'Mints, etc. Second edition with new chajjters, illustra- tions and notes. By ("iATHS P. Thki'STon, Vice-President of the Tennes- see Historical Socit-ty. Royal 8vo. Cloth Net. $4-.()(). This work is a most valuable contribution to American archaeology. Recent excavations amonjj; the mounds and stone j^rave cemeteries of Ten- nessee have broujjht to lij^ht a larjje nund)cr of new objects, illustratinj^ the arts and industries of the Mound lUiilders of the Mississippi Valley. Many of them have been discovered bv the author, or under hissujjervisioti. More than five hundred of these objects are illustrated in the engravinj.js in this work — a number of them uni(|uc <'ind of ji^re.'it interest. Imaj.res of stone and terra cotta, {idv.'inced types of pottery, inscril)ed stones, pictograi)hs, engraved gorgets representing the human form and the dress of the jjcriod, copper-plated objects of stone and terra cotta, plastering trowels, setsof fine implements of stone and bone, rare pipe forms, and many other new and interesting objects will be found among the illus- trations. Many of the full-page plates have been prepared by the finest processes of modern art engraving. Tilt work is highly cre(lital)le to the piiblishers, heiiig m-iitly iirititcdaiid tasttfiilly IjoiiiuI. (iciR'ial Tliniston has added a stil)staiitial coiitribtitioii to tin- arcbaiohyiial lilt i aliiic ot America. It is not ;i hasty compilation, to be issued and shelved without comment, but ihc result of years ot patient investijiation, and ])rf)longed and well-matured thought. In ad- dition to this it is written in a style well calculated to make a serious suhj.it readable and attractive. — I'rof. \V. H. Holmes, Hthnolofjical Hin'eau. This is .'in excellent book, and is written ill excellent style. The author is not routined to technicalities, but takes a bro;id view ot his subject, and throws a lifihl ol historical learuiii;^' into theentire archacoloj^ical field. In doinj; so, however, he does not ;iliow iiimself to be carried aw;iy by any theory, and kee|)s himself free from the char}»e of speci.'d pleading. In this resi)ect it is the most satisfactory trei.tiseyet issue 1 tipon tlu .\I(Himi Huilriers. and conus nearer to a solution of the Mound Muilders ])roblem th;m anythinj; heretofore written. The special value of the work, however, is to be found in the descrijition of the relics which h;ive been gathered, many of which are new finds, and so have never betn deseril ed 1 iloie. — Au.eri- can .\nti(piarian. The leader will find the volume a rich treat in ethnological study. The descri]itions are concise, and yet clear and exact, and with et-mments marking the wide iiivtstigaticiiis of the author, and his wide knowledge of the subject under discussion. What he has to say briefly of the Mound Muilders and the jire-historic races is both interesting ;nid valuable. He believes they were .\iiierican Indians, and at a ])»riod when there was larger intelligence than noitli and south, founded u)ioii historic facts of four centuries and more ag