ANTIQUITIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI By Gerard Fowke INTRODUCTION During the first season the work here dealt with extended along the Missouri river from the Gasconade to Moreau creek on the south side, and from Cedar creek to Easley on the north. The second season's work began at Easley and was followed out to the south- west part of Howard county, thence into Saline county; the mounds opposite Kansas City were next examined; some investigations were made in Pike county; and work for the year closed in the south- eastern part of the State. On subsequent pages will be found a list of localities of archeological interest in various parts of the State, derived partly from personal investigations, and partly from the reports of numerous persons famil- iar with the regions named; this list is necessarily incomplete. The owners of many of these remains have granted permission for their exploration, and it is probable that similar leave can be readily obtained for others. In very few instances was the privilege of excavating refused unless there were good and sufficient reasons for the refusal. As some words have several meanings, dependent on the connec- tion in which they are used, pertain terms appearing frequently should be explained to prevent misapprehension or confusion on the part of the reader. '^Summit," or ''apex,'' means the highest point of a mound; this may now be several feet from its original position owing to the shifting of earth due to cultivation or erosion. ''Top" means the present surface of the mound in any part within the area where it begins to rise from the natural soil. "Surface'' means the original surface of the ground upon which the mound is built. "Bottom" means the plane of junction of the deposited earth and the undisturbed ground, being practically synonymous with' the term "surface." The terms "soil" and "subsoil" are used in their ordinary sense.' 5780— Bull. 37—10 1 THU (JIFT OF i» BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY « « BHITH80HIAH IHBTITDTIOH BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 37 ANTIQUITIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH- EASTERN MISSOURI GERARD FOWKE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 7 - LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Arch.«:ological Institute of America, Washington, D. C, 8eptemher28, 1908. Dear Sir: I transmit herewith the manuscript and illustrations of a paper, entitled ''Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Mis- souri," by Gerard Fowke. This is a report of two seasons' field work under the auspices of the St. Louis Society of the Archaeological Institute of America. I am authorized by the executive committee of that society to offer this manuscript for publication by the Bureau of American Ethnology. I am, with sincere respect, very truly, yours, Edgar L. Hewett, Director of American Archeology. Mr. W. H. Holmes, Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C. Respectfully submitted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution for publication, with his approval, as a Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, W. H. Holmes, Chief Ul PREFATORY NOTE The explorations described in the accompanying report were made during the years 1906 and 1907 under the auspices of the Archaeo- logical Institute of America, the funds necessary for carrying on the work being provided through the liberality of the gentlemen here named, members of the St. Louis Society of the Institute: William K. Bixby, D. I. Bushnell, Edward Mallinckrodt, J. M. Wulfing, Mur- ray Carleton, J. D. Bascom, Geo. O. Carpenter, Mrs. E. A. Howe, C, H. Huttig, J. D. Markham, James A. Waterworth, Mrs. C. D. Graham, Hugo Koehler, Mrs. I. W. Morton, Charles Nagel, Dr. W. F. Parks, Dr. H. M. Whelpley, and J. J. Cole, St. Louis, Missoubi. IV . CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Explorations near the mouth of Gasconade river 7 The Granmann mounds 7 Mound no. 1 7 Mound no. 2 8 Mound no. 3 8 The Ruegge village site 9 The Uffman mound 9 The Birkle mound 10 The Smith mounds 11 Mound no. 1 : 11 Mound no. 2 11 Mound no. 3 12 Explorations about the mouth of Osage river 12 The Ewing mounds 12 Mound no. 1 12 Mound no. 2 13 Mound no. 3 13 Mound no. 4 13 Mound no. 5 13 Mound no. 6 14 Mound no. 7 16 Mound no. 8 : 18 Mound no. 9 18 Mound no. 10 18 Mound no. 11 19 The Dallmeyer mound .*. . 19 Mounds in the vicinity of Hartsburg, Boone county 20 The Shaw mounds ' 20 Mound no. 1 21 Mound no. 2 21 Mound no. 3 22 Mound no. 4 23 Mound no. 5 23 Mound no. 6 23 Mound no. 7 24 Mound no. 8 26 The Dawson mounds : 26 Mound no. 1 26 Mound no. 2 27 Mound no. 3 27 Mound no. 4 28 Mound no. 5 28 Mound no. 6 29 Mound no. 7 32 Mound no. 8 33 V VI CONTENTS Mounds in the vicinity of Haxtsburg, Boone county — Continued. The Dawson mounds — Continued. Page Mound no. 9 , 33 Mound no. 10 35 Mound no. 11 36 Mound no. 12 39 Mound no. 13 39 Mounds in the vicinity of Easley ^ Boone county 42 The Easley mounds 42 Mound no. 1 43 Mound no. 2 43 Mound no. 3 47 Mound no. 4 50 Mound no. 5 51 Mound no. 6 ....'. 53 The Baumhoefer mounds 54 Mound no. 1 54 Method of construction 57 Mound no. 2 59 The Buescher mounds , 61 Mound no. 1 61 Mound no. 2 .* 62 Mound no. 3 63 The Kurtz mound, in Howard county 63 Mounds opposite Kansas City 65 The Keller mounds 67 Mound no. 1 67 Mound no. 2 67 Mound no. 3 68 The Brenner mounds 69 Mound no. 1 ' 70 Mound no. 2 71 The'Klamm mound 72 Distribution of vault-graves 73 Mounds in the vicinity of Warrensburg 74 The " Indian House " in Pike county 75 Painted Rock 81 Old fort and village site in Saline county 82 Old fort 82 Village-site at "The Pinnacles" 86 Arrow Rock 92 A reconnoissance in southeastern Missouri 93 The Hunter mounds 95 The so-called garden or domiciliary mounds 96 The copper plates from Maiden, Dunklin county 98 Village sites worth excavating 99 Localities worth investigating 99 Reported localities possibly worth examining 99 Additional archeological remains visited or reported 100 Report on skeletal material, by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka 103 I. Condition of the material 103 II. Crania 103 III. Long bones 104 IV. Detailed measurements and observations 104 Index 113 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1. Archeological sites explored in Missouri (map) Frontispiece 2. Features of Ewing niounds nos. 5 and 6 : 15 3. Vaults in Ewing mounds nos. 6 and 7 17 4. Features of Dawson mounds nos. 4 and 7 32 5. Features of Dawson mound no. 9 34 6. Vaults in Dawson mounds nos. 9 and 11 38 7. Vault in Dawson mound no. 13 42 8. Interior of Baumhoefer mound no. 1 55 9. Exterior and interior of Baumhoefer mound no. 2 60 10. Vault in^Kurtz mound 64 11. Vault in Kurtz mound 65 12. Features of Keller mounds nos. 2 and 3 68 13. Features of Brenner mounds nos. 1 and 2 71 14. Features of Brenner mound no. 2 and of the Louisiana work 78 15-19. Copper plates from Maiden, Dunklin county • 98 Figure 1. Pot from Granmann mound no. 3 8 2. North and west walls in Uffman mound 10 3. Pipe from Smith mound no. 2 11 4. Flint digging-tool from Shaw mound no. 6 24 5. Pot from Shaw mound no. 6 25 6. Pot from Dawson mound no. 9 34 7. Pipe from Dawson mound no. 11 37 8. Pipe from Dawson mound no. 11 37 9. Stone grave-cover in Easley mound no. 2 44 10. Pipe from Easley mound no. 3 48 11. Unfinished pipe from Easley mound no. 3 48 12. Pipe from Easley mound no. 3 49 13. Pipe from Easley tnound no. 5 52 14. Broadhead's plan of vault in Brenner mound no. 1 70 15. Broadhead's section of Brenner mound no. 1 70 16. Broadhead's plan of two vaults in Pike county 74 17. Giddings's sketch of the Louisiana work (from Beck's Gazetteer) .. 76 18. The "Old Fort" in Saline county , 83 19. Pot from village site, Saline county 90 20. Lower jaw with two supernumerary bicuspids, from Dawson mound no. 6 106 VII 14 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 Parallel to these slabs, and on the same level, 2 feet farther north, lay on its back at full length an adult skeleton, with the head toward the east. About the center of the mound, a foot below the present top, were a number of stone slabs covering an area 1^ by 4 feet; no remains of any kind were found under them. MOUND NO. 6 Mound no. 6 stood 175 feet northwest of no. 5. It measured 45 by 50 feet, the longest diameter extending from southeast to northwest, and 6 feet in height. A trench 16 feet wide was started southwest of the center. Stones were soon encountered, extend- ing from the bottom to within a foot of the top. At first view these seemed to be piled at random, as part of the mound, but when all the earth above and around them had been removed, they were found to cover a space approximately rectangular, 17 feet north and south by 18i feet east and west, measured on the diameters. The east margin was irregular, while the three other sides were nearly straight (curved slightly outward) and the corners rounded. About the center and toward the south margin were areas free from stones. The removal of the deposited earth from the first of these areas disclosed the interior of a vault or chamber made of slabs roughly laid up, as in a foundation or cellar wall, the bottom layer resting on the natural surface. The interior of this v^-ult measured 7^ feet east and west by 4 J feet north and south. The walls were as true and the comers as square as they could be made with undressed stones. The west, north, and east faces measured from 2J to 3 feet in height. The south face was much lower, being nowhere more than a foot high, in places consisting of only two layers of stone. The breadth of the wall on top was fairly uniform all around, varying but slightly either way from 2 feet. The open space on the south side measured 11 feet in length by 2^ feet in width; it was inclosed by a row of flat stones, which cir- cumscribed the main vault and were in contact with its walls on the west, north, and east sides. The width of this bordej* was from 2 to 3 feet, being greatest on the north; in some places only one stone was laid, in other places as many as four stones, one. on another, but nowhere to a depth of more than 8 or 9 inches, on a foundation of banked earth 18 inches high. At the middle of the vault was a single row of stones extending 3 feet east and west by 1^ feet north and south; between these and the north side were a few others which had been either loosely thrown in or had fallen from the wall. All these stones, except the ones lying farthest toward the east, rested on a mass of burned earth a foot thick which extended to the west end of the vault; the condition of this deposit was not due to a fire made here, the earth having been \ BUREAU OF AMERICAN E FEATURES OF EWING MOUNDS NOS. 5 AND 6 FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 15 brought in from the outside. Beneath this burned layer were remains of a closely folded skeleton; the tibiae lay against the north wall, while the feet lay toward the east and the head toward the southwest. East of these bones, at the same level, were small fragments of skull. Along the south wall, beyond the limits of the burned earth, a body or skeleton, evidently that of a child, or at least of a young person, had been placed, with the head toward the west and the other bones, even those of the feet, almost in contact with it ; the skull was quite thin. East of the skull were found other bones, but whether these belonged to the above or to some other human skeleton is uncertain, as only small fragments of any of them re- mained. On the original surface three or more bodies, extended, had been covered with a foot of earth, upon which in turn at least two others had been placed and similarly covered. One skeleton of each burial lay so close to the north wall that fragments of bone were forced into the crevices. The only evidences of these interments were a number of fragments of long bones. In the northeast corner, under the edge of the wall, was a clavicle, one end of which had decayed and disappeared; this, no doubt, was an accidental deposit, as its position indicated that it did not belong with any other bones discovered. In line with the outer face of the supplementary wall along the south side of the vault, midway between its ends, and a foot lower than the bottom rock, a skull lay in close contact with a thick flat stone; the vertex was turned toward the south, both maxillaries were absent, and no other bone was found near it except a single humerus, which lay on the other side of the stone and obviously had no con- nection with the cranium. South of this skull, entirely outside of the inclosure, were a large slab and two small ones, evidently intentionally placed, but nothing remained to indicate their purpose. Under the southeast comer of the stone wall circumscribing the vault lay a crushed skull, on the lower part of the face of which rested a thick rock. The teeth were sound, but much worn. From the position and condition of bones near by, it was inferred that only part of a skeleton had been interred here. All bones of adults discovered indicated persons of medium size. The interior faces of the vault were held in place by from two to four stones set at each comer, as if for markers, the intervening spaces being filled with stones laid up in a rough wall; these in turn were held up by earth piled against them. A clear idea of both the interior and the exterior arrangement of the vault may be had from plates 2 and 3. On the completion of the funeral ceremonies, the vault was filled with earth, on which stones were piled, the whole 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 then being covered with earth to form the mound. No doorway or other opening, as found in vaults excavated later, existed in this instance, but the south wall was very low and probably the entire end was left open until the burials had been made. MOUND NO. 7 Mound no. 7 stood at the end of the ridge, 85 feet north of no. 6; it was 22 by 30 feet, with the longer axis from north to south, and 4 feet high. The presence of many stones scattered over its surface indicated an interior construction similar to that just described. Within this mound undisturbed stones covered an area 14 feet north and south by 14^ feet east and west. A central inclosure 6 feet north and south by 9 feet east and west, in which no stones occurred, proved to be the vault. In this vault, a foot below the top of the mound, was a skull; nearly a foot lower, two skeletons, extended, with the heads toward the east, were uncovered, while at various points from 6 to 10 inches apart vertically, extending to the bottom, were fragments of nine more skulls and of many other bones. So large a proportion of the remains had entirely disappeared, and all the bones found were so decayed, that it was impossible to segregate the various parts of any particular skeleton or to determine whether certain bones belonged to one skeleton or to several. Each pile may have contained remains of more than one person. At one point, in the fourth layer from the top and a foot above the bottom, was the skeleton of a child of about 6 years of age, having the skull much decayed and most of the other bones missing; at the neck were eleven beads, drilled lengthwise, made from the columella of a large sea- shell, ranging from slightly less than an inch to nearly an inch and a half in length. In five different places were small fragments of par- tially cremated human bones, including all parts of the frame. The remains of one infant had been cremated, the residue being laid together in a little pile; the deposit was about the color of wood ashes, as were a few of the other remains, but most of them resembled charcoal. One of these deposits was of special interest because of an apparent attempt to place the partially incinerated fragments in their proper relative positions on and in contact with another body, or perhaps a skeleton in which the cartilages still held the frame firmly together at the time of interment. The skeleton lay at full length, on the nat- ural surface, with the head toward the east. Fragments of the two crania were intermingled, as were other bones, down to and including those of the feet. The bones of one foot (except the toes) and a por- tion of the lower leg of the partially cremated skeleton, though burned black entirely through, were found in nearly their natural order, as if the flesh had baked or hardened in the fire sufficiently to \ 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [blll. 3T with a maximum breadth of 21 feet, reaching nearly to the east mai^;m of the mound. When cleared off, these rocks were found to lie entirely to the west of the center, there being but few in the eastern half, and those superficial. At the top the rocks were in the form of a rough wall of irregular height, inclosing a space 9i feet southeast by 7 feet northeast. The northeast wall was straight for 8 feet '9 inches; the northwest wall for 4 feet 10 inches; the southeast wall for 4 feet 9 inches; the two comers of these three walls were somewhat rounded. The southwest wall, 10 feet long, had a tolerably regu- lar outward curve. The above dimensions are all inside measure- ments; the corresponding outside measurements were: Northeast wall, 11 feet 6 inches; northwest wall, 6 feet 6 inches; southeast wall, 7 feet 6 inches; southwest wall, 14 feet. The general appearance of this vault, on the outside, before the supporting earth was removed, is well shown in plate 5, a. In clearing out the vault, fragments of human bones were found scattered through the earth from top to bottom. There were parts of 12 skulls, and fragments of 5 pots, the latter entire when placed here but now much broken by pres- sure, besides numerous pot- sherds. Two of the pots, one upright (fig. 6), one inverted, were near one skull. Beside one of the pots were part of a human ulna and three leg Fio. 8. Po( from Dawson mound no, 9. , » .1 mi 1. bones of a panther. 1 he vault was 2 feet 9 inches deep from the top of the highest stone to the bottom of the lowest stone. In the southwest wall was a space 24 inches wide, filled with earth, in which no stones appeared except three slabs along the outside, set up against the earth. This was the doorway or entrance to the vault, the stones in the wall at each aide of it being regularly laid up (pi. 5, b,c). Along the bottom, the inside of the vault was nearly rectangular, the walls being about as straight as they could be made with un- dressed stones. The length on the bottom from northwest to south- east was 8 feet 7 inches; the breadth 3 feet 1 1 inches. The northeast wall was composed mainly of seven slabs, inclined slightly from the perpendicular to rest against the supporting earth outside; the larges't slab was 36 by 19 inches; the longest, 41 hy 16 inches. The BULLETIN 37 PLATE B ACROSS VAULT e DOORWAY IN VAULT FEATURES OF DAWSON MOUND NO. 4- « « C /^ s'owKEl ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 35 distance between their extreme outer edges was 7 feet 10 inches. Four of these slabs may be seen in plate 6, which shows also the inside face of the northwest wall. The other sides were built up wall fashion, of smaller rocks, most of them lying flat, though some were found slightly inclined on account of the unequal settling of the earth against which they rested. In this vault, as in all others investigated during the first summer, the walls leaned slightly outward, making the chamber wider at the top than at the bottom, proving that, as each rock or row of rocks was placed, earth was piled against it. In fact, many stones must have been held up until the supporting earth was packed under them, since when it was removed nearly every one fell outward. This was especially true of the long slabs at the northeast, which rested against a bank of earth containing only the single row of rocks along the top. Yet the walls were so nearly vertical as to exclude the idea that earth was piled up first and then stones laid. The building of both parts must of necessity have progressed concurrently. At the northwest end, on the bottom, were two rocks — a slab 12 by 36 inches, and a block of about the same weight; these appeared to have fallen in from the top, though their position might have been the result of design. At the southeast end were three stones on the bottom, reaching to each side wall. The clear space between these stones was 6 feet 4 inches. When they were removed, the distance along the floor of the vault between the end walls, with which they had lain in close contact, was 8 feet 7 inches. The northeast wall stood partly over a grave pit measuring 9 feet from northwest to southeast and 4 feet in width. The outer part of the northeast vauljb wall extended diagonally across it from the orth to the south comer. At the natural surface level, lying on the earth with which this grave had been filled, was a skeleton 5 feet 6 inches long, extended on its back, with the head to the southeast. The teeth, though sound and strong, were considerably worn. The earth which covered these bones was that which held in place the slabs of the northeast wall. The grave was shallow and dish-shaped. On the bottom lay an extended skeleton 5 feet 4 inches long, with the head to the southeast. The teeth were worn flat, and the skull, though well shaped, was small. MOUND NO. 10 This mound, 50 feet east of no. 9, was 32 feet in diameter and not more than a foot in height. Loose in the earth were a side-notched, very rough chert implement, evidently intended for ^a hoe, and a specimen which from its leaf- shaped form and its size would be classed at once as an ordinary 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 knife, except for a considerable polish on its broader end, resulting from use as a digging tool. At the center was a grave of irregular outline, 4 feet from northwest to southeast, 2 feet across, and 2 fleet deep. The earth in the grave was extremely hard -and tough. On the bottom lay a skeleton; the head was at the northwest end, resting on the left side, with the face turned toward the other end. Across the top of the skull lay part of an arm bone; the pelvis was near the center; the legs were at the southern end, close together, but not in proper order, the knee end of one being at the hip end of the other, affording evidence of a skeleton burial. The bottom of the grave was 12 or 14 inches wide. MOUND NO. 11 This mound stood 56 feet southeast of no. 10. Its diameter at the base was 50 feet, and its height from 6 to 9 feet, according to the side on which the measure was taken from the surrounding slope. On the surface lay a few stones, which had been plowed up in the only attempt made to cultivate the mound. A grave a few inches beneath the summit contained an extended skeleton, lying on its back, with the head to tho southeast. The body rested on flat rocks forming a pavement about 2 feet wide; other slabs were inclined outward around these, the outer edges, raised 6 or 8 inches, forming a shallow, basin-like grave. Timbers had been placed across this to support covering slabs which, when unearthed, lay at various angles directly on the bones; these bones were much broken and crushed and badly decayed, and the teeth were worn flat. The entire space covered by the stones, most of which were large and thick, was 6 J feet southeast and northwest by 5 feet in width. ' Beneath the northwest end of this grave, with several inches of earth intervening, was a skull, face up, the vertex being toward the northwest; the forehead and part of one side were burned, but other parts showed no marks of heat. The teeth were moderately worn. Directly under the skull were a femur, tibia, and fibula, and at the waist line several teeth, some worn to a considerable degree, some not at all worn, and one burned black. Southwest of the skull were other bones in small fragments. Outside and below the level of the south comer of the grave were fragments of a skull. This cranium, like the one partially burned, lay about 18 inches below the top of the mound. On the same level, a little south of the burned skull, were fragments of another, the outer plate burned black, the inner plate browned. Just beneath the former was a pile of cremated bones, with pieces of three pots, all lying in confusion. A foot southwest of these were fragments of another pot; a few inches north of this towKi] ANTIQUITIES OP MISSOURI * 37 was a clay pipe (fig. 7). Extending northwest from the three pota were burned bones whose position showed that an effort had been made to place them in proper order; but various discrepancies, as a patella by the head of a femur, showed they were cremated elsewhere and brought here. The bones of the lower 1^ were less burned than the femora, and the lat- ter in turn less than the skull and upper parts; but the feet resembled charcoal. These bones and pots lay in a mass of hard-burned, brick- like mixture of clay and sand ; the leg bones were partly in this and partly below it in mingled earth, burned earth, charcoal, and ashes — additional evidence that ^ . ^ . , . 1 , , Fia. 7. PlpelromDBWsimmoundno. U. the cremation had taken place outside. The burned material extended beyond the remains on ail sides. Clearly the earth on which the funeral pyre was erected, and perhaps more prepared for the purpose, had been gathered up and made into a sort of coffin and covering; the pots, possibly containing food, had been placed beside the fragments of skulls. In one pot was the head of an adult's femur. Under the clay pipe were bones burned until poroue as cinder and sparkling like jet. These were slightly below the level of the high- est stones in the vault wall, and belonged to two bodies which had been laid side by side, extended, with the heads toward the southeast, and burned on the spot, Fia.8.P[i»tri.mD»ws<».mound™.U. j^^ ^^^^ ^^j^^ ^j^^ ^j ^^^^ skull was a pot ; between the skulls was another. All these pots were upright, filled with earth. Under one of the skulls was a pipe made of soft white material, much like chalk; in shape this somewhat resembles the "monitor" type (fig. 8). 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bhll. 37 This was the last object found above the vault walls; below it lay only soil, filling the vault to the top. All the remains thus far discovered bear no relation to the original character of the structure, but pertain to a subsequent ceremony. At the bottom of the vault were remains of a nimiber of bodies and skeletons, which had been placed on the bare ground after several inches of the upper soil had been scraped away. At least six of the bodies were cremated; the others showed no signs of burning. The funeral rites for some of the former remains were conducted outside, and such portions of bone as were not destroyed by fire were gathered up and thrown in piles, each lot to itself. Near the northeast side three bodies had been laid extended, in close contact, on the back, with the heads toward the southeast; then a fire had been kept burning over them imtil all the bones were converted to charcoal. One of these bodies was that of a yoimg person; three bone beads were foimd at the neck. Beside another of these skulls was a pot. While all three skulls were broken into many small pieces, they still held their shape fairly well. They were filled, or nearly filled, with earth which had worked its way into them, and as the material above was burned so hard that it had maintained its position, the fragments had not fallen apart. In the north and south comers were unbumed bones, which had almost disintegrated from the effects of decay. Those to the south were mingled with partially cremated bones. There was likewise a little heap of burned bones, in small pieces, in the west comer, pre- senting the appearance of having been swept or scraped together, as, indeed, was the ca^e with nearly all such bones except those partially cremated where found. Among the bones were one whole pyt and fragments of several others. An unbumed frontal bone bore indications of artificial flattening, but the specimen was so small as to make this inference uncertain. The entire space between the side walls at the southwest end of the vault had been left free for entrance and exit until the burial ceremonies came to an end. It was then closed with mingled earth, ashes, and charcoal, piled as high as the walls and just within them, so as to leave the ends slightly projecting. On the outer side this material was held in place by stones placed slantingly against it. On the south side of the doorway, leaning against the wall, was a slab 62 inches long, 12 to 17 inches wide, and 7 inches thick. The lower end was sunk 10 inches below the natural surface (see pi. 6). On the opposite side of the doorway another rock, wider but shorter and thinner than that just described, had been set with its edge against the northwest wall. The open space between these two rocks, in their imdisturbed position, measured 5 feet 6 inches. BULLETIN 3T PLATE 6 IN MOUND NO. 11 VAULTS IN DAWSON MOUNDS NOS. 9 AND ' •• • « » \ J^wkb] * ANTIQUITIES OP MISSOURI S9 In taking away the earth that filled the entrance fragments of partially cremated human bones that had been thrown in with the dumped material were found scattered at random; and a walnut log several inches in diameter, burned to charcoal after being deposited here, lay near the inner face, midway between top and bottom. When fully cleared out the vault measured from northeast to southwest 14 feet at the top and 9 feet on the bottom; from north- west to southeast, 12 feet at the top, 7 feet on the bottom. The height of the wall on every side was the same, 3 feet 2 inches to a lino representing the average height of the tops of all the stones. MOUND NO. 12 This mound was 112 feet nearly southeast of no. 11. Its meas- urements were 70 feet northwest and southeast, 30 feet wide, and slightly less than 2 feet high. At the center was a shallow hole of somewhat irregular outline, about 3 J feet in diameter, in which was a mass of bones lying in confusion. Among these were three skulls, in which the teeth were worn very little or not at all; in one jaw some of the teeth were not cut. There were no other remains in the structure. MOUND NO. 13 This mound was 130 feet nearly south from no. 12. It was much the largest of the group, being 50 feet in diameter, with an original elevation at the center of at least 10 feet. The presence of many stones thrown out by previous investigators hinted at a central vault or stone graves. Southwest from the center 12 feet was a pot-shaped hole a foot in diameter, dug 16 inches into the subsoil. Directly south of it was a another hole similar in size and appearance; the adjoining margins were about a foot apart. Both cavities were filled with loose earth, and there was nothing in or about them to give the slightest clue to their purpose. A distance of 13 feet nearly north of the center were the feet of a skeleton which lay extended on the back with the head to the south- east. The feet bones, even the smallest bone of the toes, were solid and strong; the bones of the right leg were sound, except the upper end of the fibula; those of the left leg fell to pieces when uncovered; the portions of the pelvis remaining — constituting less than half — were soft; there were no traces of vertebrae or of upper extremities; of the skull enough was left to mark its location, but not, alone, to determine its character; there was not a fragment of tooth or even a trace of enamel. This single example furnishes convincing evi- dence of the futility of attempting to judge by the condition of a skeleton its antiquity, either absolute or relative. 40 BUfiEAtJ OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 37 Toward the south margin lay burned bones here and there, too fragmentary to identify, except a short piece of a human femiir converted into charcoal. In the middle of the structure was a vault, a considerable portion of which was in a chaotic state as the result of the efforts of the earlier diggers. Possibly stone graves were made in portions of this mound as in no. 11. However this may be, there was good evidence that a minor or secondary vault had been constructed on top of the earth filling the principal one. So far as could be determined this upper vault was 5 feet 3 inches long inside and 9 feet long outside; it was built on the same lines as the lower or older one. Close to its northwest wall, inside, were several fragments of deer bones, including the leg and the skull. At the bottom, a foot east of the center, was an adult skull, quite thick, but so crushed that its posi- tion could not be determined, though it seemed to face northwest, with the vertex toward the northeast. Close to it were beads made of small marine shells, and teeth of a young child. Two feet south- west of the skull were fragments of the lower portion of a pot which had been placed there upright. When the main walls were laid bare in their entire circuit, there was exposed a structure approximately quadrilateral, with rounded comers. The diameters were 17 feet 8 inches from northeast to southwest, and 13 feet 6 inches from southeast to northwest. Along the outside, between the points where the boundary lines would intersect if projected, the measures were : From south to east corner, 18 feet; from east to north corner^ 13 feet; from north to west corner, 15 feet 6 inches; from west to south corner, 11 feet 8 inches. The outer boundaries of stones fell within these intersections as follows: East corner, 3 feet; north corner, 16 inches; west corner, 16 inches; south comer, 15 inches. The height from the original surface of the ground to the highest undisturbed stone in the upper vault was 5 feet 6 inches; to the average level of the top of the slabs of the upper vault, 5 feet; to the top of the original vault, 3 feet 8 inches. From a point near the north corner to the east corner, thence for 7 feet 6 inches toward the south corner, there was apparently a break in the outer part of the wall, a single row of rocks at the top resting on earth. When this earth was thrown out, the rocks fell. It was soon found, however, that this earth filled the same office as the outer stones at other points, its purpose being merely to support or brace the main wall, and that the outer row of stones along its top had been placed there as the finishing layer. Near the surface of ,the earth filling the lower vault was a charred log, apparently white walnut, extending from the east corner, past the center, almost to the opposite wall; this had been burned here, W>WKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 41 for while the upper part had become charcoal, the lower side was only scorched. The northern half of the vault was filled with earth — some hard burned, some only partially burned, the remainder free from traces of fire — ^whose thoroughly mixed condition showed that it had not been burned where found, but gathered from some place where a large fire had been maintained for a considerable time; a wagonload of it was of brick-like hardness. No remains were found in this deposit or in any part of the vault except near the bottom. Here, in the east comer, were partially cremated small fragments of bones; at least two skulls, perhaps more, were represented, and there were bones from all parts of the frame, mingled as if swept together and thrown into a basket. Among these were two bone beads an inch long; also, in an inverted position, a pot holding a pint, with small projecting points at intervals around the outer edge of the rim. In the south corner, in a pile, partly under a large flat rock, were frag- ments of cremated skull, vertebrae, and arms. Northwest of these, was an extended skeleton, "not charred in the least, from which the arms and upper parts were missing. The burned jkuU was in posi- tion to belong to this frame; but it was very clear that all these bones had been burned elsewhere and carried here, since they lay in earth not marked in the slightest degree by fire and entirely unmixed with charcoal or ashes except such as had been thrown in with the bones. There were hard-burned feet bones at the other extremity of this skeleton. Altogether, appearances indicated that the head, arms, and feet had been removed from a body and burned, the remaining parts deposited in their natural condition, and then an attempt made to place the burned bones where they belonged. On the face of it, this supposition seems absurd; the idea would naturally suggest itself that the entire body had been laid down and a fire made over the head and feet only. The objections to this hypothesis are the lack of traces in the earth which would result from the use of fire, and the bimching of the partially cremated arms, vertebrae, and skull, instead of their presence in the places where they belonged. The entire bottom of the vault was covered with cremated skele- tons; the bones were so broken and mingled that it was impossible to ascertain the number, but there were at least a dozen, and may have been twice as many. The loose surface soil had been scraped away before they were deposited; they were then laid on the hard bottom and covered either with the same earth, or with other earth carried in from the surrounding slopes. Flat rocks were lying over a few of the skeletons, but most had no such protection. Some unbumed bones were found at intervals, but, from their situation, all appeared to belong with the cremated ones. A few shell beads were f oimd near the center, and there were two entire pots besides the small pieces of at 42 BUBEAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 least two others. All stages, from infancy to old age, were repre- sented among these corpses. The pots seemed to have been placed with or near certain skulls, though this is open to doubt. The doorwajswas, as usual, in the southwest wall. The north side was practically vertical; the south side was sloping, either through design or because rocks had slipped down and had not been replaced. (PI. 7, a.) The opening was filled with loose rocks and earth, and slabs were set up against the outside. The northwest and northeast walls were intact and well laid up. (PI. 7, h.) The southeast wall contained much earth mingled with the stones, and only part of it was foimd in the original order. This confusion is probably due to the relic himters, as it is not at all likely the builders would have left the wall in the condition shown in the plate. The rocks of the inner walls, with the exception of the southwest one, were much smoked and scorched, and some of them burnt; the ^marks of fire were plainly visible even on stones in the lowest layer. Evidently large fires were made after the completion of the vault and before the filling was begun. No doubt some of the bodies were cremated on the spot, but it was clear that most of them, at any rate, had been burned outside the vault; the hard-burned earth which filled the north end of the vault certainly had been so treated, since small lumps of it were scattered through the earth in the south part in the direction of, and in, and on the outside of, the doorway. As constructed, the vault measured at the top 13 feet from south- west to northeast, 9 feet from southeast to northwest; on the bottom, 11 feet 2 inches, and 7 feet, respectively. The southwest wall aver- aged 3 feet 4 inches in height, the three other walls 3 feet 8 inches. The whole structure is well represented in the illustrations. Every mound of the Dawson group contained more or less worked material loose in the earth, as flint implements, chips, and cores; polishing and rubbing stones; pieces of hematite; fragments of pottery. Various other undisturbed mounds exist in the vicinity of Harts- burg. MOUNDS IN THE VICINITY OF EASLEY, BOONE COUNTY The Easley Mounds (10) Lying north of Easley post-ofl[ice, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railway, is a narrow ridge curving somewhat in the form of a horseshoe, the two ends coming almost to the railway tracks. The west end of this ridge is a slope, up which it is possible to drive an empty wagon; the other drops off in a vertical cliff. Along the crest are 9 mounds — 5 o£ them near the east end, 4 at the curve. Six of a LOOKtNQ NORTHEAST THROUGH DOORWAV 6 INStDE THE VAULT, LOOKING NORTtt VAULT IN DAWSON MOUND NO*. 13 FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 43 them were excavated and are numbered in the order in which they were opened, beginning at the point of the cUff. MOUND NO. 1 This proved to be only a small heap of earth containing no remains whatever, yet it was plainly artificial. It was on land belonging to Mr. Abram Sapp. The remaining mounds were on land owned by Mr. W. G. Easley. MOUND NO. 2 The second mound, 390 feet north 60° east of the first, was 11 feet in height and 80 feet in diameter. Two narrow trenches — one from the west, one frpm the northwest — were carried in 10 feet and connected by a cross trench. In the latter were found several loose flat stones, not laid in contact or in any particular order. Beneath them, with some earth intervening, was an extended skeleton a foot above the bottom of mound. It lay on its back, with the head toward the south and the face toward the west; the right arm was straight by the side, the left arm across the waist. The bones were large and heavy, the front teeth con- siderably worn, and the molars ground down on the outer face almost to the roots. A foot east of this skeleton and 2 feet above it, or near the top of the mound, were fragments of an adult skeleton, the teeth of which were much worn. Distant 13 feet from the west margin, 3 feet above the original surface, were nine large limestone slabs covering a space 2 feet east and west by 5i feet north and south. These had evidently pro- tected a body, though no trace of bone could be found. Near the southeast comer of these stones, a foot lower, were bones of a child a few months old. The bddy had been placed on the back, with the head toward the south and the face toward the west. On the face lay a decayed mussel shell. Below the infant's bones, its west edge being directly under and parallel with the east edge of the stones, was a grave extending a few inches into the natural earth. This contained portions of an adult frame having the arm and leg bones extended in their natural position and the feet toward the north, but there was no trace of vertebrae or skull. The shafts of the leg bones were solid, though the ends fell away when they were lifted. The feet extended to the south end of another grave, 8 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide, 3 feet deep. On the bottom was a skeleton 6 feet long, lying extended on the back, with the head toward the south. Nearly all the bones, though quite heavy, were much decayed. The skull, which was 44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Iboi.l. 37 thicker than usual, lay on its right side, broken in pieces. At the iieck were 6 cylindrical shell beads averaging an inch in length by three-eighths of an inch in diameter; under the jaw lay a piece of columella 3 inches long and an inch thick. On the original surface, just north of this grave, were portions of a skeleton; on the same level, still farther north, the remains of another skeleton. Only a few fragments of either remained. Loose on the bottom, IS feet from the west margin, was a pot broken to pieces. Midway between the north mai^n and the center was an extended skeleton 5 feet 4 inches long," on its back, with the head lying Fio. 9. SUiiie grBv»ver In Eaaley mouiid do. 2. north of east and turned to the right; the teeth were worn flat and the angle of the jaw was much rounded. The body was bent to the right at the hips; the left femur was quite crooked. At a distance of 18 feet west of the center was the outer margin of a pile of stones covering a space 17 feet north and south by 8 feet east and west. These were laid fiat on one another, in some places six or seven dee'p, as if intended to protect a series of graves, but with no attempt at orderly arrangement. The upper layers are " It must be undeisUiail that meuuremenU of skeletADs are only approxlinste. As tbe sicuti Is crushed ■Dd tbe leet bones an displaced In nearly every Instaoce, it Is seldom possible to determine their exact limits. The popular notion that "Mound Bulldera," or Indeed aborigines anywhere In the Uissteippi Valley, ireie '■ giants" Is entirely without foundation. Their skeletons Indicate a people no larger than FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 45 shown in figure 9, looking toward the center. The earth under and among them was very black, but contained no trace of bdne or other indications of burial. Similar flat rocks, which are abundant everywhere on the hillsides, were found at many places in the struc- ture; sometimes only 4 or 5, sometimes 20 or 30, placed either as a rude pavement, or superposed to some extent. Under some of these piles were marks of burials; under others, similarly laid, no remains whatever. There were also many stones which appeared as if thrown in with the earth, to fill up. Altogether, at least 25 wagon loads were taken out. On the west side, near the center, were three graves, parallel, the longer axes extending practically east and west. The north and south diameter of the mound crossed the center of the northern grave and the east ends of the other two. The grave farthest south^as covered with rocks so irregularly placed that their purpose was not suspected until most of them were removed. This grave was the largest yet discovered. It measured 9 feet 6 inches in length, 3 feet in width at each end, 3 feet 8 inches in width at the center, and 6 feet 2 inches deep. The comers were somewhat rounded. A step or bench about 16 inches high and 14 inches wide extended along the north side, while across the east end was a similar bench 28 inches high and 18 inches wide. These benches were left for use by the excavators that they might reach the top in throwing out the earth, which was spread ,around for several feet to the east and the south. On the bottom lay a skeleton, extended on its back, with the head toward the west and turned to the right. Although the bones were in dry sandy earth underlying the loess, they fell to pieces at a touch. The skeleton measured 5 feet 9 inches long. The teeth were sound and shoM^ signs of but slight wear. Under the lower jaw were six small cylin- drical shell beads. The tibiae did not correspond in size or shape; one of them showed marks of disease, being somewhat enlai^ed, with the posterior surface flattened. Some traces of white walnut were found. This may have been originally over or under the body. The middle grave lay almost exactly west of the center, its margin 4 feet 6 inches north of that of the first; it, measured 6 feet 10 inches long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. The earth in it was dry and loose, seemingly a perfect preservative of bones; but only minute fragments of wood, resembling ashes, or of bone, resembling coarse commeal, remained in a thin layer on the bottom. Distant 19 inches from the west end were teeth of a child. With these were five cylindrical shell beads three-fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long and half an inch in diameter, drilled lengthwise. The north grave was separated from the central one by a space of 5. feet 9 inches. It was 7 feet 7 inches long, 2 feet 5 inches, fw^ie. 46 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 and 2 feet deep. The earth fillmg this grave was muddy, yet, with'the exception of the skull, which was crushed flat, the skeleton therein was better preserved than any other found in this work. It lay extended on its back, with the head toward the west; the hands were crossed on the pelvis. This skeleton was 5 feet 7 or 8 inches long. Lying on the south bank of the last grave, near its west end, were two small flat rocks. Under the west one were fragments of bones too much decayed to identify. Under the east one lay a piece of scraper or small digging tool. It is quite probable these three graves were intended to be at the center of the mound; either the apex was carried too far to the east in constructing it, or erosion had somewhat altered its form. Distant 15 feet northeast of the center, a foot below the natural surface, on the yellow clayey subsoil, was a skeleton 5 feet 9 inches long, extended on its back, with the head toward the southeast, and the face turned to the right. The right half of the lower jaw and all of the upper jaw lay on a line where the sternum should have been, the latter having entirely disappeared. The bone above the right orbit showed signs of having been gnawed, so the displacement was undoubtedly caused by mice. The bones of the feet were solid, as were those of the legs except at their ends, the cellular portions being mostly decayed. The portion of the pelvis remaining was soft. There were no vertebrae; the clavicles were partially preserved; the skull was filled with earth and partially destroyed. Apart from the jaws, such bones as remained were in their proper order, except the right tibia, which lay otitside the fibula, with its front downward. It was the only entire bone found except some from the feet. The tibiss were much flattened. At a distance of 5 feet east of the center was a grave dug to the sub- soil, having thin flat rocks laid on the bottom and stood on edge along each side but not at the ends. On the floor were bones of an infant, the head toward the east; teeth were still within the bone; the clavi- cle was less than 2 inches long. Flat rocks lay over the body. A few inches above its head were fragments of a pot of about a pint capacity, which lay beside the skull of an adult whose body was extended toward the east, and whose feet were near the head of the skeleton with displaced jaws. Near the east margin, 18 inches above the bottom, under flat stones, was an adult skeleton, on its back; the teeth were much worn. South of this, on the bottom, rested the skeleton of a child of 2 or 3 years, with small flat stones above the head; south of this, again, another adult skeleton, and west of the last, 2 feet higher, that of a young child. All these skeletons lay with their heads toward the south. FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUEI 47 The space cleared out in this mound had an average radius of 15 feet around the center. A considerable area on the south and west sides was left undisturbed. Fragments of human bones were found throughout the part examined. Some of these may have been gath- ered up from old graves; but most of them probably marked where bodies or skeletons had been laid, all the other portions having disap- peared. Only those deposits which undoubtedly belonged to inter- ments are described above. MOUND NO. 3 The third mound, 115 feet north of the second, was 4^ feet high, with an elliptical base 30 by 55 feet, the longest line running north and south. Work was started at the south end. Almost in the beginning bones were found — at the west comer a bundled skeleton, at the east comer 6 skulls in contact. Of the latter 2 were those of children, one of them quite young; the other 4 were crania of adults of various ages. The entire mound was removed except a narrow strip around the outside. Up to the very margin were piles of stones, only a few in each pile, most of them over fragmentary bones; in some places bones were found without such covering. A bundled skeleton, the teeth but slightly worn, was near the cen- ter line of the mound, 12 feet from the end and less than a foot below the top. With it was a portion of the shaft of a long bone, having a perforation near one end, which shows characteristic mark- ings of aboriginal flint and sandstone drilling and rubbing tools. The edges of the hole are somewhat worn by a cord or thong by means of which it was suspended. Under some stones near the east side of the mound, 10 feel from the end, were a few small fragments of bone and a much decayed piece of columella drilled lengthwise. Among these fragments was part of an upper jaw in which the crown of the wisdom tooth was below the level of the other tooth-crowns, and showed no trace of wear; the next molar was somewhat worn, while the next two were rubbed flat; these comprised all the teeth that remained. This example illustrates the difficulty or uncertainty of judging age by condition of the teeth. Had these teeth been found separately they would have been ascribed to individuals of widely differing ages.** On the original surface, 8 feet from the south end, were adult human bones in a pile, among which was a skull, crushed flat; here, also, were teeth of an infant and several shell beads. Near the west side, 15 feet from the end, a foot above the bottom, was a skull, much crushed, lying on its left side, with other bones a Even the first set, or "milk teeth," of children in our own communities sometimes show flattening or chiseling from we&r. 48 BUREAU OF AMEBICAK ETHNOLOGY under and around it. Near the vertex was a clay pipe, shown in figure 10. At the center, 6 inches above bottom, was a sandstone pipe which had become so friable that it fell to pieces when the earth was removed from around it. North of the center 3 feet, 18 inches above the bot- tom, was a fragment of skull, near which lay the fragments of a pot "of about a pint and a half capacity. TPhen this was deposited it contained an unfinished pipe of soft rock, now almost disintegrated, shown in figure 11, a rough piece of hematite worked &I1 over with the apparent inten- tion of shaping it into a cone or a hemisphere, and a few small flint chips. Close by the FW. 10. Pipe trem Easley mound na, 3. p^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^,1 ^^^ught flint knives or spearheads and the point of another. Near this pot and ' flints were upper and lower teeth, much worn, all in natural order, with crowns in contact, as if still in the mouth of a living person; but there was no trace of jawbones or of any other part of a cranium. Close to these were an unfinished granite celt, and a thin flint knife 7| inches long; these two objects undoubtr edly belonged to the same individual and were buried with him; yet the flint is a beautiful specimen of fine, delicate chip- ping, while the celt is crudelyshaped and roughly pecked. There were evidently two burials, the piece of skull first found being fully 2 feet from the teeth; and Fio. 11. Uaanlshed pipe from Easley mound nt all the articles mentioned may have belonged either with one or with both. In several other places around the central part of the mound were traces of burials, some indicated by small piles of rocks. Among them> a foot below the present top, was an extended skeleton with FOWKB) ANTIQITITIES OP MISSOURI 49 the head toward the south. At one point, not accompanied by- bones, was a piece of columella. At the center was a grave pit 8 inches deep, irregular in outline, and 4 to 5 feet in diameter. Fragments of bones found in it indi- cated bunched or bundled skeletons. The presence of a number of teeth of infants and children and of adults up to a considerable age, denoted at least six individuals. In several instances only the crowns or scraps of enatnel were remaining, there being no trace of bone near them. Yet, lying on the bottom of the grave was part of a humerus so solid it could not be broken with the hands— another example, like that of the skeleton in Dawson mound no, 13, of the danger of attempting to fix even the relative date of a burial by the condition of the bones. Near the bottom, 6 feet north of the center, a pot was found in an upright position. A foot north of it, at same level, was a round- bottomed pot of less than a gill capacity, which fell to pieces; by the latter were part of a jaw and some teeth of a young child. A foot north of the sec- ond pot was still another, similar to the first, lying on its side, crushed by pressure. No doubt these pots and nearly all others found under similar conditions were origi- nally placed with bodies of which every trace had disappeared. Near the north end of the structure, a foot below the top, was a folded adult skeleton. The skuU lay on the right side, piq. 12. pipe from ebsi*? mound but the femora were nearly upright, extend- ""■ *■ ing almost to the sod line, as if the body had been placed on the back with the legs drawn up. Rocks were piled over the frame. The sockets in the right half of the lower jaw were entirely closed. A foot from the skull, toward the northeast, and probably belonging with it, was the clay pipe shown in figure 12. Immediately under this body was a skuU, lying on the right side, with the face toward the east; the lower jaw was in its normal posi- tion; the teeth were much worn and decayed. No other bones were found except parts of three cervical vertebrse; under the head were a few small disk-shaped shell beads. Some rocks lay over the head. Many skeletal remains were found thus partially protected, though some had only one stone, or at most a very few, as if for markers, none of them weighing more than 20 pounds, and few of them more than half as much. Near the northeast margin of the mound, with the head toward the east, lay the bundled skeleton of a youth whose wisdom teeth were not worn in the least, though the adjacent molars were. Two feet 5780-Bull. 37-10 1 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 above the bottom, at the north end, were the leg bones of one person, laid in a close pile. On the natural level, 5 feet south of these bones, were teeth of infants or young children, in three different places, but all within an area a foot in diameter. No traces of bones were around them. No accurate count, or close estimate, could be made of the number of bodies or skeletons unearthed ; but there were at least forty. 'A greater number of hammerstones and rubbing stones was found loose in the earth in this mound than in any three other mounds opened during the season. The mound was composed entirely of subsoil or tough clay, very different from the soil of mounds nos. 2 and 4, which were built of surface earth from the narrow ridge and adjacent slopes, leaving only the underlying clay for the construction of the mound now under consideration. The central grave was probably the nucleus with which this general burial mound began. Not only the dieposits of bones at various levels, but also horizontal or slightly curved streaks, like old sod lines, a foot or so apart vertically in several places, indicated varying periods of interruption of the work of construction. MOUND NO. 4 The fourth mound, 190 feet north of the third, was 10 feet in height and 70 feet in diameter. An area 20 feet in diameter, in the central part, was cleared out. The natural surface and the sod line were very distinct, and as material taken up outside for erecting the structure included both dark soil and yellow subsoil, each separate deposit could be definitely, traced. The amount carried at a load varied from half a peck to a peck. At a distance of 3 feet south of the center, 5 feet c and tt scatter: lidd t: ire burned equally hard, and scattered here and there in deposited earth previously undisturbed and showing no marks of fire, must have been carried in from the outside in the process of building; and per- haps all of it was. However this may be, a great fire had been main- tained for a considerable time within the vault. Several pieces of siUceous iron ore were found, the interior hard, the outside soft and rubbing off easily. Some of the stones were quite red where the ^'painf had settled on them.- This may explain the red coloring matter on ^'painted bones" found elsewhere in this vicinity, the ocher, softened by the action of water and carried along by the same agent, having been deposited on the bones. The walls of this vault, while not now vertical, seem to have been laid up so, and afterward pushed in or out by pressure of earth and growing trees. The greatest height of any part was 2^ feet. MOUND NO. 3 Three hundred yards northwest of Mr. Keller's house were three small mounds close together. No stones appeared around one of these; in another the defaced walls of a vault were visible. The third seemed not to have been disturbed to any serious extent ; when excavated by the writer it was 40 feet in diameter and 2 feet in height. The central portion was first cleared out, when a vault was disclosed which measured 8 feet north and south by 6 feet 9 inches east and west, the walls following almost exactly cardinal Unes. The stones were quite large, particularly on the north side where four of them made up the entire height of the wall (pi. 12,6). The greatest eleva- tion at any point was 26 inches, the least 21 inches; but some stones may have been plowed off the top. On the south side was a doorway OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGr BULLETIN 37 PLATE V. T WALL tN MOUND N e SOUTH WALL, DOORWAY, AND PASSAGE IN MOUND NO, 3 *,, FEATURES OF KELLER MOUNDS NOS. 2 AND 3 *^WKB] ANTIQUITIES OP MISSOUBI 69 2 feet 4 inches wide at bottom and 2 feet 7 inches at top ; the sides were somewhat irregular, as if laid up hastily or carelessly, but the stones were much disturbed, so the vault may not have been in the same condition as when built. At the bottom of the vault, in a shallow, irregular depression about 2 by 4 feet, having its greatest length from north to south, were small fragments of partially cremated bones of an adult and also of a child 5 or 6 years old, scattered about over the surface as if carelessly thrown in, though it is quite possible their condition was due to former excavating. Beneath these bones was a grave reaching from the east to the west walls, 2 feet wide. In this, extending its full length, lay four thin slabs 2 feet below the bottom of the wall; a similar slab at the west end stood nearly upright, its surface in line with the inner face of the vault. These rocks were not on the bottom of the grave; but 4 inches above it, that amount of earth having been filled in before the stones were placed. No remains were found in the grave either above or below the pavement except here and there a fragment of burned bone too small to identify. After the burials were made and the vault was filled, the doorway was closed by means of earth and stones thrown in promiscuously, as shown in the illustration. Stones around the outside of the vault covered a space 18 feet north and south by 15 feet 4 inches east and west. The vault wall was apparently upheld entirely around its lower part by earth upon which the stones were placed; but as none were removed except from the doorway, this is only a surmise. All the walls were well laid up. The inside of the doorway, the south wall, and the two southern corners are shown in plate 12,c. The west and north walls and the northwest corner were equally dis- tinct. It will be observed from the last figure that the corners are abutting and not interlocking, and that only occasionally are stones so placed as to break joints; even when they do so the construction may not be the result of design. The south wall abutted on the ad- joining walls at each end; the north wall against the east wall; the west wall against the north wall. It appears, therefore, that the walls were erected in this order: East, north, west, while the south wall may have been either the first or the last laid up. The Brenner Mounds Mr. Brenner's farm lies next to Mr. Keller's on the west, and in- cludes the terminal portion of the ridge, which slopes toward the river on one side and toward Line creek on the other. Along the crest are seven mounds, all of which were explored by Prof. G. C. Broadhead '4n the summer of 1878, in company with members of the 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 Fig. 14. Broadhead'splan of vault In Brenner mound no. 1. Kansas City Academy of Science and the Kansas State Academy of Science.*' Of the three mounds farthest east, Professor Broadhead says in his report:" * * * they seemed to be nicely rounded earth mounds, but digging into them each disclosed regularly built walls about three feet high, exactly at right angles to each other, and enclosing a space 7 feet 9 inches square. The walls were constructed of thin, even layers of limestone laid flat upon each other, and built up with a regular perpendicular face, in fact much more true to the line than many so-called masons would place them. The crypts appeared to have been built above ground. * * * In No. 3 several skulls and one good skeleton were found, together with fragments of others. With the exception of this one skeleton all seemed to have been buried in a sitting pos- ture, or with knees bent, the hands close to or resting on the knees. * * * This vault had an entrance 3 feet wide opposite the eastern side, as represented in figure 9.& The vault in Mound No. 2 contained a large quantity of charcoal, with fragments of charred bones, and much of the clay was reddened by burning. This was evidently a crema- tion vault. The vault in Mound No. 1 is similar in shape and contents to that of No. 2 * * *. The vaults in each of the mounds 1, 2, and 3 had entrances or openings in the wall 3 feet wide, extending to the bottom of the wall. * * * Mound No. 4, the largest, is about 5 feet high and 40 feet in diameter, and is built entirely of earth. Mound No. 6 was similar to 1 and 2, and contained a concealed vault 7 feet 9 inches square, but without an entrance. Eight human skulls were obtained from this vault, but no complete skeleton, although some bones were exhumed in a fair state of preservation. In digging into this vault a few flags of limestone were found a few inches below the surface. Eighteen inches below was another fragmentary roof of limestone, beneath which skulls and portions of vertebrae were disclosed. The flagstones were not reg- ularly arranged nor quite close to each other, but only a few appear to have been placed above the bones, and then earth was heaped upon them. Some fragments of flagstones were also found in No. 2, perhaps the remains of a former roof. Of the mounds described by Professor Broadhead, two were examined. As stated, his *^No. 3*' reappears here as — MOUND NO. 1 This mound was 38 feet in diameter and 4 feet in height, but, like all the others, had been originally higher. The stones of the walls, projecting here and there above the grass, could be traced in most of their circuit. The space inclosed by them was neariy filled with a Smithsonian Reporttor 1879. 352-354, Washington, 1880. 6 Reproduced here as figure 14. Professor Broadhead 's view of a section of the mound is reproduced here as figure 15. Mound no. 3 of Broadhead corresponds to mound no. 1 of the present writer. Fig. 15. Broadhead's section of Brenner mound no. 1. ilec: rs:nD 1 w:: e id. inc ixii- ffOGtif itity o: 1 of the crenia- ?IlL^ to otm tches 1. y- n )f • • * 4 * F AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 3 ., DOORWAY, AND PASSAQE IN MOUND N NORTH WALL, SHOWING ABUTTING STONES, IN MOL FEATURES OF BRENNER MOUNDS NOS. ^^owKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 71 earth containing many rocks torn from the walls. Removal of this d6bris disclosed a vault 8 feet 4 inches east and west by 8 feet north and south. The west and north walls had been partially demolished, the former having been pushed inward at the middle by a tree which •had grown on it; the east wall was intact. The greatest height of the wall was 3 feet. The walls abutted at the corners. The doorway on the eastern side measured 2 feet 7 inches wide at bottom. Access to it was between two wing walls, extending east- ward for a distance of 6 feet 6 inches from the inner face of the vault, while bracer stones, roughly laid, extended 3 feet farther in the same direction. Neither wing wall was laid up^ smoothly or regularly. On the south side, the width from the inner face of the vault to the outer margin of the brace rocks was 6 feet. The other sides were not cleared off; but these measurements indicate for the entire area covered by stones a space about 20 feet north and south by 24 feet east and west, the excess of the latter dimension over the former being due to the extension of the wing walls on each side of the en- trance. In plate 13 are shown the east wall and doorway, inside. There is no mention in Professor Broadhead's report of the fifth mound opened by him. His ' ' No. 6 ' ' must have been the last or most western of the group, as the sixth in order had a well-defined doorway; it is here described as — MOUND NO. 2 This mound stood on a northward-sloping surface. It measured 45 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. One inside comer of the vault was visible, the stones apparently not having been displaced. When the debris was thrown out it was evident that only the east and west walls, including a comer of the doorway, were injured. The other walls were in practically their original condition, only a few stones along the top being somewhat out of position. Across the center the vault measured 8 feet each way; the sides followed nearly cardinal lines, though not parallel, the east and west walls showing more divergence than the othet two. Each wall in succes- sion was measured at top and bottom, the results being: North wall, 8 feet 6 inches and 7 feet 11 inches, respectively; west wall, 8 feet 7 inches and 7 feet 4 inches; south wall, 7 feet 5 inches and 7 feet 7 inches; east wall, 8 feet and 7 feet 10 inches. These dimensions show there was considerable outward slope to the south and east walls while the other two were perpendicular. The highest vertical measure of any face — the same on north and west sides — ^was 3 feet 8 inches. The walls in this structure were laid up more accurately than in any other examined. f 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 On the bottom of the vault were four flat stones, under which were femora and parts of skulls of two adults, and a femur of a person half-grown. All these had been dug out and thrown back at an earlier exploration. They were solid and fresh-looking, though only the shafts of the femora remained; all were much gnawed by mice. The doorway in the south wall was 2 feet 3 inches wide at the bottom. This also was reached between wing walls, which were well laid up for 3 feet 10 inches from the inside of vault, and con- tinued irregularly for 3 feet farther. The brace rocks of the main walls were larger than found elsewhere, and placed in a more orderly manner. The measurements between their outer margins were 19 feet 5 inches north and south by 15 feet 2 inches east and west. The north wall with abutting stones is shown in plate 13, and the south wall inside, with west wall of doorway, are shown in plate 14. It is clear that these misnamed ''underground houses'' are of essentially the same character as the burial vaults in Boone and other counties to the eastward. The only point of difference is in the wing walls extending outward from the doorway, a feature that has not been noted elsewhere. There can be no doubt that all these ''vaults'' were intended for burial places, and for that purpose only. Though careful watch was kept, no indication was discovered in any of them of supports for a roof or other covering to shelter the interior from the weather. Neither was there trace of a fire-bed or of the natural accumulation of rubbish which would result from occu- pancy for living purposes. The diminutive size of the chambers is also against the theory of "houses;" though large enough to crawl into, yet if poles had been laid across even at a sharp angle and thatched with grass or weeds, there would have been no room to stand or move about; a skin wigwam would be more commodious and satisfactory. The condition and appearance of the earth in all of them prove it was carried in; it did not fall from, or with, a roof. The Klamm Mound North of Brenner's is Mr. Klamm' s farm. On a narrow ridge on his land stood a mound about 25 by 30 feet and 4 feet high. Several years ago the north end was much dug by reJic hunters, and in the fall of 1906 the remainder of it was torn out. All this work was done recklessly; shortly after the last spoliation, among the earth and stones thrown out were fragments of bones indicating the presence of the remains of at least four persons, one of large stature. There were three jaws, two those of persons not fully grown; in the other jaw the molars had disappeared so long before death that the cavity in the bone had entirely closed. Broken pottery, scattered around, showed by varying decoration that not fewer than four vessels were de- stroyed. J 5'OWKiB] ANTIQUITIES OP MISSOURI 73 The last excavator could remember that he had found — Nine whole pots, but broke seven of them in getting them out. One of the pots wad much larger than the others and had angels stuck on all around; but these all dropped off. There was a lot of shells and shell beads, yellow paint, some flints, hoes, arrows, and things like that. There were three whole skulls, but these broke all to pieces in getting them out. The ^'yellow paint'' was red hematite, which had colored some of the bones and gave the impression they had been painted. This was due altogether to natural action of' water soaking through. The ''angels'' were small, crudely made objects, apparently rude attempts to represent heads of birds, attached to the pots after they were par- tially hardened. DISTRIBUTION OF VAULT-GRAVES The researches so far made, described in these pages, show the stone vaults to extend from the great bend of the Missouri river at Kansas City, to the mouth of the Gasconade. Mounds containing "stones," or ' 'stone graves," are reported beyond these limits in both directions; but whether these are vaults, cist-graves, or merely loosely piled stones, can not be ascertained with certainty from the reports. There is said to be an aboriginal burial-place near Eureka Springs, Ark., where "walled pens of stone" contain skeletons covered with a slight thickness of earth, but with no mound over them. It is reported also that the Osage Indians formerly disposed of their dead, or of some of them, in this manner. Osage once lived along the Missouri, and moved up the river which bears their name. One of the writer's workmen stated he had ' 'seen Indians out in the Territory build a wall like these we are digging out, and put the dead inside." These vague reports are merely recorded here; they are not given as facts, or indorsed as being worthy of consideration in the absence of more definite knowledge. So far as we have accurate or reliable information, these vaults are known in only two other Missouri counties. In the Smithsonian Report for 1879 (p. 351) Professor Broadhead describes — * * * an ancient walled burial place situated on the summit of a ridge 250 feet in height, which rises on the north side of Salt river, a in the southeast quarter of sec- tion 11, township 55, range 3 west. The walls are constructed of rough limestone taken from the subjacent strata of the hill, and they enclosed two vaults, each 9 feet square, and from 2 to 3 feet in height. The vaults were not exactly in the same line but varied about 5^. Some of the stones had been removed and carried off. I saw only a few fragments of himian bones, but was informed that other and very large bones had been found. The annexed sketch exhibits the form and relative position a Salt river flows into the Mississippi about four miles north of the town of Louisiana. 74 BUBE&U OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BI of the two vaults, with their dimensiona in feet marked thereon. They appear to have been originally built with a atep on the outer face, aa shown at B. The outer portion of the wall lies partly tumbled as if pulled down. Other similar burial places have existed in the county, but at present their rites only remain, the stones having been used for building purpoaes. The sketch mentioned is reproduced here as figure 16. Evidently Professor Broadhead regarded the two vaults as con- stituting a single burial place. The open space to the left, marked "rocks removed," is clearly a doorway. Reference to the various illustrations herein will show that in any of the vaults with brace rocks piled against the outside "the outer portion of the wall lies partly tumbled as if pulled down." He says further (p. 352) : In Montgomery county, on the bluffs of Prairie Pork, near its mouth, in the south- east quarter of section 9, township 47, range 6 west, (here are remains' of a similar walled burial place to that on Salt river. Pike county. The walled space is I«n feet Fio. Ifl. BniadlMad'tplBiiDftwayT square, and the walls were two feet high when I saw them in 1S5!I. A few pieces of human bones were found. And again, on the same page, in regard to certain mounds in Johnson county: These I have not seen. They are located on the bluSs of Blackwater river, and are described as being very similar to those of Clay county, but of larger dimensions, with vaults built of stone, and having lids of the same kind of material, the whole covered over with earth so as to present the contour of large rounded mounds. Some pottery and flint implement have been obtained from them. The reference to "lids" is obscure. Possibly it means that flat stones were used to cover the vault after it was filled. Mounds in Vicinity op Warrensbukg (15) No doubt the last-named mounds are those referred to by C. W. Stevenson" under the head of "New Mound Discoveries," in substance aa follows: <■ In the JTantoa CUf Eitrica of Scieneti and /ndwtry, ii, 106, 1B7S-B. FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 75 In the vicinity of Warrensburg [15] « are mounds, every one excavated showing a stone box within, forming a true cist. They are essentially the same, their dimen- sions being nine by eleven feet, and six feet deep. It is unfortunate that we have not a more detailed account of these mounds. THE ''INDIAN HOUSE'' IN PIKE COUNTY (16) Among the remains which have aroused great interest, but which have been instrumental in creating a false impression concerning the aborigine^ of the Missisi^pi valley, is a peculiar stonework in Pike county, near Louisiana. The earliest known reference to this structure is found in a work by Beck.* The illustration which he gives has been widely copied, and its complete lack of resemblance to anything ever constructed by a "Red Indian,'' or by his mythical predecessor, the ''Mound Builder," has furnished a basis for all sorts of fanciful theories. The smooth- ness and regularity of the walls, the accurate alignment of the stones, as portrayed in his cut (reproduced here as fig. 17), might well excite the envy of a skilled stone mason of our own day. The statement in his text that "all the walls consist of rough unhewn stone" proves the inaccuracy of the drawing, in which they are shown as smooth and even as they could be made with modem tools and machinery. Nevertheless, writers imbued with the idea of a "lost race" or a "high civilization" overlook this inconsistency and take only the drawing as a text. Beck's description follows: Noyer creeky a trifling steam, runs an easterly course through Pike county and empties into the Mississippi two miles below the mouth of Salt river. It is princi- pally noted on account of the singular ancient works found on its banks about two miles southwest of the town of Louisiana. They are built of stone, with great regu- larity, and their site is high and commanding, from which I am led to infer that they were intended for places of defence. Works of a similar kind are found on the banks of Buffaloe creek and on the Osage river. They certainly form a class of antiquities entirely distinct from the walled towns, fortifications, barrows or mounds. The regularity of their form and structure favors the conclusion that they were the work of a more civilized race than those who erected the former — a race familiar with the rules of architecture, and perhaps with a perfect system of warfare. The annexed engraving [fig. 17] will illustrate the form of these works. Fig. 1, faces the southeast. ABCD outer wall, 18 inches in thickness; length 56 feet; breadth 22 feet. (All the walls consist of rough unhewn stone, and appear to have been constructed with remarkable regularity. Although they are at present considerably decayed, their form is still distinct.) E is a chamber, 3 feet in width, which was no doubt arched the whole way, as some part of the arch still remains. It is made in the manner represented in fig. 3, and is seldom more than five feet above the surface of the ground; but as it is filled with rubbish, it is impossible to say what was its original height. a The corresponding number on the map (pi. 1) designates this group of mounds, b A Gazetteer of the States of niinois and Missouri, by Lewis C. Beck; Albany, 1823. 76 BUREAU OF AMEBIOAK ETHNOLOGY [bbli.. 37 F is a chamber, 4 feet wide, and in some pUcM tiie remains of a eimilar arch still G is a chamber, 12 feet in width, at the extremity of which are the remains of a furnace. H is a large room, walled with two entianceH, I and K. It is covered with a thick growth of trees. The walla are at present from two to five feet in hei^t. Fls. IT. OlddiQi^ iketeb of tbe LoulsLe One of the trees in the worlf is two feet in diameter. Pig. 2 ia a smaller work, about 80 rods due east from the former. A and C are two chambers, without any apparent communication with B B ia a room nearly circular, with one gate or entrance. The walls are similar to the former. ^ BOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOXJBI 77 For the account of these interesting antiquities, I am chiefly indebted to the Rev. S. Giddings, of St. Louis, who visited them a few years since and sketched a plan of which this is a copy. It should be remarked that in the passage G (fig. 1) several human bones have recently been found. The above work is on a ridge about half a mile long and 400 feet high, 2 miles in a direct line southwest of Louisiana; this is known as the McMoore hill, from a former owner. ''Nye'' creek, as it is called by residents (the ''Noix'' creek of Broadhead; ''Noyer" of Beck), flows along the west side and north end; on the east is a deep ravine, on the south a low gap. Thus the hill is almost isolated. The slope is so steep as to be quite difficult of ascent at every point except the south end. There is no level ground on the summit, the slopes terminating in a sharp curve along the median line. The ''walls" are on the south end of the ridge, probably 30 feet lower than the highest point, and west of the crest; the north end of the structure is fully 3 feet higher than the south end, making the natural direct slope between them from the northeast to the southwest comer. The whole place had been so thoroughly ransacked by relic hunters that no trace of a wall was visible at any point; but many stones, ranging in size from small angular fragments like gravel to slabs weighing 300 pounds, were scattered confusedly over a space 65 by 42 feet. There was enough stone to make a mound probably 50 by 25 feet, and 2 feet high. A trench was run around the outer margin at ample distance to include all the part on which it seemed possible the walls could have stood; this trench was continuous except where trees interfered with digging. Bed rock, which outcropped on the slopes a few feet below and on each side, was found within a foot or less of the surface of the debris, except at the north end where earth washing down the natural slope of the ridge had covered it a few inches deeper. From this trench excavations were made on every side toward the center, to ascertain whether any stones remained undisturbed; but none such were found except about the northeast comer. Here were two slabs, each as heavy as two men could handle. One was at the beginning of a row of flat stones extending 12 feet southward; the other at the beginning of a similar row reaching 15i feet west- ward. These partial rows were all that remained as they were origi- nally placed, and formed the bottom of the wall around this comer. For the most part there was only a single layer; but for a few feet on the north side there were two, three, and in one place four, stones superposed, as seen in plate 14,6; these were all thin and small. Abmpt "steps" or offsets along the bed rock in the interior indicated that the aborigines had pried off all they could of the projecting outcrop, for the double purpose, probably, of making level spaces on the bottom and procuring material for the wall. 78 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 * When all d6bris was removed- so the ground could be inspected, the distance from the northeast comer, outside, to a point where it seemed the northwest comer should be was 22 i feet; to a similar point at the southeast comer, 48i feet. When the condition of the remains is considered, these figures do not differ greatly from those given by Beck. Measuring outwardly at right angles from the point at which the two walls met (at the ends of the pick and shovel, pi. 14, 6), the width of the east wall was 6 feet; of the north wall, 4 feet. In plate 14, & are shown the outside of the north wall and the top of the east wall, looking south from the outside. It is apparent that the bottom layer, whatever its breadth, rested on the surface of the ground, and that the wall was not laid up either vertically or longitudinally in a manner more symmetrical or accurate than is possible with rough slabs having a wide variation in shapes and sizes. Moreover, it is said in the text that the walls were partially demolished before the sketch was made. In view of these facts, it would seem clear that Mr. Giddings saw only a portion of the struc- ture and that his drawing as given by Beck is largely conjectural. Instead of separate stones being shown as they would actually appear in form and dimensions. Beck's figure is its own witness that spaces to represent each rock are marked off along nearly parallel lines. Furthermore, the walls are represented as standing upright instead of being flat on the ground; limestone slabs of irregular shapes, even if set up edgewise, could not have such symmetrical, brick-like outlines. Indeed, it is quite likely that the original sketch, made on the spot, was rather crude, its present finished appearance being such as would accord with the ideas of a draftsman who drew the stones after the conventional manner of text-books. Col. Richard Hawkins, of Louisiana, says he first saw this work in 1867, and that the ^'wall'' was then 2 feet high in some places. On the other hand, Mr. Homer Reed, whose father formerly owned the land, says he has a distinct recollection of it since 1868, and that it was not then essentially different from what it is now — a pile of rocks without any regularity, and certainly without resemblance to a wall at any point. He was present on more than one occasion when his father was excavating in the cairn which, first and last, he did pretty thoroughly, finding some eight or ten skeletons rather close together, but each in its own ''grave.'' These were lying on the surface (a dug grave would be impossible in this rock), covered or protected by rocks set along the sides of each body and inclined inward at the top. Probably this position of the protecting rocks gave rise to the idea of an ''arch." It will be observed that Beck says there were only remains of an arch. His sketch, "D, 3," how- ever, shows a grave that is built up remarkably hke a so-called '*fur- BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGV a SOUTH WALL, b LOOKINQ ALONQ THE EAST SIDE OF FEATURES OF BRENNER MOUND NO. 2 AND OF THE LOUISIANA WORK rowKB] ANTIQUITIES OP MISSOXJBI 79 nace" in Allamakee county, Iowa, made of rough sandstone slabs gradually drawn together until one stone reaches both sides at the top.« The only relics found in this cairn, so far as Mr. Reed can remember, were some small shell beads (columellas). The ''wall no. 2'' of Beck's drawing is fully half a mile in a direct line east of this work; it also is on a hilltop. As there are two stone mounds here, only a few yards apart, within plain view of each other, it is singular that only one should be mentioned. It may be that the second had not been opened at the time; it certainly could not be overlooked. The senior Mr . Reed examined these mounds also ; judging from their present appearance, they were only cairns, perhaps with a cist grave inside. The interior has been cleared out and the stones have been thrown toward the margin all around. There is no sign of a wall, and Mr. Reed says there never was one; neither is there any indication that either rock pile was ever in the square form shown. At present, the outline of the base in each is an irregular circle, all the central stones having been removed, down to the natural surface. A well-made clay pipe was found in one of these. Small cairns stand on many of the hills along the river and on ''Nye'' creek. From the descriptions of those opened they contain cists, or small bowl-shaped graves, in which are skeletons covered with flat rocks. It is reported that near Busch station, north of Louisiana, on a ridge between Salt river and the Mississippi, there were at one time walled graves, the walls being partially sunk in the earth, but that all are now destroyed. The expression "sunk in the earth" probably means earth was piled over or against them but not to such extent as to make a noticeable mound. Probably these graves are the same as those described by Broadhead (see page 73). Beck's Gazetteer (p. 234) contains other references to "Indian Houses." Under Gasconade county is found the following: * * * a stone work exists, as I am informed by General Ashley, about 10 miles below the mills [referring to some "sawmills" whose location is not given]. It is on the west side of the Gasconade, and is about 25 or 30 feet square, and, although at present in a dilapidated condition, appears to have been originally built with an uncommon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high bald cliff, which commands a fine and extensive view of the country on all sides. From this stone work is a small footpath running in a devious course down the cliff to the entrance to a cave, in which was found a quantity of ashes. Under Pike county (p. 243) is the statement — In this county are several singular and interesting ancient works, which are similar in some respects to those on the Gasconade. They are situated on Noyer creek, and will be described under that article. a For description see Twelfth A nnwil Report of the Bureau of Ethnology ^ 106, 1890-91 , Washington, 1894. In the same report (p. 107), is a figure of a circular Vault near the "furnace," siniilarly laid up. 1 80 BUREAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 But Beck makes no mention of any on '*Noyer creek" other than the one near Louisiana. Again, on page 263 : [On] Buffaloe creeky a small stream of Pike county, * * * there are also the ruins of a number of ancient forts, similar to those on the Noyer creek and Osage river. On page 289 : Loutre rivers a stream of Montgomery county, * * *. On the headwaters of this stream are said to be ancient works, similar to those on the Mississippi, for a description of which the reader is referred to Noyer creek. It would seem from the text that Beck's knowledge of these remains was derived entirely from reports made to him. Possibly, too, he confused ''houses" and ''cairns.'' One of these "houses'* is on a bluff overlooking the Osage, a mile from the "Painted Rock," 16 miles nearly south of Jefferson City. A space approximately square and some 12 feet in diameter is sur- rounded by a heavy stone wall about 3 feet high. A similar smaller inclosure stands against one side of this "house," or perhaps all con- stitute one structure of irregular form. As no excavation was allowed, its nature is uncertain, but it seems to be a vault, not covered with earth as is customary. If the reader will turn back to various illustrations herein, showing both the inside and the outside of vault-graves and will then consult anew Broadhead's drawings of the Pike county ^nd Platte county mounds, in which are represented the outside regularly laid up in hypo- thetical steps (figs. 14, 15, 16), and will finally compare these with the sketch by Mr. Giddings (fig. 17), he will probably infer that the "Indian House" of Pike county, as well as all the others mentioned, are simply walled graves built in conjunction, and not covered over. The fact that chamber E was "filled with rubbish," that "in G * * * human bones have recently been found," and the discoveries made by Mr. Reed in his excavations, are all in consonance with the view that such is their purpose. The explicit statements of Mr. Giddings and Colonel Hawkins that they saw the walls can not be set aside. Walls of some sort, though not as pictured, certainly existed. There is evidence in the illustra- tion in plate 14, 6, of a vertical outside face at the northeast corner. The bottom rocks here were never disturbed by relic hunters, conse- quently had brace rocks been piled against the outside they would still be in place; but there are none. Again, there is not now, and probably never was, enough earth on the upper part of McMoore's hill to build a mound completely over this structure. Only one explanation offers itself. The aborigines made burial chambers in a series, whether all at one time or during a long period does not appear. These were rock- '•n 1 •».*- < ---N FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 81 walled enclosures constructed on the same general plan as those de- scribed on preceding pages. But as both earth and stones were diffi- cult to procure, a mound was not practicable, nor could the walls be braced in the usual manner. So another wall, facing outward, was built around the grave vaults, the two probably leaning slightly to- ward each other, thus affording mutual support. Slight evidence of such construction is offered in the condition of the east wall, where the large stone at the corner is entirely outside the line of stones extending toward the south. PAINTED ROCK (17) Among the numerous paintings on rocks and cliffs in the Missouri valley is one on the right bank of Osage river, 25 miles above its mouth and 16 miles south of Jefferson City. The figures, evidently made with ocher or powdered hematite, are now faint. On a rock face high above flood are a so-called ^^ buffalo," a design resembling a man with upraised arms, and several others too nearly obliterated to venture a guess as to their meaning. Lower, where the river occasionally covers them, are a zigzag line, probably intended for a serpent, and two or three * Turkey tracks;" the latter may indicate diverging trails in the vicinity. The paint has penetrated the soft limestone to a slight depth, a fact which accounts for the preservation of the figures. The sur- face of stone of this character gradually weathers off, the rate of erosion depending on the degree of exposure to atmospheric influ- ences; so in time the figures will entirely disappear. It is quite unlikely they are of considerable antiquity; even in dry caves the roof and walls slowly disintegrate, and the process is naturally much more rapid with rocks in the open air. The late Attorney-General H. Clay Ewing, of Jefferson City, gives the following tradition as to the origin of the figures:^ * * * Painted Rock is at the upper end of the bluff and gets its name from various rude drawings representing animals, such as buffalo and deer. These paint- ings are composed of some red substance, which can be plainly seen from the river. The figure most distinct seems to have been intended for a buffalo; it is about fifteen inches long and eight or nine inches high. * * * There is a rather interesting legend concerning this rock. He then proceeds to describe the capture by Indians of Marie Roy, daughter of Joseph Roy, one of the principal men of the village of Cote Sans Dessein, and of the nine-year-old son of Widow Moreau, and of their rescue. Four men set out in pursuit of the Indians — Joseph Roy, Jean Moreau, and two unnamed companions. Roy and one man went up the Osage; Moreau and the other man up the creek o In an article In the American Field of April 14^ 1S82» 5780— Bull. 37—10 6 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 which now bears the former's name. Moreau and his companion were probably waylaid, as it is said *'they never returned, and his name was given to the river/' Roy and his companion hid their canoe, went across the country on foot, and thus got above the Indians and their captives, who were in canoes. Taken by surprisei the Indians ran away, and the whites started back. * * * When they passed the rock where the figures I have described appeared, Marie told her father that they had stopped there for a few hours as they went up, and the head man or chief in charge of the party had '^painted the rock,*' and from that day to this it is called the Painted Rock. OLD FORT AND VILLAGE SITE IN SALINE COUNTY (18) The area lying along the bluffs overlooking the Missouri river from two to six miles southwest of Miami, in Saline county, is a succession of knolls, ridges, and peaks, having steep slopes on every side except where cols connect them with t)ne another or with the plateau farther back from the stream. The summits are of moderate elevation, nowhere more than 200 feet above the level of the overflow bottom land; most of them are less than 150 feet. In some cases rock outcrops near the bottom of the bluffs, but none is found at a greater elevation than 75 to 100 feet, all above this being loess. Near the river the natural wear of the land is reinforced by the action of numerous springs which flow out over the limestone, and work precipitous ravines into the bluffs, the combined surface and subterranean erosion producing the rugged features to which this region owes its rather fanciful name of **The Pinnacles." Aboriginal burial mounds stand on various points along the bluffs, though not in so great numbers as farther up or down the Missouri; the largest, so far as can be remembered by residents, was not more than 6 feet high. Nearly all of the mounds have been dug into more or less; but it seems very little has been discovered in them. Old Fort On a ridge running nearly south from the general level of the table- land, on the farm of Mr. George P. Haynie, of Miami, is an earthen inclosure popularly known as the '*01d Fort." Its exact location is on E. i SW. i SE. J sec. 24, T. 52 N, R. 22 W. The north and south ends are on the summit of the ridge, while the east and west sides are carried along on the slopes at various distances below, curving and winding along the hillsides to conform as nearly as may be with the various inequalities produced by natural erosion. FOWBH] ANTIQUITIES OF MIBSOUBI 83 A better understanding of the work may be had from the map (fig. 18) than from verbal description; the solid black linea represent embankments, the shaded lines ditches. The work is plainly defen- sive in nature. Except at the ends, approach is possible only by climbing the slopes; the latter, however, are not so steep as to present peculiar difficulty. The moat accessible and vulnerable part is at the northern extremity; here the overlapping ends of the wall compel a detour in entering. At the opposite end, where there is a considerable level area outside the walls, protection is in- sured, or augmented, by a complicated ar- rangement of minor embankments and trenches. But the sides of these could not be made so steep, nor of sufficient height or depth, witli the amount of earth avail- able, as to balk a de- termined enemy. Residents in the vicinity who were fa- miliar with the work before it was dis- turbed, state there was an interior ditch all around except at the entrances. Pro- fessor Broadhead, who also saw it in primitive forest, gives the following descrip- tion:" In Ratine county, Misuouri, tour miles southwest of Miami, I visited, in 1872, an interesting locality showing ancient earthworks, walls, and ditches on h^h ground in a dense wood. The outline was somewhat of a circular shape, though quite irregu- lar, caused by ravines breaking off near the outer rim, the walls being re-entrant in Buch places. The inclosed Bpace is about 40 acres, around which there partly extended three ridges and two valleys, or rather depressions, where at one time existed deep ditches. We have first a ridge 8 feet wide and 3 feet high, then a ditch 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, then a ridge 8 feet wide and 3 feet high, then a ditch 10 feet wide 'SmWumian Btport tor 1879, 356, Washington, 1S80. FlO. 18. The "Old Fort"laSalliiBCOiUit7. 84 BUBEAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 and 3 feet deep, and lastly a ridge 10 feet wide and li feet high. The ridges were apparently entirely formed of earth dug from the ditches, and two of them extended entirely around the space. No rocks appeared near by or in the enclosure. Black- oak trees 3 to 5 feet in diameter were growing over the walls, ditches, and inner area, and the whole surface was covered with a dense and luxuriant growth of bushes, vines, and trees. The ridges had certainly been at one time much higher, and the ditches much deeper. The meaning of the last sentence is, probably, that they must have been *' higher" and ** deeper" in order to be effective. As will appear later, when Professor Hroadhead saw them they were in a con- dition not very different from that in which the builders left them, being protected by the forest growth which he mentions. The following are extracts from the report of Judge West in regard to Missouri archeology. Referring to this earthwork, he says :** On this spur, about a quarter of a mile back from its terminus on the river valley, stands a wonderful work, known as the **01d Fort." It consists of intrenchments thrown up on the verge of the summit of the ridge on both sides. The intrench- ments are still from two to three feet deep, and are on either side one thousand one hundred feet in length measuring through the center from end to end, and inclose an area of from two hundred to three hundred feet wide, the trenches following the curvatiure of the summit of the ridge. At the sides there is but a single trench, but at each end there is a double defense closing the trenches except leaving a pass-way about fifteen feet wide. Near the center of the work a single trench is thrown up connecting with the main trench on either side, with a pass-way in the center of the same width as those at the ends. There are four small mounds in the works, which were opened last summer by Mr. Middleton, of Kansas City. Two of the mounds stand at the. north entrance and to the right of the pass-way as you approach from the north, and two of them are near the center cross intrenchments to the left of the pass- way as you approach from the same direction. Mr. Middleton foimd human bones, broken pottery, and flint chippings in the mounds. The bones were very much decayed. The pottery is precisely the same as that found in the fields in the vicinity. The trees growing in the intrenchments are of the same age as those in the adjacent forests. * * * I dug into two of these mounds, in the field of Mr. Casebolt — ^they extend over four or five large farms — and for a depth of five feet I found successive layers of wood ashes and clay filled with broken pottery, flint chippings, bones, and shells. The bones were those of birds and animals. But Mr. Casebolt, on the same farm, had a cellar dug under a part of his house after it was built, and in digging, at a depth of about three feet, two human skeletons were found side by side, buried extended in a horizontal position at full length. The bones were said to be very much decayed, and crumbled upon exposure to the atmosphere. These mounds are possibly among the group on the adjacent farm, to the northwest of the **Fort,'' though it is more probable they were two of the smaller elevations at the village site to be described later. If the latter. Judge West happened to strike one of thie shal- lower pits and followed it to the bottom. Some time after these visits the timber and brush on the hilltop and for a few yards outside the structure on the slopes were cleared a In the Kansas City Review of Science, 530, Jan., 1882. FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 85 away and the ground was put under cultivation. As a result, the ditch is more or less filled in its entire circuit and wholly obliterated for some distance along the southeastern side. At several places outside the main wail there is still visible a partially filled ditch; and even where no trace of a depression appears the outer slope of the wall rises from a space artificially leveled in such maimer that it resembles an old roadway; in fact, the resemblance is so striking that may persons suppose this to have been its purpose. It is thus proved that the wall was built with earth taken up on both sides, leaving a continuous ditch within and a ditch or level strip without, as shown in the various sections in figure 18. The entire length of the principal wall, not including offsets or minor elevations, is about 2,700 feet; its extremely tortuous course may be inferred from the fact that in this distance it was necessary to set the compass at just forty stations in order to ascertain the changes of direction. The area included is slightly more than 6 acres. The rank growth covering the entire work rendered it necessary to clear off with knife, scythe, and ax every foot examined. Conse- quently no work other than a survey was attempted, except to cut two trenches across the wall and extend them to the natural earth on both sides. These crosscuts, which were made not far from the north entrance, one on the east, the other on the west, where the wall was least altered from its original condition, showed the fill from wash and natural accumulation to be only a foot deep in the outer ditch or level area, and about 18 inches in the inner ditch; and some of this was due to plowing. The wall, where so cut across, has now an elevation of about 3 feet. It is not probable there was ever a vertical distance of more than 6 feet, if as much, between the bottom of the ditch and the top of the wall; the earth in the embank- ment, reenforced by that in both trenches, could not be made to stand at a greater height. Most careful watch was kept for traces of pickets or palisades; there was not the slightest evidence of them. From top to bottom, the earth in the wall was uniform in color and consistency, as it was in the bottom of the ditches. There was no cavity, no dark line, such as must have resulted from the decay of timber large enough to have been of service. If there was ever an additional method of protection, it involved the use of materials placed on the walls, and not extending beneath their surface. At both points where cut through, the earth was the tough, reddish- brown, clayey loess similar to that covering the hills around, and required constant use of a pick in its removal. Had there been even a small post set in this soil the marks would have remained indefinitely. 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 The cross ^'trench" mentioned by Judge West — who, by a slip of the pen, uses the word ''trench*' on several occasions when he means " embankments'' — can be traced only so far as is shown on the map by the short projection from the eastern wall. There is an opening at the southwest end through which a farm road passes; it can not be ascertained whether this is the ''pass- way" to which Judge West refers, or a modem road. There is another opening farther toward the east, as shown on the map, which may be the one he mentions; but it is not referred to specifically in either account from which these quotations are made. At the south end two short minor walls appear within the main wall; there is also an exterior ditch beginning at the top of the steep slope, about 50 feet from the main outer ditch, and connecting with it at what is perhaps the "pass- way" of Judge West's de- scription. One of the short interior walls joins the ditch inside the main wall. These are all the features of the "Fort" which can now be traced; more might be discovered were it completely cleared off. The process of cultivation has destroyed much, and has defaced nearly all that is left. It is reported that in the mounds at the north end, which have been repeatedly dug into, many skeletons were exhumed from a depth of 18 to 20 inches beneath the surface, "piled in on one another as if all thrown in at one time." At the south end skeletons were also found in the space between the ditches outside the wall and still others inside the "Fort" near the west side. A. skull from the latter place "had a gold plug in one tooth. " The "Fort" much resembles some of those farther east, especially along the lower lakes, which are known to be of comparatively recent origin. There is nothing "remarkable" or "wonderful" about it, nothing to indicate any greater "ability" than the capacity to trace a fairly level line around a hilltop and pile earth along it. It has been surmised this may be the fort erected by the Miami Indians; but theirs was a small affair, inclosing not more than "a fourth of an acre," and surrounded by logs, "in an elevated prairie bottom," in the upper end of Saline county, "four or five miles below the town of Miami." On a ridge or knoll a fourth of a mile northwest of the "Fort" are several burial mounds. Nothing more definite could be learned in regard to them than is contained in the extracts from Judge West's paper. Village Site at "The Pinnacles" From half a mile to a mile eastward from the "Fort" erosion has cut numerous ravines in various directions in the plateau, leaving the higher portions somewhat in the form of a letter T, the top of J FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 87 the T extending in a general easterly course and the stem southward for several hundred yards. Most of the land belongs to Mr. E. S. Casebolt; the southern part belongs to Mr. W. H. Utz. Over all this area are abundant indications of an aboriginal village site. The ground is strewn for acres with potsherds, broken bones, and especially with the refuse resulting from the manufacture of flint implements. A great amount of good museum material, including nearly every class of objects usually found under such circumstances, has come from here. The same conditions, but confined .to a much smaller area, are reported to prevail on the eastern part of Mr. Utz's farm, on a segregated knoll. This was in a blue-grass meadow, where nothing on the ground could be seen at the time of the writer's visit. With reference to this village site. Judge West says :* * * * From a half to three-quarters of a mile from the earthworks [the "Old ^Fort"] and on a line parallel with the west side, there begins an area of country extending to near the terrace before mentioned [the Petite Osage plains], a distance of about two miles and which is about the same width the other way. This entire area is literally covered over with low mounds, containing wood ashes, stone implements, pottery, mussel-shells and animal and human bones. Indeed the whole ground seems to be filled in this way. [Page 533.] This district may very aptly be termed a city in ruins. The ground for a depth of from three to five feet, or more, is filled with the bones and domestic implements of a departed race, and for miles around their broken implements lie scattered everywhere. They were undoubtedly a people who had a fixed and per- manent abode, and an agricultural people, to a limited extent at least, for some of their stone implements must have been made for the cultivation of the soil. They must have used their pottery vessels, for cooking their food, and the low mounds represent their kitchens, in which wagon loads of broken vessels might be gathered up — broken at the domestic hearth. The ''two miles in extent either way," which Judge West con- siders the area of former occupation, would carry the limits of the village site far beyond the points where any indications of it exist. The ''low mounds,'' the only real evidence of an aboriginal town ("city in ruins" is hardly applicable), do not exist in this neighbor- hood outside of the limits of the two farms mentioned. Further- more, it is not to be inferred that the d6bris on the main vQlage site is equally distributed over the entire space; it occurs in separate deposits. In spots ranging from 20 to 50 yards apart the ground is literally covered and filled to a level below plow depth; but in going from one of these spots to another, the d6bris becomes less abundant, in places almost disappearing midway between the deposits which are farthest apart. The deposits are in one or two rows, according to the width of the ridge. Locally these are called "mounds," hav- ing been somewhat elevated at one time, though most of them are now leveled by cultivation. Some of the deposits, in pasture lands, • oln the Kantaa City Review of Science, 531, Jan., 1882. '-> 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 are still 16 to 18 inches high. A rough estimate by the owners of the land puts the entire number of deposits at *^ about forty," which is probably not far from correct. In making excavations for cellars, post holes, and other purposes, skeletons have been exhumed at various points on this ridge; and on one slope where much soil has been washed off, numerous graves have been discovered in plowing. These graves seem to extend in rows, the bottom 1 foot to 3 feet below the present surface; there is no recollection that they have ever yielded any artificial objects. It is evident that a dwelling place of some kind was located on each of these so-called mounds, which were erected to secure a well- drained residence site. The refuse aroimd them is the natural result of aboriginal methods of disposing of waste and trash by throwing it jui^t outside their dwellings; in fact the ''mounds'' were partially built up in this manner. For various reasons only a very limited amoimt of excavation was possible at the time of the writer's investigations. A spot where it was said a mound had once stood was chosen, on top of the ridge on Mr. Casebolt's farm. The ^' mound" was indicated more by the quantity of flint chips than by its altitude; and while the debris was less abundant here than at some other points, the discovery of a por- tion of a human femur, evidently plowed out, determined the place of excavation. Three narrow parallel trenches were started toward the ''mound" center from the east margin of the scattered material. These, being only exploratory, were about 2 feet wide and extended to the subsoil, which lay at a depth of 18 inches. In all the trenches, mingled with the earth, was refuse of the same character as that on the surface, but much more pottery and bones, these being better preserved where protected. The pottery was of two varieties. Most of it was thick, strong, c[uite dark or even black, as if made from "gumbo" earth, decorated with dots and smooth indented straight and curved lines at various angles; but a few pieces were yellowish, smoothly finished, undecorated, apparently made of sand and clay. The heavier vessels had handles. Buffalo bones, almost entirely scapulse, were abundant; there were also many bones and teeth of deer, wolf or dog, bear, several smaller animals, numerous kinds of birds, especially wild turkey, and of fish, some of the last named of large size. A singular feature was the com- plete absence of flint implements; not a knife, spear, or large scraper was found, and only one very small arrowhead. Even fragments of such specimens were rare, but the small thujtnb scrapers made by chipping the end of a thick flake were found occasionally, perhaps a dozen in all. FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 89 Near the center of the space where surface signs were most abun- dant, about 18 inches deep, were pieces of a large pot, bones of a young deer in small fragments, and a pile of ashes. It looked as if a pot while in use had broken on or over a fire bed, and the whole mass had been raked up and thrown out together. Among other things foimd was a small thin piece of catlinite, highly polished, apparently a fragment of a disk pipe. Distant 15 feet from the center, the most northerly of the three trenches entered a pit 4 feet in diameter and 2^ feet deep. This was evidently a refuse or trash receptacle, as it was filled with ashes and earth, among which were fragments of bone and pottery, flint chips, and unfinished or broken implements of flint and other stone. In this debris was one human femur. In the second, or middle, trench was a pit of the same character as that in the first, but much larger, and the deepest, probably, ever discovered. It was about 6 feet by 4^ feet in diameter at the top, and, as first dug, 4 feet in diameter at the bottom, with a depth of 7 J feet. Toward the bottom, on the south side, were narrow steps like a steep stairway, in the solid earth, to enable the diggers to carry out the dirt. Afterward, a hole 3 feet in diameter was sunk 3 feet deeper on the east side, making the entire depth lOJ feet. The pit was filled with earth and ashes, among which were as many frag- ments of bones, pottery, stones, and flint chips, as would fill a half- peck measure. Extending from the west edge of the pit, a few inches under the sod on a pile of ashes, were the solid leg and feet bones of an adult. As no other bones were present, it would seem the burial antedated the pit, and the missing parts were thrown aside in the digging. In the line of the southern, or third, trench were two pits. The one first reached was 5 feet deep. From the north and west sides this was cleared out over an area 7 by 10 feet toward the east and south without reaching the margins in these directions. Near the , top were the leg and feet bones of an adult, placed one above the other as if a body had been laid in on the right side, with the head toward the northwest. Below these were the corresponding bones of another adult, laid parallel as if belonging to a body placed on the back. In neither instance were there any traces of other bones belonging with them. The second pit in the third trench was several feet west of the first ; this was 6 feet in diameter and 4 feet in depth. The only human bone in it was the skull of a child of 5 or 6 years. Both jaws were missing and the skull lay with the vertex downward. Between these two pits were the pelvis, leg bones, and feet of a person about the size of a normal 16-y^ar-old boy. k 90 BUREAU OF AMESICAN ETHNOLOGY (bdi-i,, 37 At a distance of 3 feet northwest of the child's skidl, on the same level (about 18 inches in depth), but not within the pit, was a fine pot. nearly perfect, standing upright in a bed of ashes (fig, 19). West of this was a scraper or polishing tool 16 inches long, made from the split rib of a buffalo or an elk. Another trench waa run from the center toward the south. Eight feet out, in a slight depression dug into the subsoil, was the cranium of a child, as smooth as if polished or at least much handled. It lay on the face, unaccompanied by any other bone. Three feet farther from the center was the edge of a pit 5 feet in depth and 6 feet in diameter. At one point on the bottom was a pile of minute flint chips scaled off in making implements of small size or delicate finish; there were enough of these to fill a pint cup, A shghtly smaller quantity of similar chips lay higher up. A satisfactory ex- planation of these pits remains to be found. Such ex- cavations occur around and in many Indian vil- lage sites, modern as well as prehis- toric. They seem to fall into two classes ; Store- houses in which to preserve grain and other food, and re- Fio. 19. Potlram village «lt«, Saline counly. , ... fuse pits to receive the trash accumulating under ordinary living and working condi- tions. Very likely pits of the former class, when their usefulness as storage chambers was over, were utilized for the latter purpose. Neither object seems to have been altogether in view at "The Pin- nacles.*' AU the pits here contain much more earth than ashes, and while some of this may have fallen in from the top or sides, not a great quantity could have come from this source, or the pits would be somewhat conical. As it is, the sides are vertical or nearly so. Be- sides, they contain comparatively Uttle of ordinary wastage. Some broken implements of stone or bone, potsherds, flint chips, and a small amount of charcoal were found in them, enough to show they were not designed for any especial purpose other than to receive ashes; and even so, the amount of earth evidently thrown back into them indicates some use not yet made plain. I^WKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 91 The area excavated measures less than 30 feet in diameter in any direction and not half the earth in this limited space was examined. Neither was this the most promising site; in other places on the ridge many more specimens have been gathered up than in this field and more graves uncovered, and the surface is more thickly strewn with potsherds, bones, and flints. The pottery was abundant, of good quality, and entirely different in form and decoration from any other ware found in explorations along the river. Nearly all the impressions are such as would be made with small rounded or pointed bones. No agricultural implements of bone, shell, or stone were found, except one fragment which seems to be the end of a small flint hoe, but shows no poUsh. There was one piece of coarse sandstone, used for sharpening bone implements. The only vegetable food discovered was a handful of charred acorns in one of the pits. All indications point to continuous occupancy by a tribe whose subsistence was derived from hunting and fishing. The numerous scapulsB of buffalo bear no marks to show that they were used for digging; some scrapers, skinners, and poUshers were made from pieces of these bones, and other implements made of bones of smaller mammals and of birds were found. The entire absence of cutting or piercing implements of flint from an area where bushels of flakes and chips can be gathered from the surface in a day, and where the ground is filled with them to the subsoil, is a most perplexing feature. Boys and collectors have gathered all finished and imperfect implements to a depth where the plow can turn them up ; but flakes continue in quantity to a greater depth than the plow has ^ver reached, and it would seem that many rejects, at least, should be in the pits. There is no evidence as yet, except Judge West's statement regard- ing the similarity of pottery, to connect the builders of the '^Fort" with the dwellers on the village site. The former was seemingly occupied for only a short time or at irregular intervals, for although much desultory digging has been carried on at different places within the **Fort,'' no one in the neighborhood could recall the discovery of pottery, flint chips, or any other remains existing so profusely around the little * 'mounds." The very limited amount of investigation so far made here does not justify any theory, argument, or conclusion, but the site is well worthy of njost thorough research. The following item may have some bearing on the question of the time at which it was occupied. In an article by John P. Jones, of Keytesville, Mo., on *' Incidents of Early Travel in Missouri,'* this statement appears :* La Harpe's Journal has the following account of a voyage to the Missouris and Osages: "Dec. 29th, 1719, M. de Bienville received a letter from M. Dutisme, of the Kaskaskias, a In the Kansas City Review of Science, p. 20, May, 1881. 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 dated Nov. 22nd, 1719, containing a narrative of his voyage to the village of the Mis- souris by the river of that name. One league from this village, in the southwest, is a village of the Osages * * * ." Jones adds in a footnote: This town was located near the present town of Miami, Saline Co., Mo. A descrip- tion a of an ancient earthwork near the site of this village appeared in the Review for April, 1878. But if the Osage occupied this spot, manufactured the pottery found here, and utiUzed bones, especially those of the buffalo, to so great an extent in making implements, then the grave-vaults certainly are not to be attributed to them; for the art objects found in these are so widely different in shape, finish, and material as to offer almost positive proof that they must represent the industry of a people belonging on another plane of culture and governed by very different motives and ideas. Probably Dutisme referred to the Osage village near Grand Pass or to some other whose location is not recorded. His ''one league'* may have denoted a distance quite indefinite. ARROW ROCK (19) In Saline county, Missouri, on the Missouri river, between Boonville and Glasgow, is the town of Arrow Rock, which takes its name from the cliff against whose foot the river flows. An impression exists among archeologists that the name was given because here was the site of an aboriginal flint quarry or workshop. In a footnote to his edition of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (vol. i, p. 18) Coues makes the statement, without citing authority or giving his reasons for it, that ''the rock was so called from being resorted to by Indians for stone arrow-heads. '^ The impression as to the origin of the name, however, much antedates the appearance of this pubUcation. In Thwaites's edition of Lewis and Clark (vol. i, p. 44) the exact wording as it appears in their manuscript is thus : " * * * Several Small Channels running out of the River below a Bluff [Cliff of rocks called the arrow rock] * * * '', the bracketed remark being intercalated, whether by the original authors or by some one else does not appear. If there had been any foundation for the prevalent belief, these early explorers would surely have referred to it, for they record that — a Short distance above the mouth of this Creek [i. 6., Big Moniteau, on the south side, between Boonville and Jefferson City], is Several Courious paintings and carving on the projecting rock of Limestone inlade with white red & blue flint, of a verry good quallity, the Indians have taken of this flint great quantities. There is no trace of aboriginal quarrying in the vicinity of Arrow Rock, nor any place where it would have been practicable. The a See exoerpt from Broadhead, p. 83. FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 93 lower Carboniferous formation of Missouri contains a vast quantity of chert, and where this has weathered out of the parent rock without being disintegrated in the process the aborigines naturally gathered such of it as they could use. The hmestone of Arrow Rock being comparatively soft and easily weathered, workable nodules are not rare along the shore, some of them containing solid cores capable of being formed into implements several inches in length. Evidence that some work was done here may be found in a httle terrace near the upper end of the bluff, where a few square rods of surface are strewn with chips. But greater quantities of chips extending over larger areas, are common in places considerable distances from any available flint in place. No one now Uving at Arrow Rock ever heard of the origin of the name as stated by Coues and by others before him, though who these are can not now be recalled. Only one tradition exists to account for it. A number of young warriors assembled on a sand bar opposite the cliff to test their power with the bow by ascertaining who V could send an arrow farthest out into the stream, the victor to wed the chief's daughter. One of them shot clear across the river, his arrow lodging in a crevice high above the water; and so the cliff was thenceforward known as "The arrow rock." No citizen of the place has ever heard of any other explanation of the term. A RECONNOISSANCE IN SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI In 1879 and 1880 the people in the neighborhood of Charleston [Missouri] discovered that the pottery in which the mounds of this region seem to have been unusually rich had a considerable commercial value. A regular mining fever at once broke out and spread so rapidly that in some instances as many as twenty-five or thirty men, women, and children could be seen digging for pottery in one field at the same time.<^ This paragraph gives voice to a widespread impression which exists, that in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas all, . or nearly all, mounds contain pottery, often in so great quantities that he must be indeed an enthusiastic collector who would not presently terminate his explorations through sheer satiety. Acting on this supposition, researches were undertaken by the writer, in southeastern Missouri, in the hope and with the expectation of securing a large or at least a typical collection. Only a short time was required to expose the error of this belief. Nearly every point recommended as worth investigating in Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, and New Madrid counties was visited. Collectors, farmers, and other persons who were presumed to have knowledge of or interest in such matters were interviewed, and their advice and assistance sought. Almost without exception they were a From Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology , 1S3, 1890-91, Washington, 1894. Collectors had been busy in the region for several years prior to the date given. r 94 BUBEAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 courteous and obliging. The information was practically the same in every instance, and may be condensed into a few paragraphs. The principal finds were almost invariably made on the sites of villages, generally in the immediate vicinity of mounds, though often several hundred yards from the nearest one. Usually one, sometimes two, rarely three, pots are found with a skeleton. Occa- sionally there is a burial mound in which many bodies have been interred. In one which was nearly effaced by cultivation the first intimation that it might yield anything was the uncovering of pottery fragments in plowing. This was explored by Mr. Thomas Beckwith, of Charleston, who found the base to be 4 feet lower than the surrounding level. Whether this had been a burial pit filled and covered, or whether the field had been built up to that extent by deposits after the mound was made, he was unable to say; but skeletons and pottery were found everywhere from top to bottom, the lowest of them in standing or soil water. Exactly 300 pots were saved, including practically every size, shape, style, and degree of finish found in the region. There were also two human efiigies carved in sandstone. Though fine specimens are occasionally found in them, the larger mounds as a rule contain very little; and it would seem from the descriptions of the position and manner in which skeletons or relics are placed, that they were mostly deposited in the course of uprear- ing a structure which was primarily intended. for some purpose other than that of sepulture. There are real mortuary mounds from which pottery is procured in greater or less amounts, but compared with the total number these are few. Probably 90 per cent, or even more, of mounds in the territory comprising and adjacent to the "Sunk Lands'' were erected with some end in view which did not include either funeral rites or the concealment of relics. The prospectors of twenty to thirty years ago proceeded system- atically; they used long steel probing rods with which they tested almost every foot of a field they wished to explore. There are no stones, scarcely a pebble, in this alluvial soil ; consequently when the rod met with an obstacle the searcher could be almost certain it was an implement, a piece of pottery, or other artificial object. In this way they soon learned in what sort of situation or amid what port of surroundings a village site and its associated cemetery were likely to be found; and when one was discovered they usually exhausted its possibilities before going elsewhere. Further, a series of fruitless excavations taught them that mounds made of earth so hard the probe would not readily penetrate it would almost certainly be destitute of contents, or, if otherwise, that articles of pottery would y be broken by pressure. So, in time, the prospectors became quite B-owKBl ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 95 expert in selecting localities where digging would "pay/' and found aboriginal vessels literally by the carload; and they inspected the country so carefully that only by chance is a source of fresh supply discovered. Yet from time to time enough is disclosed to assure an explorer good results, provided always he can find the right place and secure permission to examine it. Two promising localities are now known which have never been worked, but the owners will not allow researches to be made. Undoubtedly many others await discovery. Occasionally a vessel of some description is found by a laborer and carried to a store where it is exchanged for goods; but specimens accumulate very slowly in this way. Mr. Beckwith, whose collection is famous, has been twenty-five years or longer in getting it together, during all which time it has been a matter of common knowledge that he is in the market for whatever is worth having; and most of his collection has come from his o.wn tenants. He remarked "If I knew where pottery could be found, I would go there and dig for it/' More than thirty years ago, while the territory was practically undisturbed. Professor Conant carried on a very profitable explora- tion for the St. Louis Academy of Science. His principal work was along the west bank of St. John's bayou, between Sikeston and New Madrid. The success of his efforts led to the selection of this vicinity as the site of the only mound excavating attempted. The work resulted solely in a verification of the information set forth above. The Hunter Mounds On the farm owned by Mr. A. B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid and half a mile south of Farrenburg on the Cotton Belt railway, is a group of mounds extending for half a mile or more along the west bank of St. John's bayou, the extreme width of the group being about 200 yards. Much of the area on which these mounds stand was under cultivation when examined, so the exact number is uncertain; but there are not fewer than sixty. All of them have been more or less farmed over and thereby somewhat reduced in height; at present they range from 1 foot to 6 feet in height, and from 30 to 75 feet in diameter. Five of the mounds are along the edge of the terrace overlooking the bayou; the others are behind these, on the nearly level ground. Near the south end of the group, at the edge of the terrace, is an amphitheater-like depression of about an acre, facing the bayou; it is said so much broken pottery occurs here that "in plowing, the plow sounds as if it is running through gravel." It is generally supposed, perhaps correctly, that this is the site of a pottery factory; but no exploration could be made at the time. ^ 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 The cross "trench'' mentioned by Judge West — who, by a slip of the pen, uses the word *' trench" on several occasions when he means *' embankments" — can be traced only so far as is shown on the map by the short projection from the eastern wall. There is an opening at the southwest end through which a farm road passes; it can not be ascertained whether this is the *' pass- way" to which Judge West refers, or a modem road. There is another opening farther toward the east, as shown on the map, which may be the one he mentions; but it is not referred to specifically in either account from which these quotations are made. At the south end two short minor walls appear within the main wall; there is also an exterior ditch beginning at the top of the steep slope, about 50 feet from the main outer ditch, and connecting with it at what is perhaps the "pass- way" of Judge West's de- scription. One of the short interior walls joins the ditch inside the main wall. These are all the features of the "Fort" which can now be traced; more might be discovered were it completely cleared off. The process of cultivation has destroyed much, and has defaced nearly all that is left. It is reported that in the mounds at the north end, which have been repeatedly dug into, many skeletons were exhumed from a depth of 18 to 20 inches beneath the surface, " piled in on one another as if all thrown in at one time." At the south end skeletons were also found in the space between the ditches outside the wall and still others inside the "Fort" near the west side. A.skull from the latter place "had a gold plug in one tooth. " The "Fort" much resembles some of those farther east, especially along the lower lakes, which are known to be of comparatively recent origin. There is nothing "remarkable" or "wonderful" about it, nothing to indicate any greater "ability" than the capacity to trace a fairly level line around a hilltop and pile earth along it. It has been surmised this may be the fort erected by the Miami Indians; but theirs was a small affair, inclosing not more than "a fourth of an acre," and surrounded by logs, "in an elevated prairie bottom," in the upper end of Saline county, "four or five miles below the town of Miami." On a ridge or knoll a fourth of a mile northwest of the "Fort" are several burial mounds. Nothing more definite could be learned in regard to them than is contained in the extracts from Judge West's paper. Village Site at "The Pinnacles" From half a mile to a mile eastward from the "Fort" erosion has cut numerous ravines in various directions in the plateau, leaving the higher portions somewhat in the form of a letter T, the top of ■H FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 87 the T extending in a general easterly course and the stem southward for several hundred yards. Most of the land belongs to Mr. E. S. Casebolt; the southern part belongs to Mr. W. H. Utz. Over all this area are abundant indications of an aboriginal village site. The ground is strewn for acres with potsherds, broken bones, and especially with the refuse resulting from the manufacture of flint implements. A great amount of good museum material, including nearly every class of objects usually found under such circumstances, has come from here. The same conditions, but confiixed.to a much smaller area, are reported to prevail on the eastern part of Mr. Utz^s farm, on a segregated ImoU. This was in a blue-grass meadow, where nothing on the ground could be seen at the time of the writer's visit. With reference to this village site. Judge West says :® * * * From a half to three-quarters of a mile from the earthworks [the "Old ^Fort"] and on a line parallel with the west side, there begins an area of country- extending to near the terrace before mentioned [the Petite Osage plains], a distance of about two miles and which is about the same width the other way. This entire area is literally covered over with low moimds, containing wood ashes, stone implements, pottery, mussel-shells and animal and human bones. Indeed the whole ground seems to be filled in this way. [Page 533.] This district may very aptly be termed a city in ruins. The ground for a depth of from three to five feet, or more, is filled with the bones and domestic implements of a departed race, and for miles around their broken implements lie scattered everywhere. They were undoubtedly a people who had a fixed and per- manent abode, and an agricultural people, to a limited extent at least, for some of their stone implements must have been made for the cultivation of the soil. They must have used their pottery vessels, for cooking their food, and the low mounts represent their kitchens, in which wagon loads of broken vessels might be gathered up — broken at the domestic hearth. The ''two miles in extent either way,'' which Judge West con- siders the area of former occupation, would carry the limits of the village site far beyond the points where any indications of it exist. The ''low mounds,'' the only real evidence of an aboriginal town ("city in ruins" is hardly applicable), do not exist in this neighbor- hood outside of the limits of the two farms mentioned. Further- more, it is not to be inferred that the d6bris on the main village site is equally distributed over the entire space; it occurs in separate deposits. In spots ranging from 20 to 50 yards apart the ground is literally covered and filled to a level below plow depth; but in going from one of these spots to another, the d6bris becomes less abundant, in places almost disappearing midway between the deposits which are farthest apart. The deposits are in one or two rows, according to the width of the ridge. Locally these are called "mounds," hav- ing been somewhat elevated at one time, though most of them are now leveled by cultivation. Some of the deposits, in pasture lands, * a In the Kansas City Review of Science, 531, Jan., 1882. i 98 BUREAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 It is agreed among geologists that a large area in Missouri and Arkansas, including a considerable part of the mound territory, sank several feet at the time of the great earthquake of 1811. Conse- quently, lowlands now subject to periodical overflow were perhaps sufficiently elevated prior to that catastrophe to escape any but phenomenal floods, and were quite habitable. If this be the case, more extensive excavations about these mounds may reveal the motive or purpose of their construction. The Copper Plates from Malden, Dunklin County These objects (pis. 15-19) were plowed up by Mr. Ray Groomes on the farm of Mrs. Baldwin, 2 J miles south of Maiden, Dunklin county . Mr. Groomes makes in substance the following statement: He was plowing much deeper than usual, probably 16 or 18 inches. His attention was attracted by something shining or glittering on the land turned over by his plow at this point, and he stopped to examine it. He found a few small scraps of copper. On looking at the bottom of the furrow, whence they had come, he found that his plow had struck the upper end of these copper pieces, which lay in close contact, *' with the heads down, ' ' and inclined at an angle of 45^. He saw no evidence that they had ever been wrapped in cloth or any other substance, separately or together. He dug around them with his pocketknife, the loose sand and soil being easily removed, and drew them out of the earth one by one. There was something with them which looked to him like a small piece of ''slate" [shale], such as he had frequently noticed in this ground in plowing. Possibly this was all that remained of a sim-dried or soft-burned clay vessel which went to pieces in the earth. There was also a small amount of some "white substance,'' not identified, none of which was preserved. Mr. Groomes is positive in his statement that the specimens were in immediate contact, as he lifted them out one after another, and that very little earth had worked in between them. Mr. Groomes afterward did a little digging at the spot, but found nothing more, except a few fragments which his plow had broken from the objects. Neither he nor anyone else consulted had ever seen or heard of any evidence of a village site in the vicinity ; no flints, shells, bones, or pottery had ever been observed. Neither are there any mounds in the immediate neighborhood, the nearest being at Bemie, 9 miles northward. From there for many miles to the south the land stretches in a dead level to the East and West swamps, which bound it on either side. It is altogether probable that the articles" were buried here by some aboriginal trader, who may have procured them from Mexico, either in person or by traflSc, and who was prevented from returning to the spot or was perhaps unable to locate it again. a The plates finally came into the possession of Mr. J. M. Wulflng, of St. Louis, who was kind enough to furnish the photographs from which the accomx>an7ing illustrations were made. BUREAU OF AMERICAN E COPPER PLATE FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY COPPER PLATES FROM MALDEN, DUNKLIN COUNTY 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 dated Nov. 22nd, 1719, containing a narrative of his voyage to the village of the Mis- Bouris by the river of that name. One league from this village, in the southwest, is a village of the Osages * * * .'* Jones adds in a footnote: This town was located near the present town of Miami, Saline Co., Mo. A descrip- tion a of an ancient earthwork near the site of this village appeared in the Review for April, 1878. But if the Osage occupied this spot, manufactured the pottery found here, and utilized bones, especially those of the buflFalo, to so great an extent in making implements, then the grave-vaults certainly are not to be attributed to them; for the art objects found in these are so widely different in shape, finish, and material as to oflFer almost positive proof that they must represent the industry of a people belonging on another plane of culture and governed by very different motives and ideas. Probably Dutisme referred to the Osage village near Grand Pass or to some other whose location is not recorded. His "one league'' may have denoted a distance quite indefinite. ARROW ROCK (19) In Saline county, Missouri, on the Missouri river, between Boonville and Glasgow, is the town of Arrow Rock, which takes its name from the cliff against whose foot the river flows. An impression exists among archeologists that the name was given because here was the site of an aboriginal flint quarry or workshop. In a footnote to his edition of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (vol. i, p. 18) Coues makes the statement, without citing authority or giving his reasons for it, that "the rock was so called from being resorted to by Indians for stone arrow-heads.'' The impression as to the origin of the name, however, much antedates the appearance of this pubUcation. In Thwaites's edition of Lewis and Clark (vol. i, p. 44) the exact wording as it appears in their manuscript is thus: '^ * * * Several Small Channels running out of the River below a Bluff [Cliff of rocks called the arrow rock] * * * ' '^ the bracketed remark being intercalated, whether by the original authors or by some one else does not appear. If there had been any foundation for the prevalent belief, these early explorers would surely have referred to it, for they record that — a Short distance above the mouth of this Creek [i. 6., Big Moniteau, on the south side, between Boonville and Jefferson City], is Several Courious paintings and carving on the projecting rock of Limestone inlade with white red & blue flint, of a verry good quallity, the Indians have taken of this flint great quantities. There is no trace of aboriginal quarrying in the vicinity of Arrow Rock, nor any place where it would have been practicable. The a See excerpt from Broadhead, p. 83. ^ FOWKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 93 lower Carboniferous formation of Missouri contains a vast quantity of chert, and where this has weathered out of the parent rock without being disintegrated in the process the aborigines naturally gathered such of it as they could use. The Umestone of Arrow Rock being comparatively soft and easily weathered, workable nodules are not rare along the shore, some of them containing solid cores capable of being formed into implements several inches in length. Evidence that some work was done here may be found in a little terrace near the upper end of the bluff, where a few square rods of surface are strewn with chips. But greater quantities of chips extending over larger areas, are common in places considerable distances from any available flint in place. No one now Uving at Arrow Rock ever heard of the origin of the name as stated by Coues and by others before him, though who these are can not now be recalled. Only one tradition exists to account for it. A number of young warriors assembled on a sand bar opposite the cliff to test their power with the bow by ascertaining who could send an arrow farthest out into the stream, the victor to wed the chief's daughter. One of them shot clear across the river, his arrow lodging in a crevice high above the water; and so the cliff was thenceforward known as "The arrow rock.'' No citizen of the place has ever heard of any other explanation of the term. A RECONNOISSANCE IN SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI In 1879 and 1880 the people in the neighborhood of Charleston [Missouri] discovered that the pottery in which the mounds of this region seem to have been unusually rich had a considerable commercial value. A regular mining fever at once broke out and spread so rapidly that in some instances as many as twenty-five or thirty men, women, and children could be seen digging for pottery in one field at the same time.« This paragraph gives voice to a widespread impression which exists, that in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas all, or nearly all, mounds contain pottery, often in so great quantities that he must be indeed an enthusiastic collector who would not presently terminate his explorations through sheer satiety. Acting on this supposition, researches were undertaken by the writer, in southeastern Missouri, in the hope and with the expectation of securing a large or at least a typical collection. Only a short time was required to expose the error of this belief. Nearly every point recommended as worth investigating in Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, and New Madrid counties was visited. Collectors, farmers, and other persons who were presumed to have knowledge of or interest in such matters were interviewed, and their advice and assistance sought. Almost without exception they were a From Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 183, 1800-91, Washington, 1894. Collectors had heen busy In the region for several years prior to the date given. I • >. V TOWKB) ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 95 expert in selecting localities where digging would "pay/' and found aboriginal vessels literally by the carload; and they inspected the country so carefully that only by chance is a source of fresh supply discovered. Yet from time to time enough is disclosed to assure an explorer good results, provided always he can find the right place and secure permission to examine it. Two promising localities are now known which have never been worked, but the owners will not allow researches to be made. Undoubtedly many others await discovery. Occasionally a vessel of some description is found by a laborer and carried to a store where it is exchanged for goods; but specimens accumulate very slowly in this way. Mr. Beckwith, whose collection is famous, has been twenty-five years or longer in getting it together, during all which time it has been a matter of common knowledge that he is in the market for whatever is worth having; and most of his collection has come from his o.wn tenants. He remarked ''If I knew where pottery could be found, I would go there and dig for iV More than thirty years ago, while the territory was practically undisturbed. Professor Conant carried on a very profitable explora- tion for the St. Louis Academy of Science. His principal work was along the west bank of St. John's bayou, between Sikeston and New Madrid. The success of his efforts led to the selection of this vicinity as the site of the only mound excavating attempted. The work resulted solely in a verification of the information set forth above. The Hunter Mounds On the farm owned by Mr. A. B. Hunter, 7 miles north of New Madrid and half a mile south of Farrenburg on the Cotton Belt railway, is a group of mounds extending for half a mile or more along the west bank of St. John's bayou, the extreme width of the group being about 200 yards. Much of the area on which these mounds stand was under cultivation when examined, so the exact number is uncertain; but there are not fewer than sixty. All of them have been more or less farmed over and thereby somewhat reduced in height; at present they range from 1 foot to 6 feet in height, and from 30 to 75 feet in diameter. Five of the mounds are along the edge of the terrace overlooking the bayou; the others are behind these, on the nearly level ground. Near the south end of the group, at the edge of the terrace, is an amphitheater-like depression of about an acre, facing the bayou; it is said so much broken pottery occurs here that "in plowing, the plow sounds as if it is running through gravel." It is generally supposed, perhaps correctly, that this is the site of a pottery factory; but no exploration could be made at the time. • r rowKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUEI 99 VILLAGE SITES WORTH EXCAVATING At ''The Pinnacles," near Miami, Saline county, on the farms of Messrs. W. H. Utz and E. S. Casebolt. On the land of Messrs. August Langenberg and Timothy Leech, at the mouth of Third creek, near Cooper Hill, Osage county. On the farm of Mr. J. Ed Belch, at the mouth of Osage river. On the Heyde farm, north of Advance, Stoddard county. A mile west of Vanduser, Scott county, on the old Batt farm, now owned by Mr. James Farris, of Benton, Scott county. On next farm south of above, owned by Mr. John E. Marshall, of Sikeston. On the farm of Mr. J. H. Drew, 8 miles south of East Prairie, on north side of Upton Slough. On Mr. Lorin Hawkers land, the ''old Peter Bess settlement,'' on west bank of Castor river, above Frisco bridge, a mile west of Brownwood, Stoddard county. LOCALITIES WORTH INVESTIGATING Old Bollinger farm, now the Evans farm, a mile south of Advance, Stoddard county. Farm of Mr. Colbert, 2 miles south of Advance. August Schonoff farm, IJ miles west of Advance. McKinney farm, south of Sikeston, Scott county. William Andrews farm, adjoining the McKinney farm on the south. Sikes farm, adjoining the Andrews farm on the south. South of Green Cox station, on west bank of Little Field swamp. Cape Girardeau county. REPORTED LOCAI^ITIES POSSIBLY WORTH EXAMINING Much pottery has been found at the McFadden farm, 2 miles up the river from Belmont, Mississippi county, and on the Hudson farm next above McFadden 's. Many relics have been found around the base of a large mound at Traverse, a mile south of Crosno, Mississippi county. Distant 5 to 6 miles west of Belmont is Sassafras ridge, where many specimens have been discovered. On Hoecake ridge, a mile west from Sassafras ridge, are mounds on Mr. Tom Quick's land. There are mounds, and numerous specimens have been found, on Pinhook ridge, 2i miles south of Sassafras ridge, and on the Farrin farm, at the old "Tarr store," a mile north of Wolf Island post- office, Mississippi county. » 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bdlu37 Southwest of New Madrid, on the farms of Mr. W. E. Davis, on Nolin Cypress still farther southwest, and thence on to Little river, are numerous mounds. Some have been opened, which were found to be barren of contents. ADDITIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS VISITED OR REPORTED On the Gasconade river Cairns and village sites about Gascondy. Village site on river bank a fourth of a mile below Boiling Spring, near Gaines's ford above Vienna. Cairn on Martin's bluff, 8 miles above Cooper Hil). Cairn at Fishing Rock, 5 miles above Cooper Hill. Cairn on Hollenbeck bluff, 4 miles above Cooper Hill. Cairn on Howerton's bluff, 2 miles below Fishing Rock. Village site on Schockley's farm, near mouth of Pointer's creek, just above Howerton's bluff. Village site on Mr. Gum Miller's land, 1 J miles above Cooper Hill, opposite Massie's bluff. Cairn on Iron hill on Third creek, a mile from Cooper Hill. Cairns on Nixon's farm on Third creek, 3 miles from Cooper Hill. Several cairns about Freedom and Hope, on lands of Dr. Jett and Messrs. Fleck, SchoUmeyer, and Koch; all have been opened. The earth is strewn with flint chips in the field next below Heck- mann's mill. Two cairns, destroyed, on Campmeeting bluff, IJ miles below Pinoak creek. A series of six connected cairns covering a solid space 20 by 70 feet on the first bluff below Mud, or Muddy, creek; also a single cairn at the lower end of the bluff. All are destroyed. On Mueller's and Witte's farms, at the mouth of Second creek, are six cairns extending along the top of Lost hill. Mound of stone and earth on the south end of Turnpike bluff. At Stolpe, earth mound on Ongken farm; two earth and stone mounds on Bohl's farm. Boone county MOUNDS On Cedar creek, 2 miles east of Claysville. On Mr. Luther Hart's farm, on first bluff east of Hartsburg. Two on Mr. John Osterloh's farm, adjoining Shaw's on the east. "' -Six on Mr. Henry Lohrey's farm, east of Osterloh's. i^WKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 101 One on Walker's farm, adjoining Lohrey's. Two in edge of Hartsburg, on Mr. Rudolph Bischer's farm. Five on next farm north of Bischer's. Six on Matthew's land, a mile west of Hartsburg. Several near Wilton station. Three on Mr. Henry Baumhoefer's farm, 3 miles south of Easley. One on Wright's farm, a mile south of Easley. Three on Mr. Will Rippetoe's land, i mile southeast of Easley. One on Ridgeway's farm, i mile east of Easley. Nine on Leineke's farm, 2 miles north of Easley. Fourteen on Messrs. Burnett's and O'Rear's farms, a mile south of Providence. Five on the Hunt estate, at Huntsdale station. Several on Torbitt's land, 4 miles east of Rocheport. Five on Burk's farm, east of Torbitt's. Several on Robey's farm, 1 mile east of Rocheport. Several on Mr. Jaines Warren's land, north of Providence. Three on Doctor Chiim's land, west of Rocheport. One on Mr. Henry Walther's land, 2 miles west of Rocheport. One, large, on Mr. Frank Smith's land, 5 miles northwest of Colum- bia, near Perche bridge. Three near Indian Mound schoolhouse, 3 miles northeast of Harris- burg. One near Silver Fork of Perche creek '* contained two bodies and a sword much rusted." Callaway county Mounds all along the top of Cote San Dessein. Cole county Six on Mr. Frank Shannon's land, at Osage City. One on Huffman's farm, adjoining Shannon's on the west. Four on Walther's farm, near mouth of Moreau creek. Several west of mouth of Moreau creek. Franklin county "Shawnee Town" (in 1817) on sec. 4, T. 42, R. 1 E, of the jfifth principal meridian, near Shawneetown ford on Bourbeuse river. . Burial place near Labaddie, T. 44, R. 1 E. Mounds on nearly every bluff from Labaddie to Washington. Mounds on Mr. E. Holtgrieve's farm, 2^ miles southwest of Washington. 102 bubeau of american ethnoixxjy {bm.u 37 Gasconade county Mounds on Mr. C. Danuser's land, SW. i, SE. i, sec. 8, T. 45, R. 4, 4 miles southeast of Hermann. Mounds on l^Ir. Henry Tinnemeier's land, adjoining Danuser's on the south. Mound on Mr. Fritz Witte's farm, near Brown's shanty, near mouth of Second creek, on NE. i NE. of i, sec. 27, T. 44, R. 6. Cairns on Mr. August Roseen's land, near Gasconade river, 3 miles south of Morrison. Mound on Louck's land in edge of Morrison. Mounds on Duffner's and Fricke's farms, at mouth of Cole creek, 4 miles east of Gasconade; locally termed '*the fort." Eight (formerly thirteen) moimds on Straub's farm, on edge of Gasconade. Howakd county Mounds on the Sinclair lands, 6 miles northwest of Harrisburg, on Moniteau creek; on Parmentree's, west of Bailey's ford; on Doherty's, 2 miles northwest of Sinclair schoolhouse. Three mounds on east side of Missouri, between Boonville and Arrow Rock. MoNrrEAU county Mound on bluff 22 miles east of Boonville. Several mounds between Lupus and Sandy Hook. Osage county Village site near mouth of Loose creek, 2 miles above Osage City. Mounds on Mr. Amil Vincent's land, 1^ miles west of Bonnet's mill. Village site on right bank of Osage river, 6 miles above Osage City. Phelps county Mounds on Mr. J. L. Kellogg's ''Spring Valley Farm," 3 miles west of RoUa; and on the next farm south of it. ''Goat Bluff cave," 4 miles up the river from Arlington, much used as a shelter by Indians. "Gourd Creek cave," 10 miles south of Rolla, contains much refuse and many human remains. Caims on Lost hill, i mile south of Gourd creek cave. Randolph county Mounds on sec. 2, T. 52, R. 16; also, stone graves. Warren county Mounds on bluff near Case station, on Link's land. REPORT ON SKELETAL MATERLVL FROM MISSOURI MOUNDS, COLLECTED IN 1906-7 BY MR. GERARD FOWKE By Al£§ HRPLldKA I. Condition op the Material The osteological specimens gathered by Mr. Fowke durmg the excavations described in the preceding pages were divided into two portions, one of which was sent to the Bureau of American Ethnology and thence transferred to the National Museum, while the other was received subsequently for examination. .On the whole the material is very defective; there is not an entire skull, and there are only a few entire long bones. The specimens were damaged for the most part during excavation, as shown by fresh breaks, and in most cases important parts thus broken off were lost. More than nine-tenths of the bones of the skeletons are missing altogether. Moreover, the surfaces of some of the skulls were treated with a glue-like substance which has since begun to crack and scale off, doing further damage. It is very difficult to make a satisfactory study of, and to draw conclusions of value from, material in this condition. All that can be safely stated is embodied in the following pages. II. Crania Most of the crania are of the dohchocephalic, Indian type. Two or three of them are extreme forms in this respect, suggesting similar specimens recovered in New Jersey from the burials of the Delawares. A close general resemblance exists between the dolichocephalic Missouri skulls and those from the mounds along the lUinois river; both are representatives of the general type, examples of which were found on repeated occasions farther north along the Missouri, par- ticularly in the Gilder mound and vicinity, near Florence, Nebr., and also farther south. Several of these skulls (especially nos. 249,679 and 249,681) are characterized by low foreheads* and none are above moderate in capacity. On the average they are rather a See a special report on one of these skulls, in ''New examples of American tndian skulls with low forehead," Proc, U, S. NiU, Mut., xxxv, 171-176, 1908. 103 104 BUBEAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 37 thinner and show less pronounced masculine features than Indian crania of related forms from other localities. One of the skulls (original no. 127, from Kurtz mound, p. 63), female, is brachycephalic and belonged doubtless to an individual from another tribe. Besides this there is a male lower jaw (original no. 110, from Easley mound no. 2), which is unusually broad and short and belonged probably to a short skull; while the male skull, original no. 128 (exact locality not stated), gives breadth-length index sUghtly in excess of the upper Umit of mesocephaly. The jaws and remnants of the alveolar processes show an unusual prevalence about the roots of the teeth of pathological conditions of inflammatory and suppurative nature. Finally, the teeth of the individuals beyond middle adult age are, almost as a rule, badly and irregularly worn down. III. Long Bones The long bones, particularly those of the lower limbs, indicate good musculature; but, as only very few of these bones are entire, not much can be learned as to the height of the people. In several instances where estimates are possible the statures indicated are of fair size, but not exceptional. In their anthropological features the bones show all the character- istics of the Indian, namely, a rather marked flatness of the humeri and tibiae, and a moderate platymery, or subtrochanteric flattening of the femora. The heads of the tibiae, in- the few cases where they are left, show an inclination backward slightly greater than the average in whites. A number of the femora and tibiae present pathological conditions of protracted inflammatory nature, possibly syphilis. Numerous long bones and two skulls bear the marks of rodents' teeth, and also more pronounced incisions, seemingly due to cutting. As in many other instances, it is here impossible clearly to distin- guish the marks due to rodents from those due to the use of the knife. IV. Detailed Measubements and Obseevations Original no. S (from the Dallmeyer mound) : Pieces of lower and upper jaws of a young male. No special features except that the third molar on the right side of the lower jaw is impacted; it lies nearly horizontal, facing forward and slightly upward. Original no, 19 (from Dawson mound no. 14): A defective, female, adult, very dolichocephalic cranium of moderate capacity; sUght post-mortem deformation. The lower jaw, which is much damaged, was quite high. Teeth, sUghtly worn, show no abnormal features. powkb] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 105 Measurements of the skuU Diameter antero-poeterior, maximum 19.0 cm. Diameter lateral maximum, approximate 13.2 cm. Basion-bregma height, approxi- mate (14. 6) cm. Alveolar point-nasion height, approximate 7.8 cm. Diameter frontal minimum 9. 1 cm. Orbits, height, right 3. 5 cm. Orbits, breadth, right 4. 1 cm. Orbital index, right 85.4 Nose, height, approximate 5. 2 cm. Nose, breadth 2. 5 cm. Original no, 2S (from Dawson mound no. 6) : Pieces of upper and lower jaws of a male skull. The only feature of interest consists in the greater size in both length and breadth of the third right lower molar than of either the first or the second. Original no, 27 (from Dawson mound no. 6) : The front of a male adult skull. The bones are somewhat less in thickness than the average in the Indian. The upper jaw has a well-formed arch, moderate alveolar prognath- ism, and sixteen normal teeth. The lower jaw also has a regular arch and shows some prog- nathism. The third molar on the left side was lost very early, or more probably never appeared, though there is sufficient space for it. Anteriorly, this jaw shows a rare and interesting dental anomaly (fig. 20). Ventrally and midway between the bicuspids, both of which are positively second dentition teeth, there is on each side another dental element. On the right side this is quite fully erupted, nearly as high as the bicuspids and resembling these in the shape of the crown, though somewhat smaller; on the left side a similar tooth is just appearing. There are no diastemae between the lower teeth and there is no visible cause for the extra bicuspids. Measurements of the sJcull Nose, breadth, maximum 2. 45 cm Nasal index 46,7 Palate, external length 5. 7 Palate, external breadth, max- imum 6. 7 Palatal index (Turner) 117. 6 cm. cm. Menton-nasion height 1. 27 cm. Alveolar point-nasion height. . 7. 65 cm. Diameter frontal minimum 9. 1 cm. Orbits, height, right 3. 7 cm. Orbits, breadth, right 4. cm. Orbital index, right 92.5 Nose, height 5. 25 cm. Original no, 39 (from Dawson moimd no. 9): Upper jaw and a portion of the lower jaw of an adult male. The upper jaw presents marked alveolar prognathism; teeth normal, moderately worn; pal- ate regular, external breadth, 6.0 cm., external length, 5.5 cm., index 109,1, Breadth of nose, 2.5 cm. Suborbital fossae pronounced. Original no, 41 (from Dawson mound no. 11): Female adult upper jaw, quite prognathic; median incisors shovel-form, as usual in Indi- ans. Left third molar diminutive, right not erupted ; teeth moderately 106 BTJBEAD OP AMfiBICAN ETHNOLOGT Iboll. S7 and somewhat irregularly worn, especially the molars. With this specimen were a few fragments of burnt human bones. Ofiginalno. 76 (from Shaw mound no. 7): Lower jaw of an Indian. Rami show cuts as well as signs of rodents' teeth. Original no. 89 (from Easley mound no. 8) : Male adult skull; base missing, some post-mortem deformation, facial parts broken. Alveolar processes show signs of inflammatory conditions. The teeth of the lower jaw are moderately but irregularly worn; those of Fia. ax Lower jaw wltb two supernumerary bMusplda, ttom Dawaon mound do. 6. the upper jaw are nearly all lost (post mortem). Chin angular, quite prominent. Measurements of (he skull Diameter aniero-posterior max- imum 18. 6 ci Diameter lateral maximum 13. 8 ci Cranial index 74.S Thickness of left parietal bone above temporo-parietal suture 5-7 mi Diameter frontal u Circiimterence maximum above Hupra-orbital ridges 60, 7 ci Arc, nafdon-opiBthion 37, ci He^t of eymphieis oflowerjaw, approximate : 3. 5 ci FOWKE] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 107 Original no. 110 (from Easley mound no. 2): Pieces of the upper and lower jaws of an adult male. The lower jaw is unusually broad and short, and belonged in all probability to a brachycephalic cra- nium. The bones are of medium strength; the teeth are moderately worn anteriorly, and much more so, particularly on the outside, pos- teriorly. The genial spines are unusually high (7 mm.). In about the locality where the submaxillary gland lay against the bone there is, on the left side, an abscess cavity and on the right side a deepened and rough depression. These lesions point doubtless to disease of the glands which secondarily aflfected the bone. The upper jaw shows, on the right side, a short distance below the malar articulation, a small pathological perforation. Medsurements of the lower jaw Diameter bigonial 11. 3 cm. Angle, right 133° Angle, left 127° Height of symphisis 3. 45 cm. Original no. Ill (from Easley mound no. 2): Pieces of apparently deformed (fiat-head ?) male skull and jaws. The walls of the cranial cavity are thick; the lower jaw is high (4.3 cm. at the symphisis) and strong. The teeth are slightly worn below, much worn above. The upper jaw was large and prognathic. Original no. 114, V- S. Nat Mus. no. 249680 (locality not given): Half of a female adult lower jaw. Height of symphisis, 3.6 cm.; angle on left, 124°; teeth normal, slightl}'' worn. Genial spines pro- nounced. Original no. 116 (from Baumhoefer mound no. 1): Remnants of a well-formed, symmetric, dolichocephalic, adult male skull, of fair capacity. The occiput shows a medium-sized epactal. Parts of the right vertical ramus of the lower jaw have been cut or gnawed oflF. Teeth normal, but showing advanced and irregular wear. The pal- ate presents in its anterior third a quite marked median torus. Measurements of the shiU Diameter antero-posterior maxi- mum, approximate 18. 7 cm. Diameter lateral maximum, ap- proximate 13. 5 cm. Thickness of left parietal bone above temporo-parietal suture 4-5 mm. Menton-nasion height 12. 3 cm. Alveolar point -nasion height, about 7. 3 cm. Diameter frontal minimum 10. 1 cm Nose, height 5. 3 cm. Nose, breadth, maximum 2. 7 cm. Nasal index 50.9 Orbits, height, right 3. 2 cm. Orbits, breadth, right 3. 9 cm. Orbital ind^x, right 82. 1 Height of lower jaw at symphisis 3. 7 cm. Original no. 117 (from Baumhoefer mound no. 1): Fragments of upper and lower jaws of an adult male individual, with badly and irregularly worn teeth; chin angular; height at symphisis, 3.4 cm. 108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 37 Original no. 122 (from Buescher mound no. 1) : Pieces of upper and lower jaws of a male skull, apparently that of a yoimg adult. The teeth are all slightly worn; all third molars missing (never erupted); lower jaw was strong and prognathic. Original no. 124 (from Buescher moimd no. 1): Male adult skull, damaged; probably dolichocephalic. The frontal bone shows a marked external dull metopic crest, extending to the sagittal region. There was a pronounced alveolar prognathism. The vertical rami of the lower jaw are narrow (least breadth, 3.4 cm.). The teeth are normal, but considerably and irregularly worn; all the molars of the upper jaw were lost in life, and at the summit of the roots of each second upper molar there is a perforation, due to suppuration, into the cavity of Highmore. Measurements of the shiU Diaodeter lateral maximum 14. 4 cm. Thickness of parietal above tem- poro-parietal suture 5 mm. Diameter frontal minimum 9. 5 mm. Angle of lower jaw, mean 118° Height of symphisis 3.9 cm. Original no. 126 (from Buescher mound no. 3): Lower jaw of a young female, damaged; alveolar process prognathic; teeth normal, anteriorly slightly crowded. Third lower molars are larger, as to both length and breadth, than either the second or the first, and each has six cusps. Original no. 127 (from Kurtz mound) : A female, probably adult, rounded, somewhat asymmetrical skull. The asymmet^r does not appear to be pathological; it may possibly be post-mortem. All the sutures of the vault are patent. Measurements Diameter antero-posterior maximum, approximately 16. 5 cm. Diameter lateral maximum 15. cm. Original no. 128 (exact locality not stated) : A skull of an adult, probably a male, of regular form and moderate capacity. Sexual features not pronounced. Lower jaw missing. Measurements Diameter antero-posterior maxi- mum 17.7 cm. Diameter lateral maximum 14. 3 cm. Basion-bregma height 13. 4 cm. Cranial index 80.8 Height-length index 75.7 Height-breadth index 9S.7 Cranial module 15. 13 cm. Thickness of left parietal bone above temporo-parietal suture 4-5 mm. Basion-nasion diameter 10. 4 cm. Diameter frontal minimum 8. 8 cm. Foramen magnum, mean diam- eter 3. 25 cm. Circumference maximum (above * supraorbital ridges) 50. cm. Arc, nasion-opisthion 36. 4 cm. FOWKK] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOUBI 109 Origindl no. 129 (exact locality not given): Lower female adult jaw; alveolar process prognathic; teeth normal, much worn. Measureinents Diameter bigonial 9. 9 cm. Height at symphisis 3.8 cm. Angle, right 146° Angle, left 14P Original no. 131 (from Brenner mound no. 2) : An adult male skull, very dolichocephalic, partially deformed. There is a slight flatten- ing on the frontal bone above the middle, on each side of the median line, seemingly produced by the pressure of two small pads, and there is also a quite marked occipital compression. The forehead is low, though showing distinct convexity. The supra-orbital ridges are prominent and the supraorbital border distad from them is protruding. Along the border, just mentioned, of the orbits are marks made by Todents' teeth and also marks resembling knife cuts; and in the lower part of the right parietal, about the middle, there is a semicircular area bearing lines resembling cuts and also traces of rodents' teeth; this is 3 cm. in diameter. Original no. 131a (locality probably the same as that of the previous specimen) : A portion of a calvarium of an adult skull, sex not ascer- tainable. The right parietal shows several defective areas of different sizes, all approximating moxe or less to the circular in form, caused appia-rently by rodents; yet some of these areas may be due to human agency. Original no. 134 (from the Saline County village site) : Frontal por- tion of the calvarium of an adult female. The skull was apparently dolichocephalic. Diameter lateral maximum — the only measurement of importance determinable — ^13.4 cm. The walls are rather thin. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 249679^ (exact locality not given) : Part of the vault of a skull, including most of the frontaLand a small portion of the top of each parietal. The skull was probably that of a male beyond middle adult life. It was narrow and long in form, and not deformed. The bones are rather delicate for a male, the thickness of the front ranging from 3 to 5 mm. The specimen is interesting principally because of a low forehead, marked ventrally as well as dorsally. The supraorbital ridges are not excessive, but the border distad from them protrudes from the forehead proper, forming with the ridges a prominent supraorbital arc. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249681 (from the Klamm mound, opposite Kansas City; see p. 72): Parts of an adult, male, dolichocephalic skull, of moderate size and average thickness of bones, with low a Discussed more in detail in the ** New examples of modem Indian skulls with low forehead," in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu8., XXXY, 173, 1908. 110 BUREAU OF AMEBICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 forehead; also a few bones of the body. The outer surface of the skull, and to a less extent that of the bones, show remains of red pigment, apparently ocher; but it does not seem, notwithstanding the absence from the specimens of red stains ventrally, that the pig- ment was applied as a paint. The cranium is so damaged that no measurements of importance are obtainable. The various ridges and processes on the bones indicate a powerful musculature. The upper portion of the right femur shows marked platymeiy (3.9 x 2.75 cm. at the broadest part of the flattening). The left femur has strongly developed linea aspera. A portion of the right tibia is diseased; this is considerably thick- ened and the surface bears evidence of some slow inflammatory process — possibly syphilis. The portion remaining of the left tibia is normal. The shaft is of shape 3;* it measures, at about the middle, 3.45 cm. in the antero- posterior and 2.55 cm. in the lateral diameter. The humeri give the following dimensions at the middle: Diameter antero-posterior, right, 2.7 cm.; left, 2.55 cm. Diameter lateral, right, 1.8 cm.; left, 1.9 cm. TJ, 8. Nat Mu8. no. 2/^9683 (exact locality not given) : Parts of five femora. All of the specimens in this lot show defects due probably to cutting as well as to the gnawing of rodents. These are found on both ends of each bone, and w^hen the bones are placed side by side the defects appear to be similar, reaching in a more or less rounded way into the wall of each bone posteriorly, below the trochanters. The similarity of the effects produced argues agamst them being the work of rodents alone, although signs of rodents' teeth are plain everywhere in the cuts. Physically all the femora show strongly developed linea aspera; they show also more or less marked platymery (specimen A, 3.5 x 2.5 cm.; specimen B, 3.4x2.6 cm.; specimen C, 3.2x2.55 cm., at the greatest breadth of the flattening). Nat, Mus. no, 249684; original no, Ifi (exact locality not given) : Bones from the right lower limb of a female adult skeleton. Femur broken, shaft shape 1, strong linea aspera, marked third trochanter and pronounced tubercle at the top of the anterior inter- trochanteric line. Diameters at the broadest part of the sub- trochanteric flattening, 3.25 x 2.3 cm. Right tibia, shaft shape 1; length, 34.7 cm. The bone is not platycnemic and besides its natural stoutness the shaft is slightly thickened by disease. " - ^ ■ . ■— - ■ . I. . . - - ■■ ■ -I.I ■■■IIW»^— ^^^M » a See ''Typical forms of shaft of long bones," in Froc. Assoc. Amer. Anatomists 1 14th ann. sess., 1900, 55 et seq. iwwKB] ANTIQUITIES OF MISSOURI 111 TJ, 8. Nat, Mus. no. 249685; original no, 114 (exact locality not given) : Bones of a male skeleton. Femora: Length (bicondylar), right, 45.0 cm., left, 45.4 cm. Diameters at greatest expanse of subtrochanteric flattening, right, 3.45 X 2,4 cm. ; left, 3.35 x 2.4 cm. The right bone shows a moderate and the left a pronounced third trochanter; while anteriorly both present a well defined tubercle at the upper limit of the inter- trochanteric line. In shape the shaft of each represents type 1. Special : In its lower two-fifths the right bone is diseased, showing an irregular diffused swelling, with a marked increase in weight, and there is a small spot, honeycombed through suppuration, both ante- riorly and posteriorly above the lower articular surface ; all of which probably indicates syphilis. The left femur and the tibiae are normal. Tibiae: Length, right, 38.0 cm.; left, 38.2 cm.. Diameter antero- posterior at middle, right, 3.4 cm.; left, 3.35 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.5 cm.; left, 2.1 cm. Shape of shafts, both approxi- mating type 2. The head in both shows quite marked inclination backward. Right fibula, normal; length, 37.0 cm. U, S, Nat. Mus. no. 249686 (exact locality not given) : Left humerus of an adolescent, damaged. No special features physically. This specimen shows numerous positive marks of cutting, especially at the middle and the upper third, where they penetrate, particularly at the middle, in a V-shaped incision into the cavity of the shaft. V. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249687 (exact locality not given) : Right tibia of an adolescent, probably of the preceding subject; damaged. This shows marks of cutting as well as of rodents' teeth; otherwise there are no special features. V. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249688; original no. 30 (exact locality not given) : Bones of a male skeleton. Left femur: Length, 48.5 cm.; diameters at greatest breadth of upper flattening, 3.9 x 2.9 cm.; shape of shaft, rounded; pronounced linea aspera. Tibiae damaged; shape of shaft in each approximately type 2. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.9 cm.; left, 4.0 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.3 cm.; left, 2.3 cm. Head shows slightly more than average inclination backward as compared with the average head of the tibia in whites. Z7. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249689; original no. 115 (from Easley mound no. 2) : A pair of damaged adult tibiae. Shape of shaft in both, type 3. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.6 cm.; left, 5.0 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.65 cm.; left, 2.6 cm. Both bones, but especially the right, show a moderate bend backward above the middle. V. S. Nat. Mus. no. 249690; original no. 60 (exact locality not given) : Pieces of three tibiae and one fibula. 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 37 Specimen A: Right tibia, male, adult, damaged. Shape of shaft, 3; diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.9 cm.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.3 cm. Quite marked bend backward above middle. Specimen B: Right tibia, female, adult, damaged. Shape, 3. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.0 cm.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.3 cm. Slight outward bend. Specimen C: Left tibia, adult, probably female, damaged. Shape, 2, typical. Diameter antero-posterior at middle, 3.3 cm.; diameter lateral at middle, 2.0 cm. Specimen D: Left female adult fibula, normal; length, 33.9 cm. Z7. S. Nat Mu8, no, 249691; original no, 16 (exact locality not given) : Bones of a female adult skeleton, mostly damaged. Femora: Length, right, 42.4 cm.; left (?). Diameters of upper flattening at its greatest breadth, right, 3.1 X 2.4 cm.; left, 3.2 x 2.4 cm. Shape of shafts both approximat- ing elliptical; linea aspera in both pronounced. Third trochanter small but well-defined on right, moderate-sized on left; in addition each hone presents a pronounced gluteal ridge. A rather large bulge or tubercle is seen on each side at the upper extremity of the anterior inter-trochanteric line. Tibiae: Length, right, 35.8 cm.; left (?). Diameter antero-poste- rior at middle, right, 3.5 cm.; left, 3.4 cm. Diameter lateral at mid- dle, right, 1.85 cm.; left, 1.9 cm. Shape of shaft in each, type 4. Head of right bone shows a pronounced bend backward; that of the left is missing. Upper third of the sacrum shows a defective, pos- teriorly open, neural arch. TJ. 8, Nat, Mu8, no, 2^9692 (exact locaUty not given) : Bones of a male skeleton, mostly damaged. Femora: Diameters at greatest breadth of upper flattening, right, 3.65 X 2.6 cm.; left, 3.5 x 2.6 cm. Shape of shaft in both approxi- mates type 5; the linea aspera is strong in the right, moderately strong in the left bone. A medium-sized well-defined third tro- chanter is present on each side, and there is in each bone a well- marked tubercle at the upper end of the anterior inter-trochanteric line. Both bones show appreciably greater curvature backward than usual at the upper third of the shaft. Tibiae: Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right, 3.85 cm.; left, 3.75 cm. Diameter lateral at middle, right, 2.25 cm.; left, 2.15 cm. Shape of shaft: both type 4, pronounced. The left bone shows a marked exostosis of the popliteal ridge. Left fibula, length, 36.9 cm. Besides the above there is in this lot a specimen which shows a bony fusion, in a semiflexed position, of the proximal two phalanges of one of the fingers. re mii& \gei i meter k- magied * I ciD.; li ( kai." i^ed. eadti, ' j tiwb' in adti-' • JaJ?f f'- tie sDte' tera-F^ rftj at ^ tire,r nes of. 3ratH' [eft 05 Aborigines— Page character 4,5 stature 15,31,44 Animal remains found in mounds- deer 33, 61 , 88, ao elk 61 mingled specimens 87,88 panther 8, 34 turtle (or terrapin) . .- 33 Apex of mound defined 1 Archaolooical Institute of America, acknowledgment to iv Archeolooical remains in Missouri 100-1Q2 Archeological sites in Missouri, location . . 1 , 99 Arrow Rock, description of 93-93 Bascom, J. D., acknowledgment to iv Baumhoetisr mounds— description 64-61 skeletal remains 107 Beads. See Objects (principal) found, etc. Beck, Lewis C. , on " Indian House " 75-80 Beckwith, Thomas, as a collector and ex- plorer 94,95 BiRKLE MOUND, description of 10-11 BiXBT, William K., acknowledgment to iv Blackwater river, mounds on 74 Bones, human. See Skeletal remains. Boone co.,Mo.— mounds in 63,100-101 Easley moimds 42-54 Bottom of mound defined 1 Bradbury, on Missouri Indians 5-6 Brenner mounds— cranium from 109 description 69-72 Broadhead, Prof. G. C— on Brenner mounds 69-70, 71 on "Old Fort" 83-84 on vault-graves on Salt river 73-74 BUESCHER mounds— description 61-63 skeletal remains 108 BuFFALOE CREEK, aucient works on 75, 80 Bunched bones defined 2 Bundled bones defined 2 Burial customs. See Mortuary customs. Burials, aboriginal— age 4,49 arrangement of remains 16-17, 29-30 communal 54, 59 cremation of remains 8, 36. 38, 41, 42, 68 intrusive 60 5780°— Bull. 37—10 8 INDEX Burials, aboriginal— Continued. Page methods employed 4 teeth found In 28 See also Mortuary customs, Vault-graves. BpscH station, Mo., vault-graves near 79 Bushnell, D. I., acknowledgment to .. iv Cahokia mounds, origin of 6-7 Callaway co., Mo., mounds in 101 Cannibalism, indications of 7 Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., archeoiogicalsites. 99 Carleton, Murray, acknowledgment to..'. . iv Carpenter, George O., acknowledgment to iv Casebolt, E. S.— excavations by, at "Old Fort " 84 owner of portion of " The Pinnacles " 87 Center of mound defined 2 Charleston, Mo., pottery "fever" in vicin- ity of 93 Charlevoix's Letters, map in. cited 6 Clay go., Mo., mounds in 65 CocoANUT POTS. See Pottery. Cole co., Mo., mounds in 101 Cole, J. J., acknowledgment to rv Compass points not significant 3 Con ANT, Professor, explorations' of 95 Conical mouNDS defined 2 Copper plates from Maiden, Mo., description of 98 CouES, Dr. Elliott, on name Arrow Rock.. 92,93 Crania from Missouri mounds, general char- acteristics of 103-104 See also Skeletal material. Cremation, evidences of. 8, 36, 38, 39, 40. 41, 42, 64, 68 DALLMEYER MOUNDS— description 19-20 skeletal remains 104 Dawson mounds— description 26-42 skeletal remains 104-106 Deformity in skeleton, description of 27 Digging implements, kinds of 50-51 Sec Objects (principal) found, et?. Dome-shaped mounds defined 2 Domiciuary mounds, description of 96-98 Dorse Y, J. Owen, on early movements of Siouan tribes 5 Doubled skeleton defined 2 Dunklin co., Mo., copper plates from Mai- den 98 DUTISME, reference by to village of Missouri. 91-92 113